{"id":53105,"date":"2023-12-31T10:18:27","date_gmt":"2023-12-31T10:18:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=53105"},"modified":"2024-01-05T07:07:49","modified_gmt":"2024-01-05T07:07:49","slug":"physical-anthropometry-influences-arterial-stiffness-in-hypertensive-patients-of-north-karnataka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol16no4\/physical-anthropometry-influences-arterial-stiffness-in-hypertensive-patients-of-north-karnataka\/","title":{"rendered":"Physical Anthropometry Influences Arterial Stiffness in Hypertensive Patients of North Karnataka"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arterial stiffness is underlying cause of cardiovascular\ndiseases like endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and hypertension.1,\n2<\/sup> Arterial stiffness (AS), which is considered as one of the early\nmarkers of vascular ageing, associated with changes in physical characteristics\nof the vessel wall, such as distensibility, elasticity, and complacency.3 <\/sup>Arterial\nstiffness also predicts future cardiovascular diseases like hypertension and\nconsidered as its independent risk factor.4, 5<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The relationship between physical\nanthropometry and arterial stiffness is not completely understood. Hence,\npresent study has been undertaken to assess the relationships between physical\nanthropometry and arterial stiffness in relation to hypertension.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The present study is a prospective case\ncontrol study. Institutional ethical clearance was obtained (IEC\/No-09\/2021\nDated 22\/01\/2021). Voluntary informed written consent was obtained from all the\nparticipants. All the parameters were recorded in the supine posture after rest\nfor 10 minutes between 9AM to 11AM at room temperature. Study included 109 participants\ndivided into group 1 (control, n = 36) and group 2 (hypertensive, n = 73) from\nboth the sexes (age range: 35 to 50 years) of Vijayapur City, Karnataka. Subjects\nwith chronic smokers, alcoholics, diabetes, patients with thyroid diseases and\nantihypertensive treatments were excluded from the study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anthropometric and Physiological assessment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Height (cm), weight (kg), waist\ncircumference (cm), hip circumference (cm) and waist hip ratio were measured by\nusing stadiometer and measuring tape respectively. BMI (kg\/m2<\/sup>) was\nconventionally calculated as weight\/height2<\/sup> for each participant. Systolic\nblood pressure (SBP, mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP, mmHg) were recorded\nusing mercury sphygmomanometer. All the parameters were recorded three times\nfor each of the participant and the mean value was considered.6, 7<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Calculation of Arterial Stiffness Index (ASI)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arterial stiffness Index (ASI) were\nrecorded in right (ASIRB<\/sub>) and left (ASILB<\/sub>) brachial\narteries by using Periscope, a non-invasive automatic device, which work on\noscillometric method (Periscope, Genesis Medical Systems, India). 8, 9<\/sup>\nThe values were calculated by quantifying the oscillometric envelopes which\nwere obtained from the oscillations in the respective artery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ASI<\/strong> = [Systolic side value of cuff pressure at 80% of maximal oscillation amplitude of cuff] \u2212 [Diastolic side value of cuff pressure at 80% of maximal oscillation amplitude of cuff].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All recording were done in supine position\nand operational bias was avoided as the device is fully automated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Statistical Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The data was analyzed using MS-excel and\nJMP Pro 16 and presented in mean \u00b1SD. To compare variables of study and control\ngroup Mann Whitney U Test was applied. Spearman\u2019s correlation was used to find\nthe relationship between the variables. *p\u2264 0.05 was considered as significant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Results<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Out of the 109 participants, we observed\nthat the mean values of anthropometric parameters (BMI, Waist Circumference,\nWaist: Hip Ratio) and parameters of arterial stiffness (ASIRB<\/sub>, ASILB<\/sub>)\nwere significantly higher in the study group (group 2) as compared to the\ncontrol group (group 1) (Table: 1). A positive correlation between anthropometricparameters and arterial stiffness\nparameters among the participants were also observed (Table: 2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 1: Physiological Anthropometry variables and ASI of controls and study group<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Variables      <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Group 1, control (n=36)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Group 2, hypertensive<\/strong><\/p>\n

(n=73)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Mann Whitney U Test<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Age (years)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

42.75 +<\/u> 5.654<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

44.00 +<\/u> 5.320<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

NS<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

BMI (kg\/m2<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

22.94 +<\/u> 1.330<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

26.47 +<\/u> 3.675<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

p<0.001<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

WC (cm)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

82.50 +<\/u> 3.613<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

94.82 +<\/u> 7.934<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

p<0.001<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

WHR (WC:HC)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.984 +<\/u>0.033<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.00 +<\/u> 0.133<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

p<0.001<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

SBP (mmHg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

115.89 +<\/u> 3.446<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

140.99 +<\/u> 9.322<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

p<0.001<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

DBP (mmHg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

72.44 +<\/u> 5.474<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

86.68 +<\/u> 6.121<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

p<0.001<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Right Brachial ASI (mmHg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

22.522 +<\/u> 4.131<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

30.493 +<\/u> 8.167<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

p<0.001<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Left Brachial ASI (mmHg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

22.050 +<\/u> 6.066<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

30.863 +<\/u> 7.796<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

p<0.001<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Data represented in the form of mean \u00b1 SD. *p \u2264 0.05 is taken as statistically significant. BMI, Body Mass Index ; WC, Waist Circumference ; WHR, Waist Hip Ratio ; NS, Not Significant.<\/p>\n\n\n

Table 2: Correlation between Physical Anthropometry (BMI, WC and WHR) and Arterial stiffness Index (Right and Left brachial ASI) in hypertensive group (group 2, n = 73)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Parameter<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Right Brachial ASI (ASIRB<\/sub>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Left Brachial ASI (ASILB<\/sub>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

BMI<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

r = 0.353*<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

               r =0.284*             <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

WC<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

r = 0.174*<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

r = 0.148*<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

WHR<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

r = 0.519*<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

r = 0.448*<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

*<\/strong>p \u2264 0.05 is taken as statistically significant<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Present study showed increase BMI, WC, WHR in hypertensive\ngroup that indicate physical anthropometry pertaining to height, body weight\nand adiposity effect arterial stiffness by altered vascular pathophysiology. Alteration\nof vascular integrity resulting in hypertension and other associated\ncardiovascular diseases. 10<\/sup> Increased ASI in hypertensive subjects\nalso affect microvascular internal environment of physiological system\nespecially cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and nephrovascular homeostasis\nresulting in possible serious cardiovascular diseases like hypertension, heart\nfailure, myocardial ischaemia or neurovascular complications like stroke,\ncarotid stenosis, vertebral stenosis and intracranial stenosis etc. 11<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Positive correlation between BMI with ASIRB<\/sub> and\nASILB<\/sub>, WC with ASIRB<\/sub> and ASILB<\/sub> and WHR with\nASIRB<\/sub> and ASILB<\/sub> further confirms influences of physical\nanthropometry with severity of arterial stiffness. 12<\/sup> Increase in\ncollagen fibers and connective tissue, disarrangement in the arterial elastic\nlaminae might be the reason for the altered physical anthropometry induced\nadiposity probably brings changes in the arterial stiffness.13, 14<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anthropometric parameters may be considered\nas risk factors for arterial stiffening in the development of hypertension. Arterial\nstiffness index can be a tool for screening patients at risk of cardiovascular\ndiseases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are no conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Funding Source<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

We acknowledge BLDE (Deemed to be University) for providing a research grant for the study (BLDE(DU)\/REG\/RGC\/2021-22\/2515 dt: 17\/3\/2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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