{"id":54818,"date":"2023-12-31T10:26:27","date_gmt":"2023-12-31T10:26:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=54818"},"modified":"2024-01-05T07:02:35","modified_gmt":"2024-01-05T07:02:35","slug":"phytochemical-composition-antimycotic-and-in-vivo-antiinflammatory-activities-of-marine-algae-inhabiting-south-jeddah-seashore-red-sea-saudi-arabia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol16no4\/phytochemical-composition-antimycotic-and-in-vivo-antiinflammatory-activities-of-marine-algae-inhabiting-south-jeddah-seashore-red-sea-saudi-arabia\/","title":{"rendered":"Phytochemical Composition, Antimycotic and In Vivo Antiinflammatory Activities of Marine Algae Inhabiting South Jeddah Seashore, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The oceans harbor a wealth of biologically active compounds, with macroalgae and microalgae emerging as particularly abundant producers that hold great potential for their significant medicinal properties 1<\/sup>. In the realm of algae, we primarily encounter two distinct categories: microalgae, which inhabit various marine environments such as benthic zones, coastal areas, and the vast expanses of the open sea, and macroalgae, commonly referred to as seaweeds, which thrive predominantly along coastal regions. There is a rich diversity of macroalgae or seaweed species, exceeding 150,000, that have evolved and inhabit various marine ecosystems across the globe, including both temperate and tropical waters. In the coastal regions of our planet, there is a rich diversity of marine seaweeds, with approximately 8000 species documented thus far. These remarkable organisms can be found thriving at various depths, even reaching depths of up to 270 meters in the vast oceanic expanse 2<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coastal area of the Red Sea, particularly around the city of Jeddah in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, exhibits a remarkable abundance and variety of seaweed species 3<\/sup>. A diverse assemblage of non-angiosperm organisms, known as macroalgae, thrives as a community of photosynthetic, non-flowering entities within the marine environment4<\/sup>. Macroalgae, also known as seaweeds, are fascinating eukaryotic organisms that inhabit both marine and freshwater environments. Due to their potential as a valuable source of critical bioactive chemicals, conservation biologists have recently taken an interest in these amazing species. Macroalgae are distinguished from their terrestrial counterparts by a number of unique features, including the lack of roots, leaves, and vascular systems. 5<\/sup>. Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta are the three major divisions of seaweeds and macroalgae based on pigmentation. Green algae are classified as Chlorophyta, brown algae as Phaeophyta, and red algae as Rhodophyta. Phaephyta are characterized by the presence of the pigment fucoxanthin, whereas Chlorophyta possesses the pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, as well as lutein, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, and \u03b2-carotene. On the other hand, Rhodophyta exhibit the pigments phycobiliproteins, lutein, zeaxanthin, and \u03b2-carotene 6<\/sup>. To fulfill their role as a source of bioactive substances, seaweeds create a wide range of secondary metabolites. These chemicals have a wide variety of biological effects, including anticancer, antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, cytotoxic, antidermatophytal, phytotoxic, and antiproliferative activity 7<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fungal infections 8,9<\/sup> and inflammation 10<\/sup> have emerged as significant public health issues, demanding increased attention and research. The prevalence of fungal infections, such as candidiasis and aspergillosis, has been on the rise, affecting individuals of all ages and immune statuses 11<\/sup>. These infections can range from mild to severe, sometimes leading to life-threatening complications. Furthermore, chronic inflammation, often associated with conditions like arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life. Recognizing the growing impact of these conditions, healthcare authorities and researchers are working diligently to develop effective prevention strategies, diagnostic tools, and innovative treatments to address these public health challenges and improve patient outcomes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, the treatment choices for inflammatory diseases are limited to anti-inflammatory medications and steroid hormones. Given the numerous risks that have been reported in relation to anti-inflammatory medications that specifically target COX and LOX enzymes, it is imperative to identify alternative targets for the treatment of inflammatory illnesses 12<\/sup>. Individuals afflicted with inflammatory diseases can derive advantages from the inherent and effective safeguard offered by complementary and alternative therapy.Hence, the development of an extensive repository of new chemicals is important in order to effectively address these illnesses. The primary aim of this investigation was to evaluate the chemical composition, antifungal effectiveness, and anti-inflammatory properties of the prevailing marine algae species discovered along the coastline of the Red Sea in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The region under consideration is known for its abundance of brown algae and red algae, both of which have been identified as valuable reservoirs of bioactive chemicals that exhibit noteworthy biological properties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Algal materials <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The algae utilized in this investigation were. Padina pavonica <\/em>and Laurencia catarinensis.<\/em> They were collected by handpicking from south jeddah Seashore, Red Sea, KSA. The research encompasses the coastal region of Jeddah, located along the Red Sea in Saudi Arabia within Latitude 21\u00b014’23.8″N and Longitude 39\u00b008’25.8″E (Figure 1), The collection encompassed a distance of 10 kilometers. The samples were initially subjected to thorough washing with sea water to eliminate epiphytes and other particulate matter. Subsequently, they were promptly transported to the laboratory in plastic bags containing water. Upon arrival, the samples underwent a triple rinsing process with tap water and distilled water to eliminate sand, salt, and other impurities. Subsequently, the specimens were subjected to a desiccation process within a sheltered environment, maintaining ambient temperature conditions. The dried algae were ground into a fine powder using an electric mixer and thereafter kept at a temperature of 4 \u00b0C for future testing protocols.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Identification of algal species <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The identification of the algae species was conducted using a microscope, whereby their morphological traits were observed and compared to taxonomic references in accordance with the descriptions provided by previous studies 13,14<\/sup> saved in Biology Department Lab, Faculty of Science, King Jeddah University (Khulis), Saudi Arabia (Figure 2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
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Figure 1: The study area and sampling site location.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n
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Figure 2: (A) Padina pavonica <\/em>and (B) Laurencia catarinensis<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Preparation of algal crude extracts.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A total of 100 grams of algal powder from each individual sample underwent the process of extraction utilizing a 75% ethanol solution for a duration of 48 hours. The solvent was subjected to filtration and subsequent concentration at a temperature of 40\u00b0C under pressure utilizing a rotary evaporator 15<\/sup>. The yield of sticky residue obtained from the raw material was determined to be 9%.  