{"id":51407,"date":"2023-09-30T10:14:33","date_gmt":"2023-09-30T10:14:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=51407"},"modified":"2023-10-07T11:55:53","modified_gmt":"2023-10-07T11:55:53","slug":"efficacy-of-flavonoid-apigenin-on-hemodynamic-indices-baroreflex-function-cardiac-and-kidney-remodeling-and-vasoactive-inflammatory-biomarkers-in-experimental-renal-hypertension","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol16no3\/efficacy-of-flavonoid-apigenin-on-hemodynamic-indices-baroreflex-function-cardiac-and-kidney-remodeling-and-vasoactive-inflammatory-biomarkers-in-experimental-renal-hypertension\/","title":{"rendered":"Efficacy of Flavonoid Apigenin on Hemodynamic indices, Baroreflex Function, Cardiac and Kidney Remodeling and Vasoactive-Inflammatory Biomarkers in Experimental Renal Hypertension."},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The kidneys are a pair of vital important organs that performed multi functions life supporting role in the body, including regulation of blood pressure (BP) and chemical balance and in turn can affect the health as a whole. Disturbance in renal functioning that coexistent hypertension and human renovascular disease remained a major reason of people morbidity and complications of cardiovascular diseases and stroke. There are several additional drugs in development that target hemodynamic changes under the progression of hypertension, but the prevalence of end-stage renal disease continues high 1-3<\/sup>. Hypertensive nephropathy in response to low pressure in the renal vessels, sodium and water retention, increased preglomerular resistance and mean arterial pressure (MAP). Increased MAP usually occurs through volume homeostasis mechanisms, damage of mesangial cells, epithelial cells, and podocytes in the glomerulus that initially raise cardiac output and later elevate total peripheral vascular resistance via autoregulatory adjustments. The renal cells damage progression leading to fibrosis development became causes a reduction in renal blood flow, in the permeability of the filtration barrier and, finally in glomerular filtration 4<\/sup>. Decreased functional nephrons would lead to glomerular hyperfiltration and increased distal tubular flow rate in the remaining nephrons, eventually glomerular damage as strongly implicated of alterations in sympathetic nervous system (SNS) 5<\/sup>. More validated severe hypertension experimental model associated with high enhancement of sympathetic-mediated contractile responses and pronounced diastolic and endothelial dysfunction  is one-kidney, one-clip (1K1C) Goldberg model of hypertension  rats 6<\/sup>. After 2-week clipping of the renal artery, in a time when the MAP reached a new plateau, increased plasma, cardiac turnover rate of norepinephrine (NE) levels, which indicates on the peripheral sympathetic nervous system hyperactivation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 1K1C experimental hypertension model observed volume retention shuts off renin secretion, and thus this model providing \u201cangiotensin II-independent\u201d and are not inhibited by heparin [6-8]. In the 1K1C animal renin value are normal or low while volume is high due to the loss of total glomerular filtration rate and so-called \u201cnormal-renin essential hypertension\u2019 9<\/sup>. The important roles as autocrine\/paracrine regulators in the kidney to control several renal functions, such as renal blood flow and hemodynamics and transepithelial NaCl transport and mediation of inflammation occurs prostaglandins. It has been universally recognized that major inflammatory mediators in renal pathology, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), is the most abundant renal arachidonic acid metabolites, thromboxane B2, and leukotriene B4 10-13<\/sup>]. Another product of arachidonic acid metabolism – epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) cause vasodilation by activating the smooth muscle large conductance Ca2+<\/sup>-activated K+<\/sup> channels 11-13<\/sup> being endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factor, provided natriuretic, anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory action 14<\/sup>, develop cardiovascular hypertrophy7<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Despite of wide spectrum of antihypertensive drugs sustained satisfactory control of hypertension especially resistant forms 15-17<\/sup> is not always achievable requiring to investigate a new distinctive target and involving different signaling pathways allowing better control of RH. Currently a great interest is revealed regarding s products \u2013 flavonoids with polyphenolic structure possessing\u2019s EH inhibitory properties, which prolongs EETs vasodilatory action and elicit beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system throughout vasodilatory, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action 18-19<\/sup>. However, it is not fully elucidated their possible preventive cardioprotective and renoprotective effects during remodeling in different forms of RH caused by renal insufficiency, as well as correlation between production of vasoactive-inflammatory agents and alterations in cardiovascular parameters, autonomic nervous system and baroreflex function during development of RH. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The goal of this study was to estimate the modulatory preventive action of flavonoid phenolic compound apigenin (Apg) on cardiovascular indices, baroreflex function, vasoactive-inflammatory biomarkers and cardio-renal remodeling in 1K-1C experimental model of renal hypertension.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Animals and ethical statement<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Experiments were performed in three months aged, male Wistar rats (n=75), weighing 200-250 g, in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NIH Publication No 85-23, revised 1996). The animals were included in the experiments after left to acclimatize (an ambient temperature 22\u00b12o<\/sup>C, under the natural 12-hour day\/night cycle) for one week. The experimental protocol of the study was revised and approved by the Interinstitutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Tbilisi State Medical University, Ilia State University and International Centre of Introduction of New Biomedical Technology, Tbilisi, Georgia (No 12-819021) and is in strict accordance with the Recommendations from the Helsinki Declaration, Guiding principles in the care and use of animals. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Drugs, chemicals and Reagents<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Analytical grade chemicals and reagents were used for the study. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), clear colorless liquid (CarlRoth, Germany); Ketamin (\u201cZdorovye\u201d, Ukraine); Xylazin Bio 2% (\u201cBiovera\u201d Czech); penicillin G sodium (100 000 IU, a vial with lyopylized powder,  Antibiotice S.A., Romania); sodium nitroprusside-(SNP, 60 mg\/5 ml, Adeka Pharmaceutical Industry, Turkey); heparin sodium 5.000I.U.\/ml, Ash Road North, Great Britain); phenylephrine (PE, 10 mg\/ml, Martindale Pharma, an Ethypharm Group Company, Great Britain)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ELISA Kits EETs plasma level (Eagle Bioscience, USA), PGE-2, Interleukine-1b (IL-1b), Endothelin-1 and Tumor Necrosis factor-alpha by ELISA kits Cusabio (USA), Norepinephrine ( NE) and epinephrine (EPN) kits  Elabscience (USA),  ELISA kits for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (MyBiosorce, USA); Apigenin (Apg; 4\u2032,5,7-trihydroxyflavone) light yellow powder with purity obtained from the plant Perilla Nankinensis Decne leaves by the Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botanic of Tbilisi State Medical University (quality analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, purity \u226598%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Experimental design<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Animals were randomly allocated into I- control group – sham operated (ShO, n=21) and II \u2013main group with validated 1 kidney -1 clip (1K-1C, n=54) Goldblatt model of renal hypertension (RH). Under sterile condition RH was created in anesthetized (Ketamin-87mg\/kg, + Xylazin Bio-13mg\/kg, intraperitonially (i.p)) animals by right nephrectomy and partial constriction of left renal artery using silver clip (internal diameter-0.2mm). ShO group animals were submitted to the same procedure, except for the nephrectomy and renal artery occlusion. At the end of surgical procedure penicillin G (100 000 IU) was administered into the cavity and wound was closed with a suture. Rats were observed during 4 weeks after surgical procedure for measuring systolic and diastolic arterial pressure and heart rhythm in unanesthetized animals every week to monitored cardiovascular changes using non-invasive \u201ctail-cuff\u201d sphygmomanometric method after their placing into special chamber and adaptation to experimental condition. For evaluation the parasympathetic (cardiochronotropic) and sympathetic components of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), phenylephrine (PE)-10mcg\/kg and sodium nitroprusside-(SNP)-10mcg\/kg i.v., respectively as described early [20-21].  All animals from the main group after 1 week from surgical procedure secondly randomized in according with drug administration: positive control group II – RH rats administrated i.p. of sterile 0.1% DMSO in PBS (pH 7.4);  III \u2013 animals  received  i.p. 5mg\/kg\/daily Apg in sterile 0.1% DMSO during  2 weeks after the 1 week of surgical procedures. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Experimental protocol<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the end of the experiment\u2019s rats were weighed and fasted overnight. The following day, blood samples were withdrawn from the carotid artery in heparinized tubes for sample of plasma preparation, which stored at -80o<\/sup>C until the time of biochemical analysis. Afterward, the rats were euthanized under i.p. lethal dose (60mg\/kg i.p.) of pentobarbitaland left kidney and heart were excised, cleaned from the surrounding fat and connective tissue and weighting. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

