{"id":525,"date":"2015-01-22T08:15:47","date_gmt":"2015-01-22T08:15:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=525"},"modified":"2020-04-25T05:50:42","modified_gmt":"2020-04-25T05:50:42","slug":"comparative-anti-inflammatory-activity-studies-of-three-species-of-bharangi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol1no2\/comparative-anti-inflammatory-activity-studies-of-three-species-of-bharangi\/","title":{"rendered":"Comparative Anti-Inflammatory Activity Studies of Three Species of Bharangi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

In the Present study, the roots of different species of Bharangi <\/em>(Clerodendron serratum<\/em>, Premna herbaceae<\/em> and Gardenia resinifera<\/em>) were investigated for anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan \u2013 induced rat paw oedema. The ethanol\u00a0 extracts of roots of various species of bharangi<\/em> exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity at a dose of 350 mg\/kg (po), when compared to control group. The activity is compared with standard phenylbutazone (PB). Premna herbaceae(PH)<\/em> and Clerodendron serratum(CS)<\/em> were found to exhibit significantly more anti-inflammatory activity when compared to\u00a0 Gardenia resinifera(GR)<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Bharangi <\/em>is an important drug. In Ayurveda, description of drugs in various classics and compilation has resulted in several plants being used as same drug, creating controversies with regards to the authentic botanical source. One such a drug is bharangi<\/em>, where roots of CS, PH<\/em> and GR<\/em> are used in different parts of country. The different parts of the plants are used either singly or as an ingredient in the ayurvedic preparation which are claimed to be useful in the treatment of bronchitis,asthma,hiccough,bloodpressure,epilepsy,antiperiodic,cathartic,antispasmodic,etc1,2,3,4.<\/sup>However the ayurvedic practitioners use three different plants,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CS, PH and GR .<\/em>In the present study ,anti-inflammatory activity of these three species has been investigated. The plants have been graded based on anti-inflammatory activity, which would help to monitor dose better during their therapeutic activity.<\/p>\n

The roots of CS, PH<\/em> and GR<\/em> were collected at \u00a0Devarayana Durga forest, Tumkur district, Karnataka. These were identified and authenticated with the herbarium specimens obtained from the centre for ecological science,\u00a0 Indian Institute of science (I.I.Sc) Bangalore. A voucher specimen has been deposited in the institute. The shade dried roots were\u00a0 powdered to particle size No:60 and subjected to soxhlet extraction with different solvents starting from petroleum ether followed by benzene, chloroform acetone and ethanol (70%).The extracts were concentrated by rotory vaccum flash evaporator and the residue was collected. A suspension was prepared in gum acacia (2%).<\/p>\n

Anti inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan \u2013 induced rat hind paw oedema model5<\/sup>. Albino rats of either sex, weighing between (200-250g) were divided into eight groups of six animals each and were given the following treatment Group I( control) received 2 ml of 2% gum acacia orally. group II,( standard) received 150 mg\/kg PB. Group\u00a0 III, IV, and V received the ethanol extracts of CS, PH<\/em> and GR<\/em> at 350mg\/kg dose orally respectively.<\/p>\n

After 1h, rats were administrated\u00a0 with subcutaneous injections of 0.05 ml of w\/v solutions of carrageenan into the plantar surface of the right hind paw. The paw was marked with ink at the level of lateral malleolus\u00a0 and immersed up to this mark. The paw volume was measured plethismographically at zero hour i.e immediately after\u00a0 injection and followed by every hour till 3 hour after injection of\u00a0 carrageenan to each group. The difference between the initial and subsequent readings gave actual oedema\u00a0 volume.<\/p>\n

Percentage\u00a0 of inhibition of inflammation was calculated using the formula % inhibition = 100 (1- Vt<\/sub>\/Vc<\/sub>), where Vc<\/sub> represents oedema volume in control and Vt <\/sub>is oedema volume in group treated with test compounds. The data was\u00a0 analysed using student \u2018t\u2019 test and was found\u00a0 significant P<0.05) at 2hour and highly significant P<0.001 at 3 hour intervals. .The\u00a0 % inhibition of rat paw oedema in the treated group compared to control at 1 hour was PB>CS>PH>GR<\/em>; at 2 hour was PB>CS>PH>GR<\/em> and at 3 hour was PB>CS>PH>GR<\/em>.The results reprensented as % inhibition of\u00a0\u00a0 inflammation are\u00a0 presented in figure-1<\/p>\n

Carrageenan \u2013 induced inflammation is a biphasic phenomenon6<\/sup>.The first phase of oedema is attributed to the release of histamine and 5 hydroxytryptamine. Plateau phase is maintained by kinin like substances and second accelerating phase of swelling is attributed to prostaglandin like substances7<\/sup>.The knowledge of these\u00a0 mediators involved in different phases is important for interpreting mode of drug action. In carrageenan \u2013 induced rat paw oedema test, it was\u00a0 found that there was a significant reduction\u00a0 in the oedema in the groups treated with 70% ethanol extracts of PH,<\/em> followed by CS<\/em> and GR<\/em> when compared to\u00a0 control. Thus it can be concluded that ethanol extract of PH<\/em> and CS<\/em> possess almost equal significant anti inflammatory activity. This study may he useful for monitoring the dosage with reference to botanical species and percentage of biological activity for deriving prescribed therepeutic efficacy.<\/p>\n