The adhesive residue was stored at a temperature of -20\u00b0C in order to facilitate future examination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fourier Transmission Infra-Red (FT-IR)\nspectroscopic<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In order to perform an analysis on the FTIR spectrum\nof algal extract, the ethanol extract was subjected to centrifugation at a\nrotational speed of 10,000 revolutions per minute (rpm) for a period of 30\nminutes. To ensure complete removal of any residual proteins and enzymes, the\npellet underwent a triple wash procedure utilizing deionized water. Following\nthat, a small quantity of dehydrated powder was finely ground together with\npotassium bromide (KBr) to produce a homogeneous mixture. The Fourier Transform\nInfrared (FTIR) spectrum of the sample was acquired utilizing a Perkin Elmer\nSpectrum GX Range Spectrometer situated at Bridgeport Avenue, USA. The observed\nspectral range spanned from 400 to 4000 cm-1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phytochemical\nscreening for crude extract using Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The algal ethanolic extract was\nanalyzed using the Thermo Polaris Q Ion Trap GC\u2013MS Spectrometer, which is\nlocated in Hertfordshire, UK. This analysis method has been previously demonstrated16<\/sup>. The gas\nchromatograph was connected to a mass spectrometer under the specified\nexperimental parameters: In order to facilitate GC-MS detection, The\nutilization of electron impact ionization, characterized by an ionization\nenergy of 70 electron volts (eV), is suggested. The experiment utilized helium\nas the carrier gas, which had a high purity level of 99.99 percent. The flow\nrate was consistently maintained at 1.21 milliliters per minute. The\ntemperature of the injector was modified to 200\u00b0C, while the temperature of the\nmass transfer line was set to 240\u00b0C. The oven’s\ntemperature was calibrated within a range of 70 to 220\u00b0C, with a consistent\nrate of change of 10\u00b0C per minute. Following this calibration, the temperature\nwas maintained at a constant level for a period of two minutes. Following this,\nthe temperature was further increased to reach 300\u00b0C, and this elevated\ntemperature was sustained for a period of 10 minutes. A volume of 2 microliters\n(\u03bcl) of diluted samples was introduced into the system using manual injection\nin the splitless mode. A split ratio of 1:40 was utilized, and the mass scan\nrange was configured to span from 50 to 650 atomic mass units (amu). The\ntemporal duration required for the GC-MS Spectrometry procedure typically\nmanifests itself as approximately fifty minutes.  The data was analyzed using the Finnigan\nXcalibur 2.0 software, which is specifically designed for collecting and\nprocessing data within the ThermoQuest LC\/MS Division. The relative\nconcentration of different constituents within the tested extracts was\ndetermined using the normalised peak area percentage. Utilizing the\nspectrometer database from esteemed sources such as the Wiley and NIST\nLibraries, and further supported by the determination of the Kovat index, a\nvaluable tool for converting retention periods into system-independent\nconstants, NIST diligently compiles an extensive Kovat index database.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In vitro Antifungal activity of algal\nextract:<\/strong> <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fungal source and culture condition<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the study, a collection of three\nreference pathogenic fungal strains was employed. These strains encompassed\nboth unicellular fungi, specifically Candida albicans<\/em> ATCC 10231, as\nwell as filamentous fungi, represented by Aspergillus fumigatus<\/em> ATCC\n1022 and Aspergillus Niger<\/em> ATCC. The test organisms were introduced into\na culture medium known as Potato Dextrose broth and the specimen was subjected\nto incubation within an incubator that was configured at a temperature of 37\u00b0C.\nThis was done to allow the organisms to grow and reach the turbidity level is\ncomparable to the 0.5 McFarland standards. A suspension of pathogenic fungi,\nwith a concentration of 1.5 \u00d7 108<\/sup> colony forming units per\nmilliliter (cfu\/ml), was evenly distributed onto Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA).\nPreparations of extracts with a concentration of 10 mg\/ml were made using\ndistilled water (DW) as the solvent. Following that, cylindrical openings with\na diameter of 6 millimeters were created in the agar medium. These openings\nwere then filled with 100 microliters of the extract being tested. Subsequently,\nthe extract was allowed to spread into the surrounding media at room\ntemperature for a period of thirty minutes. The plates were incubated at a\ntemperature of 37\u00b0C for a period of 48 hours. while\nbeing maintained in an upright orientation. For the negative controls, wells\nwere treated with an equivalent volume of DW. As for the positive control, a\nstandard antibiotic ketoconazole (25 \u00b5g\/ml) was used specifically for fungi 17<\/sup>. Following incubation, the diameter\nof the existing transparent zoon was quantified in millimeters. The triplicates\nwere conducted for every extract in relation to each of the test organisms. The\ndata were reported in the form of an average value accompanied by the\nstandard deviation.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Determination of hemolytic assay <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Blood was collected from a healthy female volunteer into laboratory tubes containing 3.2% sodium citrate. The blood specimen separated by centrifugation at 2000 rpm, 4o<\/sup>C for 15 min. after removing the supernatant, the cells were washed 3 times with 5ml normal saline solution (0.9% NaCl) followed with 3min of centrifugation at 6000 rpm and 4o<\/sup>C. 5% blood suspension was prepared by adding 500 \u03bcl of precipitate blood cells and 9.5ml normal saline then, shake it gently a few times to get it ready for use. For positive control, 3 mL of distilled water and for negative control, 3 mL of normal saline were added respectively to 500 \u03bcL of 5% blood suspension while for Samples, Serial dilutions were performed of each extract using saline solution as solvent that’s resulting in six concentrations (1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25 \u03bcg\/1mL.), so then 3 mL of normal saline and 500 \u03bcL of 5% blood suspension were added to 500 \u03bcL of tested extracts solutions, it was prepared for each of six concentrations. The tubes were subjected to gentle agitation and placed in an incubator set at a temperature of 35\u00b0C for a duration of 60 minutes. Subsequently, they were subjected to centrifugation at a speed of 2500 revolutions per minute (rpm) and a temperature of 4\u00b0C for a period of 10 minutes. The measurement of absorbance at a wavelength of 540 nm was conducted using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer for the supernatants 18<\/sup>. The quantification of hemolysis for each fraction was determined by employing the following mathematical expression:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In vivo anti-inflammatory activity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Animals<\/strong>       <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The study employed male albino rats weighing between 60 and 65 grams. The organisms were housed within synthetic enclosures constructed of plastic materials, with environmental conditions carefully regulated to approximate a thermal range of approximately 25\u00b0C and a relative humidity level ranging from 50% to 60%. These conditions were subjected to a cyclic pattern, alternating every 12 hours. Every individual rat was provided with unrestricted access to a standard diet and water. The rats were transported to the laboratory approximately one hour before the commencement of the experimental trials. Before the dose was administered, the overall health of the rats was evaluated by observing their movements, presence of edema, occurrence of diarrhea, and presence of ulceration. This assessment was conducted over a period of 3 days in a laboratory setting to ensure proper acclimatization.  The experimental animals were housed under suitable laboratory circumstances for a duration of two weeks prior to the commencement of the experimental procedure. This was carried out in compliance with the rules set forth by the Animal Care and Use Committee (ACUC) at King Fahad Medical Research Center, specifically protocol No. ACUC -23-03-04.           <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The study involved a sample of 30 Wistar rats, which were separated into 6 groups of equal size, with each group including 5 individuals (n=5). The negative control group was administered a vehicle consisting of distilled water at a dosage of 10ml per kilogram. The experimental group designated as the positive control received an exclusive injection of carrageenan. The remaining four experimental groups were subjected to the management of tested algal extract at levels of 100 and 200 mg\/kg. The delivery of tested extracts administrated orally via oral gavage, one hour prior to the injection of carrageenan. A suspension of carrageenan (0.1 mL of 2% w\/v) was prepared using normal saline and subsequently administered beneath the aponeurosis of the planter region of the right hind paw of rats. following the methodology19<\/sup>, This procedure was employed to induce hind paw edema in the experimental rats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acute toxicity study of the crude extracts<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acute\ntoxicity investigations of the extract were conducted on rats 20<\/sup>.\nTwo groups of controls and three experimental groups were formed using twenty\nmale albino rats weighing 85\u2013100 g. Five animals were involved in each group.\nWhile the control group was given water, the experimental group was given\nextract via gavage using metallic gastric needle at singular dosage of 100,\n1000, or 3000 mg\/kg of the animal’s weight. Alterations in skin and fur, eyes,\nmucous membranes, musculature, and respiratory, symptoms were monitored in all\nanimal groups for the first 4 hours after dose administration on the day of\ntreatment, and once daily on days 2 to 14 consecutive days.