No adverse or toxic-effects associated with Apg administration observed in the present study at 24 h after injection. Apigenin produced a high inhibitory effect (IC 50\u00b5M) on soluble epoxide hydrolase activity (unpublished results). Apigenin dose 5 mg\/kg i.p. has chosen after dose escalation experiments: 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 mg\/kg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Body and organ hypertrophy.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

For investigation of apigenin (5mg\/kg) preventive action on the morphometric changes during development of RH the body and organs mass were investigated. The heart and kidney hypertrophy index were expressed as heart weight\/body weight (HW\/BW) and kidney weight\/body weight (KW\/BW) ratio. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biomarkers study.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biomarkers: epoxyeicosatrienoic acids-EETs, endothelin -1 (E-1) and prostaglandin -E2 <\/sub>(PGE2<\/sub>), Interleukin 1b, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPN) levels were determined using ELISA kits in according with manufacturer instruction. After plasma extraction the samples were stored at -80\u00b0<\/sup>C until being analyzed by ELISA kits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Statistical\nanalysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Data analysis were done in SPSS 22 software.\nResults were expressed as mean\u00b1 standard deviation (SD), using t test and\nsingle factor analyses of variance for group comparison, P value less than 0.05\nwas set as the level of significant difference using Student\u2019s test.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Results<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modulatory\neffect of apigenin on cardiovascular parameters and baroreflex sensitivity in\nhypertensive and sham operated rats.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The analysis of hemodynamic indices\nand BRS in conscious freely moving rats revealed marked differences between\nbaseline values of BP, HP and BRS in ShO and hypertensive rats (Table1). In\nanimals with RH elevation of BP by 43.5%, was associated with decreased mean\nvalues of HP by 9.8%, and reduction in parasympathetic by 50%, and sympathetic by\n33.7%, components of BRS, respectively vs. ShO rats. Assessment of sympathetic\ncomponent of BRS with SNP in RH rats did not changes significantly in\ncomparison with hypertensive rats that administered vehicle. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preventive treatment with Apg (5mg\/kg i.p.) during 2 weeks significantly reduced in RH rats BP by 18.6%, correlated with increased HP by 7.4\u00b11.2%, and parasympathetic component of BRS by 38.5% (p<0.05), without marked changes in sympathetic component of BRS possibly indicated that Apg could improve the dysbalance between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 1: Alteration in blood pressure (BP), heart period (HP) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in renal hypertensive rats (RH) after preventive therapy with Apigenin<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

\n<\/p>

Parameters\/group<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Control I group, ShO, n=21<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Control II group, RH, <\/strong>n=26<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Main group
<\/strong> RH + Apg, n=28<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Blood pressure, mmHg<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

124\u00b17<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

178\u00b18**<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

145\u00b16##<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Heart period, ms<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

153\u00b15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

138\u00b14*<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

149\u00b15#<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Components of Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), ms mmHg-1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Sympathetic (S) component<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.92\u00b10.15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.61\u00b10.10**<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.66\u00b10.08*<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Parasympathetic (PS) component<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.96\u00b10.12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.48\u00b10.12***<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.78\u00b10.06###*<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

PS\/S<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.04\u00b10.09<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.79\u00b10.07**<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.18\u00b10.12###<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Note: RH – 1kidney 1 clip (1K-1C) model of renal hypertension; significance of difference in comparison:         <\/p>\n

 *-  with sham operated (ShO) group, # – with 1K-1C RH; one symbol- p<0.05, two – p<0.01, three – p<0.001.<\/p>\n\n\n