DOSE\u00a0\u00a0 :\u00a0 Phenyl butozone 150 mg\/kg body wt.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>TEST DRUGS\u00a0\u00a0 :\u00a0 350 mg\/kg body wt.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\n\n

Figure 1: The Anti \u2013 Inflammatory <\/strong>Activity Of Clerodendron Serratum\u00a0<\/strong>Premna Herbaceae & Gardenia Resinifera.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Table 1: Data Showing Anti \u2013 Inflammatory Activity Of 70% Alcoholic Extracts Of\u00a0<\/strong>Three Drugs And Phenyl Butazone On Rat Paw Oedema Model.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
GROUP<\/strong><\/td>\nDRUG<\/strong><\/td>\nNO.OF ANIMALS<\/strong><\/td>\nAVERAGE<\/strong><\/p>\n

Wt.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 OF<\/strong><\/p>\n

ANIMALS<\/strong><\/td>\n

DOSE<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mg \/kg<\/strong><\/p>\n

Body wt<\/strong><\/td>\n

1 HOUR<\/strong><\/td>\n2 HOUR<\/strong><\/td>\n3 HOUR<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mean<\/strong><\/p>\n

O.V.<\/strong><\/td>\n

S.E.M.<\/strong><\/p>\n

+ OR –<\/strong><\/td>\n

R.O.V.<\/strong><\/p>\n

%<\/strong><\/td>\n

Mean<\/strong><\/p>\n

O.V.<\/strong><\/td>\n

S.E.M.<\/strong><\/p>\n

+ OR-<\/strong><\/td>\n

R.O.V.<\/strong><\/p>\n

%<\/strong><\/td>\n

Mean<\/strong><\/p>\n

O.V.<\/strong><\/td>\n

S.E.M.<\/strong><\/p>\n

+ OR-<\/strong><\/td>\n

R.O.V.<\/strong><\/p>\n

%<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

I.<\/strong><\/td>\nControl<\/strong><\/td>\n6<\/td>\n210.80<\/td>\n350<\/td>\n0.15<\/td>\n0.0236<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n0.36<\/td>\n0.0389<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n0.69<\/td>\n0.055<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
II.<\/strong><\/td>\nPhenylbbutazone<\/strong><\/td>\n6<\/td>\n210.00<\/td>\n150<\/td>\n0.09<\/td>\n0.002<\/td>\n40.00<\/td>\n0.19<\/td>\n0.003<\/td>\n47.25<\/td>\n0.26<\/td>\n0.004<\/td>\n62.30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
III.<\/strong><\/td>\nClerodendron<\/strong><\/p>\n

Serratum<\/strong><\/td>\n

6<\/td>\n205.18<\/td>\n350<\/td>\n0.125<\/td>\n0.012<\/td>\n16.66<\/td>\n0.21<\/td>\n0.028<\/td>\n42.14<\/td>\n0.31<\/td>\n0.038<\/td>\n50.07<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
IV.<\/strong><\/td>\nPremna<\/strong><\/p>\n

Herbaceae<\/strong><\/td>\n

6<\/td>\n215.10<\/td>\n350<\/td>\n0.125<\/td>\n0.009<\/td>\n16.66<\/td>\n0.23<\/td>\n0.011<\/td>\n36.63<\/td>\n0.285<\/td>\n0.007<\/td>\n58.69<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
V.<\/strong><\/td>\nGardenia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Resinifera<\/strong><\/td>\n

6<\/td>\n220.00<\/td>\n350<\/td>\n0.136<\/td>\n0.024<\/td>\n9.33<\/td>\n0.298<\/td>\n0.002<\/td>\n17.90<\/td>\n0.445<\/td>\n0.043<\/td>\n35.50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Where Mean O.V. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 =\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mean oedema volume<\/p>\n

S.E.M.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 =\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Standard error mean<\/p>\n

R.O.V.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 =\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Reduction in oedema volume<\/p>\n

t (10, 0.05)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 =\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2.228<\/p>\n

t cal at 3 hour\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 =\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 6.4112, 8.8177 and 3.9108 for III, IV & IV group drugs<\/p>\n

t cal > at (10,005), there is a significant difference between control and test drugs \u2013 the drugs are<\/p>\n

significant<\/p>\n

Reference<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Kirtikar and Bassu,Indian Medicinal Plants P.No.1948, V 111<\/li>\n
  2. K.N.Nadkarni,The Indian Meteria Medica Vol 1 P.No.1009<\/li>\n
  3. Chopra R.N.Nayar S.L.and Chopra I.C.,Glossary of Indian Medicinal\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Plants,C.S.I.R..,New Delhi,1956,P.No.203<\/li>\n
  4. Watt G.,A Dictionary of Economical products of India,repr.ed.,Periodical experts,shahdara,Delhi,1972,336<\/li>\n
  5. Winter,C.A.,Risley,E.A and Nuss,G.W.,Proc.Soc Exp.Biol.Med., 1962,111,544<\/li>\n
  6. Vinegar,R.,Schreiber,W and Hugo,R.J.,J.Pharmacol,Exp Ther 1969,166,96<\/li>\n
  7. Rosa,M.D.,Giroud,J.P., and Willoghby D.A.,J.Pathol.,!971,104,15<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Introduction In the Present study, the roots of different species […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-525","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol1no2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/525","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=525"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/525\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32893,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/525\/revisions\/32893"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=525"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=525"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=525"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}