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Carrageenan-induced Paw Edema <\/strong>       <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The anti-inflammatory activity of crude extract using carrageenan-induced paw edema model was performed 19<\/sup>, we compared the protective effects of Padina pavonica<\/em> and Laurencia catarinensis<\/em> against acute inflammation. Injecting 0.1 ml of 2% carrageenan into the footpad of each rat’s hind paws an hour after oral administration of different medicines causes acute inflammation. The overall size of the sub-plantar space was measured before and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 24 hours after the injection of carrageenan to induce oedema. The lateral and anteroposterior diameters of the hind paw were measured with a caliper. The geometric formula used to calculate the ankle circumference was as follows: circumference = 2 (sqrt (a2 + b2\/2)), where a and b are the latero-lateral and anteroposterior axes, respectively. Extracts were measured for their ability to suppress activity compared to a 100% positive control. The formula for determining the edema-inhibition percentage (%) is as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Where Tt<\/sub> is the thickness of paw of rats given test extract at a particular time and To<\/sub> is the paw thickness of rats of control group at the same time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histopathological Examination <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The animals were humanely euthanized using an excessive amount of anesthetics, following ethical guidelines. Subsequently, the feet affected by carrageenan-induced edema, specifically the “right-hind paws,” were carefully excised and immersed in a 10% formalin solution for fixation. The specimen underwent paraffin embedding, followed by sectioning, staining with hematoxylin eosin, and subsequent examination using a light microscope 21,22<\/sup>. <\/strong>The histological analysis was conducted by evaluating the presence of edema and inflammatory cell infiltrate in both epithelial and connective tissues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Results<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fourier Transmission Infra-Red spectroscopic<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The FTIR spectra of Padina pavonica<\/em> ethanolic extract is shown in Table 1, Figure 3. The spectra showed bands at 3366, 2923, 2855, 1573, 1417 and 1040 cm\u22121<\/sup>. The strong band at 3366 cm\u22121<\/sup>corresponds to alcoholic O-H stretching. The weak band at 2923 and 2855 cm\u22121<\/sup> are owing to the C-H stretching. The sharp band at 1573 cm\u22121<\/sup> supposed to be N-H bending of amine group. The band 1417 owing S=O stretching. The lower frequency bands at 1040 cm\u22121<\/sup> can be assigned to CO-O-CO stretching (anhydride). The FTIR spectra of Laurencia catarinensis<\/em> extract is shown in Table 1, Figure 4. The spectra showed bands at 3339, 2919, 1635, 1413 and 1034 cm\u22121<\/sup>. The strong band at 3339 cm\u22121<\/sup>corresponds to alcoholic O-H stretching (intermolecular bonded). The band at 2919 cm\u22121<\/sup> is owing to the N-H stretching. The medium band at 1635 cm\u22121<\/sup> supposed to be C=C stretching (alkene). The band 1413 and 1034 are owing S=O stretching. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phytochemical characterization using gas\nchromatography-mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 The identification of phytochemicals in the extracts of Padina pavonica<\/em> and Laurencia catarinensis<\/em> was accomplished through a comparative analysis of their mass spectra with those of reference compounds archived in the GC-MS library (Figure 5 and 6). A total of 34 phytochemical compounds were detected in the ethanolic extract of Padina<\/em> pavonica<\/em>, whereas the ethanolic extract of Laurencia catarinensis<\/em> included 25 recognized compounds. The identification and quantification of phytochemical compounds are influenced by multiple criteria, such as the measurement of peak area, retention duration, molecular weight, and molecular formula. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is a very effective analytical methodology that synergistically integrates the separation capabilities of gas chromatography with the detection and identification capabilities of mass spectrometry. The study of the extract obtained from Padina pavonica<\/em> revealed that the primary chemical present was Stigmasterol, accounting for 18.38% of the total composition. This was followed by 3-O-Acetyl-6-methoxy-cycloartenol at 14.61%, Fenretinide at 7.79%, Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester at 7.77%, and 9-Octadecenoic acid ethyl ester at 5.59% and Dotriacontane (2.15%). Remaining constituent chemical compounds were less than five percentages as summarized in Table 2. While that of Laurencia catarinensis<\/em> extract displayed that the major compound was Stigmasta-5,24(28)-dien-3-ol,(3\u00e1,24Z)- (12.51 %) followed by n-Hexadecanoic acid (9.29%), 1-Heptatriacotanol (7.42%), cholestanoid (5.77%), 9,12-Octadecadienoyl chloride,(Z,Z)- (2.87%), Rhodopin (2.77%). Remaining constituent chemical compounds were less than 2 percentages as summarized in Table 3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anti-fungal activity of algal extracts<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Secondary metabolites of Padina pavonica<\/em> and Laurencia catarinensis<\/em> extracts were tested for antifungal activities against human pathogenic microbes; unicellular fungi; Candida albicans<\/em> ATCC 10231, filamentous fungi; Aspergillus fumigatus<\/em> ATCC 1022 and Aspergillus Niger<\/em> (RCMB 002005) were  determined by agar well diffusion assay. The antifungal effect of ethanolic extracts of Padina pavonica<\/em> and Laurencia catarinensis<\/em> were quantified by zone of inhibition. The  extracts of tested algae at 100\u00b5g\/mL demonstrated varying degrees of antifungal activity against  human harmful microorganisms. One-way analysis of variance was done to determine if zone of inhibition means of different tested extracts were significantly different from each other against human pathogenic microbes. The analysis indicated that there was significant differences recorded in zone of inhibition between the different tested extracts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The extract of Padina pavonica<\/em> revealed significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans<\/em> (22.00 \u00b1 4.58 mm), Aspergillus fumigatus<\/em> (23.50 \u00b1 0.55 mm), Aspergillus Niger<\/em> (18.43 \u00b1 1.69 mm) as compared with control (Ketoconazole) of 22.56\u00b12.89, 18.16\u00b11.70 and 17.24\u00b12.80 respectively. While that of Laurencia catarinensis <\/em>against Candida albicans is 21.00\u00b12.64, Aspergillus fumigatus is 12.00\u00b11.00 and Aspergillus Niger is 12.00\u00b11.00 <\/em>as compared with control (Ketoconazole) of 22.56\u00b12.89, 18.16\u00b11.70 and 17.24\u00b12.80 respectively. The antifungal activity showed that the highest activity values were 23.50 \u00b1 0.55 mm against Aspergillus fumigatus<\/em> for Padina pavonica<\/em> and 21.00 \u00b1 2.64 mm against Candida albicans for Laurencia catarinensis<\/em> (Table 4). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hemolytic Activity of algal extracts<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Haemolytic activity of the Padina pavonica<\/em> and Laurencia catarinensis<\/em> extracts are expressed in percentage hemolysis and investigated as mean \u00b1 standard deviation of three replicates. All the concentration exhibited hemolytic effect toward human Erythrocytes as compared with positive control (P<0.05) (Figure 7 and Figure 8). Cytotoxicity against erythrocytes, was tested at concentrations extending from 1000 to 31.25 \u00b5g\/ml, as shows the hemolysis is increasing as the dose of extracts increased whereas, at a concentration 31.25 \u00b5g\/ml the hemolysis was 12.76% for Padina pavonica<\/em> while for Laurencia catarinensis<\/em> was 3.085%, while at 1000 g\/ml, Padina pavonica<\/em> extract possess maximum hemolytic activity (63.4%) and that of Laurencia catarinensis <\/em>extracts possess (46.7%) at the same concentration. Thus, Laurencia catarinensis <\/em>extractexhibited lower toxicity as compared with Padina pavonica<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 1: Initial assignment of bands found in Fourier Transform Infrared spectra of Padina pavonica<\/em> and Laurencia catarinensis <\/em>extracts.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Main peak (cm-1<\/sup>) (Peaks for <\/strong>Padina pavonica in brackets)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Typical band assignment from the literature<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Wave number range (cm-1<\/sup>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

3327 (3366.04)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Water v(O-H) stretching Protein v(N-H) stretching (amide A)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

               3029-3639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

2928 (2923.14)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Lipid \u2013 carbohydrate Mainly vas(CH2) and vs(CH2) stretching<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2809-3012<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

2928 (2855.16)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

1543 (1573.84)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Protein amide II band mainly \u03b4(N-H) bending and v(C-N) stretching<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1481-1585<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

1389 (1417.28)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Protein \u03b4s(CH2) and \u03b4s(CH3) bending of methyl Carboxylic Acid vs(C-O) of COO groups of carboxylates Lipid \u03b4s(N(CH3)3) bending of methyl<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1357-1423<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

1036 (1040.30)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Carbohydrate v(C-O-C) of polysaccharides<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

980-1072<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Main peak (cm-1<\/sup>) (Peaks for <\/strong>Laurencia catarinensis in brackets)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Typical band assignment from the literature<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Wave number range<\/strong><\/p>\n

(cm-1<\/sup>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

3327 (3339.26)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Water v(O-H) stretching Protein v(N-H) stretching (amide A)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3029-3639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

2928 (2919.02)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Lipid \u2013 carbohydrate Mainly vas(CH2) and vs(CH2) stretching<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2809-3012<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

1649 (1635.64)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Protein amide I band Mainly v(C=O) stretching<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1583-1709<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

1389 (1413.16)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Protein \u03b4s(CH2) and \u03b4s(CH3) bending of methyl Carboxylic Acid vs(C-O) of COO groups of carboxylates Lipid \u03b4s(N(CH3)3) bending of methyl<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1357-1423<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

1036 (1034.12)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Carbohydrate v(C-O-C) of polysaccharides<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

980-1072<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Figure 3: FTIR spectroscopy within the wavelength range of 400\u20134000 cm\u22121<\/sup> to
investigate the structural characteristics of Padina pavonica.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n
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Figure 4: FTIR spectroscopy within the wavelength range of 400\u20134000 cm\u22121<\/sup>
to investigate the structural characteristics of Laurencia catarinensis<\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Table 2: Identification of phytocomponents of ethanolic extract Padina pavonica<\/em> using GC-MS analysis. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

NO.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Compound name<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Retention time<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Molecular formula<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Molecular weight<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Percent abundant<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n

\n

1.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Glycidyl oleate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

23.16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C21H38O3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

338<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.41<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

2.  <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

6,9,12,15-Docosatetraenoic acid,Methyl ester<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

25.37<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C23H38O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

346<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.22<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

3.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Cis-11-Eicosenoic acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

25.44<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C20H38O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

310<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.22<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

4. <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

26.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C17H34O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

270<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.65<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

5.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

27.63<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C18H36O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

284<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

7.77<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

6.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

methyl 6,9,12-octadecatrienoate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

28.35<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C19H32O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

292<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.29<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

7. <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

10-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

29.58<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C19H36O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

296<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.17<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

8.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

29.78<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C20H40O<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

296<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.33<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

9.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Oxiraneundecanoic acid, 3-pentyl-,Methyl ester, cis-<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

30.09<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C19H36O3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

312<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.17<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

10.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid,2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)-<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

30.42<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C21H36O4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

352<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.73<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

11. <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Butyl 9,12-octadecadienoate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

30.65<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C22H40O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

336<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.64<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

12.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

9-Octadecenoic acid ethyl ester<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

30.79<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C20H38O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

310<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.59<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

13. <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Octadecanoic acid, ethyl Ester<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

31.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C20H40O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

312<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.45<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

14.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid,2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)-<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

32.29<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C21H36O4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

352<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.57<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

15.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Z-(13,14-Epoxy)tetradec-11-en-1-olAcetate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

32.63<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C16H28O3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

268<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.19<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

16.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Arachidonic_acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

33.36<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C22H36O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

332<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.53<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

17.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Butyl 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

33.46<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C24H38O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

358<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.34<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

18.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid,2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)-<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

33.74<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C21H36O4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

352<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.18<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

19.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

E,E,Z-1,3,12-Nonadecatriene-5,14-dIol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

34.25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C19H34O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

294<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.35<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

20.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

34.66<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C16H14O4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

270<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

21.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Hexadecanoic acid,1-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediyl Ester<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

36.57<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C35H68O5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

568<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.45<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

22.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Bis(2-ethylhexyl)Phthalate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

36.77<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C24H38O4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

390<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4.81<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

23.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

(E)-1-(2-Hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphe Nyl)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-one<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

38.22<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C17H16O4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

284<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.76<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

24.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Isochiapin b<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

39.09<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C19H22O6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

346<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3.27<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

25.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

9-octadecenoic acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

39.38<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C18H34O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

282<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.63<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

26.  <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Fenretinide<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

40.43<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C26H33NO2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

391<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

7.79<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

27.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

7,8-Epoxylanostan-11-ol, 3-acetoxy-<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

41.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C32H54O4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

502<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.23<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

28.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Ethyl iso-allocholate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

41.88<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C26H44O5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

436<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.18<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

29.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Stigmasterol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

42.49<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C29H48O<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

412<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

18.38<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

30.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1-heptatriacotanol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

43.04<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C37H76O<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

536<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.88<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

31.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Dotriacontane<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

43.31<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C32H66<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

450<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

32. <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00c7-Sitosterol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

43.83<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C29H50O<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

414<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

33.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3-O-Acetyl-6-methoxy-cycloartenol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

44.12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C33H54O3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

498<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

14.61<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

34.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Rhodopin<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

45.37<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C40H58O<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

554<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.02<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Table 3: Identification of phytocomponents of ethanolic extract Laurencia catarinensis<\/em> using GC-MS analysis.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

NO.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Compound name<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Retention time<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Molecular formula<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Molecular weight<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Percent abundant<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3,<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

23.15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C30H52O3Si<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

488<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.61<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

13-Heptadecyn-1-ol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

24.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C17H32O<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

252<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.61<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1-Heptatriacotanol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

41.54<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C37H76O<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

536<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

7.42<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid, methyl ester, (all-Z)-<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

33.35<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C21H34O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

318<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.83<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

7-Methyl-Z-tetradecen-1-ol acetate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

25.37<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C17H32O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

268<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.66<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

9,12-Octadecadienoyl chloride,(Z,Z)-<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

30.41<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C18H31ClO<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

298<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.87<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

9-Hexadecenoic acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

26.76<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C16H30O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

254<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.61<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

9-Octadecenoic acid,1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, (E,E,E)-<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

32.24<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C57H104O6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

884<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.41<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Androstan-17-one<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

33.45<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C21H34O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

318<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Cholestanoid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

43.81<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C27H46O<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

386<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.77<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

11<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Cycloheptasiloxane, tetradecamethyl-<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

16.31<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C14H42O7Si7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

518<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Espatulenol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

18.84<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C15H24O<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

220<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.17<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Ethyl Oleate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

30.77<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C20H38O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

310<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.63<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

14<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

27.62<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C18H36O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

284<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.66<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Linoleic acid ethyl ester<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

34.66<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C20H36O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

308<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.09<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

methyl 13-methylpentadecanoate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

26.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C17H34O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

270<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.61<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

17<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

n-Hexadecanoic acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

27.15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C16H32O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

256<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

9.29<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

18<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Oleic Acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

29.57<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C18H34O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

282<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.68<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

19<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Oxiraneoctanoic acid,<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

30.09<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C18H34O3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

756<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

29.78<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C20H40O<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

296<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.83<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

21<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Retinoic acid, methyl ester<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

37<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C21H30O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

314<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.75<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

22<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Rhodopin<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

43.56<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C40H58O<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

554<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.77<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

23<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Stigmasta-5,24(28)-dien-3-ol,(3\u00e1,24Z)-<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

36.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C29H48O<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

412<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4.05<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

24<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

trans-13-Octadecenoic acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

30.89<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C18H34O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

282<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.28<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Dammarenediol-II<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

39.41<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C30H52O2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

444<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.72<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 5: A chromatogram of an ethanolic sample of Padina pavonica<\/em> was made using GC-MS spectrometry, the main chemicals can be seen in the GC-MS spectrum at retention time 0.00\u201345 min of.<\/strong><\/p>\n


<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Figure 6: A chromatogram of an ethanolic sample of Laurencia catarinensis<\/em><\/strong> was made using GC-MS spectrometry, the main chemicals can be seen in the GC-MS spectrum at retention time 0.00\u201345 min of.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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Table 4: Zone of Inhibition (mm) for Padina pavonica<\/em>  and Laurencia catarinensis<\/em> against various pathogenic<\/strong>. microorganisms <\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Treatments (100 \u00b5g\/ml)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Candida albicans<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Aspergillus fumigatus<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Aspergillus Niger<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Padina pavonica <\/em><\/strong>extract<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

22.00 \u00b1 4.58a<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

23.50 \u00b1 0.55 a<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

18.43 \u00b1 1.69 a<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Laurencia catarinensis <\/em><\/strong>extract<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

21.00 \u00b1 2.64 a<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

12.00 \u00b1 1.00 b<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

12.00 \u00b1 1.00 b<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

P<\/strong>ositive control (Ketoconazole)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

22.56 \u00b1 2.89 a<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

18.16 \u00b1 1.70 c<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

17.24 \u00b1 2.80 a<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Data represents as Mean\u00b1SD. Different letters are used to denote substantial variations between the treatments. Duncan test was utilized to conduct multiple comparisons of means at a significance level of 0.05.<\/p>\n\n\n

Anti-inflammatory Activity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Invivo Acute toxicity study of the crude extracts          <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Padina pavonica <\/em>and Laurencia catarinensis <\/em>extracts was investigated for in vivo <\/em>toxicity on experimental rats; injections up to 5000 mg\/kg didn\u2019t cause lethal effects. There was no mortality in rats of the tested extract. The behavior and body weight did not change in the control or all treated groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of extracts in carrageenan injected rats<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alteration in paw thickness showed in figure 9 illustrate that Padina pavonica<\/em> extract significantly reduced paw volume in a dose-dependent manner. Both doses (50 and 100 mg\/kg) significantly suppressed paw edema over the course of 24 hours. The most significant reduction in paw edema was observed in the group given 100 mg\/kg. In comparison to the Padina pavonica<\/em> extract, the anti-inflammatory effects of the Laurencia catarinensis<\/em> extract were significantly reduced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A study conducted on rats shown that the inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema exhibited a dose-dependent relationship over a 24-hour duration subsequent to the intraperitoneal injection of Padina pavonica<\/em> extract. The reported effects were observed at two different doses, namely 50 mg\/kg and 100 mg\/kg. The observed percent of inhibition at various time points after treatment with a low dose was found to be 11.52 \u00b1 0.089%, 11.731 \u00b1 0.088%, 12.06 \u00b1 0.62%, 11.171 \u00b1 0.06%, 11.360 \u00b1 0.133%, 11.037 \u00b1 0.113%, and 10.962 \u00b1 0.094% after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 24 hours, respectively. On the other hand, the high dose (100 mg\/kg) resulted in inhibition percentages of 11.48 \u00b1 0.066%, 11.55 \u00b1 0.043%, 12.17 \u00b1 0.145%, 10.917 \u00b1 0.094%, 11.111 \u00b1 0.178%, 10.977 \u00b1 0.155%, and 10.749 \u00b1 0.160% after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 24 hours, respectively (Figure 10). <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 7: Hemolytic activity: Hemolysis (%) of human red blood  cells (RBCs) treated with <\/strong>Padina pavonica. Data represented as mean \u00b1SE<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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Figure 8: Hemolytic activity: Hemolysis (%) of human red blood cells (RBCs) treated with <\/strong>Laurencia catarinensis <\/em><\/strong>extract. <\/strong>Data represented as mean \u00b1SE<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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Histopathology Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paw edema after sub-plantar injection of carrageenan in rats was studied histopathologically using HE staining to determine the effects of Padina pavonica<\/em> and Laurencia catarinensis<\/em> extracts. Figure 11A shows that the control group showed no signs of cellular infiltration or edema. In contrast, blistering of the epithelial and conjunctive tissues and a large infiltration of inflammatory cells, primarily lymphocytes, were hallmarks of the acute inflammatory response caused by carrageenan in the rat paw (Figure 11B). Treatment with P. pavonica at 50 and 100 mg\/kg resulted in a marked decrease in edema and lymphocyte infiltration (Figures 11C and 11D). However, the L. catarinensis -treated group (50 mg\/kg) showed no improvements in edema and lymphocytes infiltration (Figure 11E). When L. catarinensis was given to rats with carrageenan-induced edema, a high dose reduced cellular infiltration but had no effect on swelling or congestion (Figure 11F). <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Discussion <\/strong>    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seaweeds possess significant potential as a rich reservoir of bioactive chemicals that exhibit pharmacological activities. Consequently, there is a compelling need for comprehensive investigation into their prospective application in the management and avoidance of chronic ailments. Seagrass consists of a diverse range of algae species that have been demonstrated to possess biologically active compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins 23<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A graphical representation of the vibrational and rotational energy levels of molecules in an infrared spectrum is called a Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) plot. The identity, concentration, and bonding of compounds are only a few examples of the physical and chemical characteristics of substances that can be characterized using FTIR plots. By gathering infrared data from a sample material and graphing it against wavenumber, the plot is made. The molecular makeup and structure of the sample material can then be deduced from the plot that results. FTIR plots offer a thorough examination of the vibrational energy levels of molecules, making them particularly helpful for identifying unidentified substances 24<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The topic of interest pertains to the allocation of band assignments and the dynamics of relationships within the band. The organisms Padina pavonica<\/em> and Laurencia catarinensis<\/em> exhibited distinct bands in their FTIR spectra. The process of identification involves comparing the bands observed in the recorded FTIR spectra with those documented in reference material. The employment of work enhanced the functional constituents inherent in the algal extract. In this investigation, the average locations of protein (amides I and II), lipid, and carbohydrate absorption bands were found to align with those reported in the literature for both algae. The FTIR transmittance analysis of the Padina pavonica<\/em> and Laurencia catarinensis<\/em> algae species indicates the existence of many chemical groups, including O-H, C-H, N-H, S=O, and CO-O-CO.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

F<\/strong>igure<\/strong> 9: <\/strong>Alteration in paw thickness (mm) at t = 0,1,2,3, 4,5, and 24 hours. n = 5 (significant at P < 0.05).<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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Figure 10: Percentage inhibition (%) of paw edema in time-dependent<\/strong> doses of P. pavonica<\/em> and L. catarinensis <\/em>extracts.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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Figure 11. Histological microphotography of rat paw (A) Saline control group. (B) Carrageenan model group. (C) Group treated with 50 mg\/kg of P. pavonica<\/em>
extract. (D) Group treated with 100 mg\/kg of P. pavonica<\/em> extract.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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The presence of asymmetric C-H stretching vibration is responsible for the faint band observed at 2923 and 2855 cm\u22121<\/sup>. The presence of aliphatic groups is associated with a notable augmentation in the quantity of hydrocarbons with mid- and long-chain lengths. The presence of discernible lipid signatures within the biomass of Padina pavonica<\/em> is evident based on the analysis of its FTIR spectrum. The spectra exhibit large and intense bands around 3366 cm\u22121<\/sup>, which are likely attributed to the stretching vibration of O-H water molecules. The principal amines exhibit a N\u2013H bending vibration at a wavenumber of 1573 cm\u22121<\/sup>. It is worth noting that these bands are characterized by their higher intensity and narrower linewidth compared to the O\u2013H stretching vibrations of alcohols, which also manifest in the same spectral area. Bands at approximately 1040.30 and 1034.12 cm-1 <\/sup>were observed in certain spectra of algae as well. The observed band locations correspond to the (C-O-C) stretching vibrations associated with polysaccharides. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Regarding phytochemical\ncharacterization using GC\u2013MS of tested extracts. In the present study Padina\npavonica<\/em> and Laurencia catarinensis<\/em> species of brown algae collected\nfrom the coast of the Red Sea in Jeddah to analyze its bioactive components. GC-MS\nanalysis of both extracts indicated the existence of 34 phytochemical compounds\nin the ethanolic extract of Padina pavonica<\/em> while 25 were identified in the\nethanolic extract of Laurencia catarinensis<\/em>.  The identification of phytochemicals was\naccomplished through the comparison of their mass spectra with those of\nreference compounds that were archived in the GC-MS library.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The GC-MS analysis of Padina\npavonica<\/em> extract displayed that the major compound was Stigmasterol\n(18.38%), followed by 3-O-Acetyl-6-methoxy-cycloartenol (14.61%), Fenretinide\n(7.79%), Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (7.77%), 9-Octadecenoic acid ethyl\nester (5.59%) and Dotriacontane (2.15%). \nWhile The GC-MS analysis of Laurencia catarinensis<\/em> extract\ndisplayed that the major compound was Stigmasta-5,24(28)-dien-3-ol,(3\u00e1,24Z)-\n(12.51 %) followed by n-Hexadecanoic acid (9.29%), 1-Heptatriacotanol (7.42%),\ncholestanoid (5.77%), 9,12-Octadecadienoyl chloride,(Z,Z)- (2.87%), Rhodopin\n(2.77%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seaweeds possess a\nsignificant abundance of bioactive chemicals that exhibit a favorable safety\nprofile and lack the toxic properties commonly associated with chemical\nmanufactured medications. The components that were found encompassed a diverse\narray of chemical classes, predominantly consisting of steroids, terpenes,\nfatty acids, fatty acid esters, retinoid derivatives, alcohols, carotenoids,\nand alkanes. 25,26<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The substances that\nhave been discovered display a wide range of biological characteristics. It was\ndiscovered that the extract made from the captured algae specimens included a\nconsiderable amount of stigmasterol. Animal and plant organisms both contain\nsterols. It is an unsaturated plant sterol used to make semi-synthetic\nprogesterone as a precursor 27<\/sup>. This hormone is highly valuable to human\nphysiology as it plays a crucial role in regulating and facilitating tissue\nrebuilding mechanisms associated with estrogen effects. In the field of\npharmacology, phytosterols like stigmasterol and sitosterol are commonplace.\nFucosterol and its derivatives are primarily found in brown seaweeds. Studies\nhave shown that brown seaweeds contain significant amounts of sterols including\nfucosterol and desmosterol. Extensive documentation indicates that these\nparticular sterols exhibit a propensity for reducing cholesterol levels and\ndiminishing the presence of free triglycerides within the hepatic organ 28<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

GC-MS analysis of\nextracts of Padina pavonica<\/em> and Laurencia catarinensis<\/em>, both of\nwhich have been credited in the past literature with antioxidant,\nantibacterial, and anticancer properties, revealed that Stigmasterol,\nStigmasta-5,24(28)-dien-3-ol,(3\u00e1,24Z)- were the main components of both plants.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Padina pavonica<\/em> extract had a triterpene with a distinctive\nhigh peak in the mass spectral data, and this compound was found to be\n3-O-acetyl-6-methoxy-cycloartenol. Brown algae have been found to contain\nterpenes as well. Halogenated monoterpenes are very useful in a variety of\nbiological processes. The anti-proliferative effect of isolated halogenated\nmonoterpenes was significant. Diterpene phytol has potential as a diuretic,\nanti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial agent. Phytol has been shown\nto have beneficial curative and preventative effects on arthritis 29-31<\/sup>. <\/strong> The\nfindings indicate that chemicals that promote reactive oxygen species, such as\nphytol, hold potential as a new class of medications for the management of\nrheumatoid arthritis and maybe other chronic inflammatory conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Studies have documented\nthat the brown algae species Padina pavonica<\/em> and Laurencia\ncatarinensis<\/em> exhibit a notable abundance of terpenes and sterols. The\nresults of this study align with other research indicating that several\nterpenes produced by L. obtusaecies<\/em> possess noteworthy pharmacological\nproperties, including antiviral, antibacterial ,  anti-inflammatory  and anti-cancer actions 32<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The presence of bioactive\nchemicals within the fatty acid compounds was detected in both algal extracts,\nthese compounds are n- hexadecanoic acid; hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester;\n9-Octadecenoic acid ethyl ester and 9,12-Octadecadienoyl chloride, (Z, Z).\nn-Hexadecanoic acid (Palmitic acid), 9-Octadecenoic acid ethyl ester and\nHexadecanoic acid ethyl ester, have the property of antioxidant.\n9,12-Octadecadienoyl chloride,(Z,Z)- (Lineoleoyl chloride<\/em>) have been\nidentified from Laurencia catarinensis<\/em> extract 33<\/sup>. Linolenic acid found in red algae Champia\nparvula<\/em> <\/em><\/strong>34<\/sup><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The ethanolic extracts\nof brown algae Padina pavonica<\/em> showed the presence of other compounds\nsuch as dotriacontane, belongs to the category of organic compounds referred as\nalkanes. it has several activities like antimicrobial 35<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To assess the antifungal activity of algal\nextracts, agar well diffusion method was performed. The clear or inhibition\nzone developed around well was measured and the antifungal activity is\nrepresented by inhibition zone diameter (IZD). In the current study the\nantifungal activity of P. pavonica<\/em> and L. catarinensis<\/em> extracts\nagainst some important human pathogens. The current results revealed that, P.\npavonica<\/em> showed potent antifungal activity and inhibited tested fungal\nspecies 36<\/sup>. Our results were consistent with earlier\nstudy that declared that Padina pavonica<\/em> showed significant\nantimicrobial activity 37<\/sup>.\n<\/strong> The present findings indicate that the L.\ncatarinensis extract exhibits lower values of inhibition zone, measuring 12 mm.\nPrevious research has been conducted to investigate the antibacterial\nproperties of secondary metabolites derived from various species of algae.\nThese studies have demonstrated that the effectiveness of these activities is\ncontingent upon the specific characteristics and composition of the secondary\nmetabolites found within the algae 38<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Padina pavonica<\/em> and Laurencia catarinensis<\/em> are two\nmarine algae that have been investigated for their potential antifungal\nactivity. Both species have shown promising results, but the studies indicate\nthat Padina pavonica<\/em> extract exhibits stronger antifungal activity compared\nto Laurencia catarinensis<\/em> extract. \nPadina pavonica, <\/em>also referred to as “Peacock’s\nTail,” <\/em>which is a brown algacollected from red sea.\nPrevious  study have demonstrated the\nantimicrobial potential of Padina sp. <\/em>extract against various microbial\nspecies 39<\/sup>.\n<\/strong>The extracts of tested\nalgae have been shown to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi, including\nCandida species, dermatophytes, and Aspergillus species. The antimicrobial\ncharacteristics of Padina pavonica extract are ascribed to its bioactive\ncomponents, including polyphenols and polysaccharides, which are responsible\nfor its antifungal activity. These substances possess the ability to disrupt\nthe integrity of fungal cell membranes, impede the functioning of fungal\nenzymes, and interfere with the process of fungal cell reproduction. Consequently,\nthese mechanisms culminate in the inhibition of fungal growth 40<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the other hand, Laurencia catarinensis<\/em> is a red alga found Red Seashore, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Although Laurencia catarinensis<\/em> has also shown antifungal activity, the potency of its extract appears to be lower compared to Padina pavonica<\/em>. Some studies have reported moderate antimicrobial effects of Laurencia sp.<\/em> extract.<\/strong><\/a> <\/strong> However, the exact mechanisms responsible for its antifungal activity are not well understood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erythrocytes, the body’s most abundant cell type, have their own unique physical and biochemical properties when it comes to replicating. Because of their role as redox-active oxygen transport mechanisms, erythrocytes are a primary target for hemoglobins and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Therefore, oxidation causes hemolysis by damaging lipids and proteins in erythrocyte membranes. Several variables contribute to this mutilation, including radiation, a high concentration of transition metals, oxidative medications, hemoglobinopathies, and erythrocyte antioxidant coordination deficits. When erythrocytes are subjected to toxins like hydrogen peroxide, hemolysis increases 41<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the present study the ability of Padina pavonica <\/em>and Laurencia catarinensis <\/em>extracts against normal human erythrocytes was assessed in order to examine their potential to cause damage to mammalian cells. Extracts exhibited low hemolytic effect on human red blood cells (RBC). <\/strong>Hemolytic percentage was found to be increasing with increase in concentration. Hemolytic activity of crude extracts is expressed in % hemolysis. ethanolic extract of Padina pavonica <\/em>(at dose 1000 g\/ml) possess maximum hemolytic activity (63.4%) while that of Laurencia catarinensis <\/em>extracts possess (46.7%) at the same concentration. At a concentration 31.25 \u03bcg\/ml the hemolysis was 12.756% for Padina pavonica<\/em> while for Laurencia catarinensis<\/em> was 3.085%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Green, brown, and red algae have all been found to have bioactive chemicals, such as secondary metabolites having cytostatic, antiviral, anthelmintic, antifungal, and antibacterial activity 42<\/sup>. The algal extracts possess anti-hemolytic activity on human erythrocytes, these activities of both extracts are related to their chemical composition, it may be because of presence of high concentration of terpenes 43<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agar well diffusion method was employed to evaluate the antifungal activity of algal extracts. The measurement of the clear or inhibition zone surrounding the well was conducted, and the antifungal activity is quantified by the diameter of the inhibition zone (IZD). In the current study the antifungal activity of P. pavonica<\/em> and L. catarinensis<\/em> extracts against some important human pathogens. The current results revealed that, P. pavonica showed potent antifungal activity and inhibited tested fungal species. Our results were consistent with earlier study that declared that P. pavonica<\/em> showed significant antimicrobial activity 39<\/sup>. The current results show that the lower values of inhibition zone belong L. catarinensis<\/em> extract (12 mm). Extensive research has been conducted on the antibacterial properties of secondary metabolites derived from various algae species. These studies have demonstrated that the effectiveness of these compounds is contingent upon the specific characteristics of the secondary metabolites found within the algae44<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The utilization of the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model has been extensively employed in the assessment of anti-inflammatory drugs, particularly to evaluate the drug’s antiedematous effect. Carrageenan, a potent chemical compound, is employed to induce the secretion of several inflammatory and proinflammatory agents, such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, histamine, bradykinin, TNF-\u03b1, and similar molecules 45<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The manifestation of acute inflammation\nexhibits a biphasic trajectory. The early phase is initiated by the liberation\nof histamine, serotonin, and kinins following the introduction of an\ninflammatory agent during the initial hours. 46<\/sup>. The second phase is marked by the subsequent liberation of\nprostaglandin-like molecules within a time period of 2-3 hours. The subsequent phase\nexhibits reactivity towards both steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory\nagents, which possess clinical utility. Prostaglandins play a pivotal role as\nthe primary causative agents responsible for the initiation and progression of\nacute inflammation 47<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Both tested agents P. pavonica <\/em>and\nL. catarinensis <\/em>revealed anti-inflammatory activity trough reduction of rat\npaw edema caused by carrageenan. But P. pavonica <\/em>revealedpotent\nactivity. The current work aims to investigate the\nhistological aspects of the anti-inflammatory effects in carrageenan-induced\nrat paw edema. The assessment of acute oral toxicity was also conducted within\nthe scope of this investigation. According to the results of our investigation,\nit has been determined that the LD50<\/sub> value of P. pavonica and L.\ncatarinensis<\/em> exceeds 5000 mg\/kg. Based on our findings, the chemical in\nquestion can be categorized as a compound with a favorable safety profile and\nminimal toxicity. Our data indicates that P. pavonica<\/em> exhibits\ninhibitory effects on inflammation in the paw tissues of rats, with the extent\nof inhibition being dependent on the dosage administered. Furthermore, our\ninvestigations indicate that the intragastric administration of L.\ncatarinensis<\/em> demonstrates a comparatively lower degree of anti-inflammatory\nactivity when compared to P. pavonica<\/em>, when administered at an\nequivalent dosage level. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

P. pavonica<\/em> may potentially possess an anti-inflammatory compound that exhibits\ninhibitory effects on prostaglandins and the inflammatory pathway. Previously,\ncertain researchers have also posited the potential anti-inflammatory\nattributes associated with brown algae. The brown algae Turbinaria decurrens<\/em>\nexhibits anti-inflammatory properties, as per scientific observations. 48<\/sup>, which can be attributed to its ability to regulate the levels of\nenzymatic antioxidants, the master regulator NF-\u03baB, and pro-inflammatory\ncytokines 49<\/sup>. Furthermore, it has been elucidated that the brown algae Padina\ntetrastromatica<\/em> demonstrates anti-inflammatory characteristics through the\ninhibition of inflammatory response markers’ expression, such as cytokines\nIL-6, TNF-\u03b1, MCP1, and IL1\u00df. 50<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another endeavor to elucidate; notwithstanding, The cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways play a pivotal role in the inflammatory cascade. It has been observed that suppressing cyclooxygenase is more effective in inhibiting carrageenan-induced inflammation compared to inhibiting lipoxygenase. P. pavonica<\/em> may have exhibited inhibitory effects on the cyclooxygenase enzyme responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandins 51<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion and Recommendation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

While there exist conventional therapeutic interventions for various inflammatory conditions, it is postulated that the efficacy of current anti-inflammatory medications may be limited due to their associated adverse effects and relatively modest strength. Thus, alternative therapy research is necessary and required. This study examines the phytochemical content of P. pavonica<\/em> and L. catarinensis<\/em> algae extracts. These findings imply that biologically active chemicals that inhibit pathogenic fungus strains like Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus Niger may be extracted. These findings support the traditional use of these algae and suggest a potential function in microbial control. P. pavonica<\/em> and L. catarinensis<\/em> algae extracts show anti-inflammatory effects and are safe, making them promising carrageenan-induced inflammation treatments.so these seaweeds can be used to develop pathogen-fighting drugs. In conclusion, P. pavonica<\/em> and L. catarinensis<\/em> algae extracts may be bioactive chemical reservoirs. These snippets show promise in natural antioxidants and could lead to chronic disease treatments. However, additional fractionation and careful pharmacological assessment are needed to fully investigate the preclinical properties of these extracts and enable their therapeutic use in chronic disease prevention and treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acknowledgement<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

None<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The authors declare no competing interests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Funding Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This research received no grant from any funding agency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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