Cardiac and renal\nhypertrophy formation.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Morphometric variable were estimated according organ weight\/body weight ratios in untreated ShO and RH rats and after their pretreatment with apigenin (5mg\/kg i.p.\/ daily) during 2 weeks after 1 week of RH creation. It was revealed that body weight in ShO, untreated and treated with Apg animals\u2019 groups were not significantly differ (Table 2). The cardiac mass of the RH group was increased in comparison to the ShO group, did not changes under treatment with vehicle and decreased in Apg treated animals up to control level. The remaining kidney weight was markedly increased in RH group non treated with Apg animals in comparison to ShO rats.   Heart weight\/body weight ratio in RH was significantly increased as compared to ShO rats that confirmed the cardiac and renal hypertrophy development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 2: Apigenin influence on cardiac and kidney hypertrophy in 1K-1C model of renal hypertension in rats <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Parameters<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Control-1 group,<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sham operated rats (ShO) n=21<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Control II group,<\/strong><\/p>\n

1K-1C RH<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Main group,<\/strong><\/p>\n

1K-1C RH + Apg<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

n=26<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

n=28<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Body weight (BW), g<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

264\u00b122<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

242\u00b114<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

256\u00b116<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Heart weight (HW), g<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.30\u00b10.04<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.44\u00b10.05*<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.26\u00b10.04##<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

HW\/BWx10-3 <\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4.90\u00b10.12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.95\u00b10.15**<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4.92\u00b10.10#<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Kidney weight (KW), g<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.18\u00b10.05<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.39\u00b10.04**<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.24\u00b102#<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Kidney weight\/100g body weight (g\/100g)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.44\u00b10.04<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.57\u00b10.05**<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.48\u00b10.03#<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Note: at the beginning of the experiments average body weight in ShO group of rats were 245\u00b16 g and in 1K-1C RH group – 240.0\u00b18 g; n – animal amount in each group. Other symbol the same as in table 1.<\/p>\n\n\n

Influence of Apigenin on alterations in plasma levels\nof vasoactive agents and inflammatory biomarkers in 1K-1C renal hypertension (RH)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Development of RH characterized by functional renal indices disturbances: BUN increased by 58.2% (p<0.001), accompanied with hemodynamic changes, decreased baroreflex sensitivity and increased plasma biomarkers  levels  of circulating vasoactive compounds ET-1 by 75% (p<0,01), EPN by 44.3% (p<0,01) and inflammatory compounds (Table 3), which expressed in decreased total level of vasodilatory trans-EETs  by 37.2% (p<0.05) and PGE-2 by 47.6% (p<0,01). Obtained increasing levels of proinflammatory cytokines of IL-1b  by 78.7% (p<0.001), TNF\u03b1 by 54.3% (p<0.01) indicates that \u201csterile\u201d inflammation developed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preventive administration of Apg (5mg\/kg i.p.\/daily) during 2 weeks after one week of creation of RH provided marked influence on renal functioning: the level of BUN decreased by 49.3%, EETs by 25.0% associated with the reduction in EPN by 32%, NE by 28.4%, proinflammatory cytokines IL-1b  by 57.5%, TNF\u03b1 by 60,0% and vasoconstrictor  ET-1 by 35.4%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 3: The preventive effects of apigenin 5mg\/kg on alterations of plasma vasoactive-inflammatory biomarkers in renal hypertension, caused by 1K1C model in rats<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

 Parameters\/group<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Control – I group, ShO,<\/strong><\/p>\n

n=21<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Control II group, <\/strong><\/p>\n

1K-1C +vehicle,<\/strong><\/p>\n

n=26<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Main Group,<\/strong><\/p>\n

 1K-1C RH + Apg, n=28<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

BUN,mg\/dL     <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

16.9\u00b11.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

40.4\u00b16.2***<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

20.5\u00b13.4#<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Total trans EETs ng\/ml<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

8.6\u00b10.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.4\u00b10.8*<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

7.2\u00b11.0#<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

EPN, pg\/ml<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

             49\u00b17<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

88\u00b18**<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

60\u00b18#<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

NE,pg\/ml<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

210\u00b136<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

438\u00b143*<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

315.0\u00b128.5#<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

EPN\/NE<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.23\u00b10.03<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.20\u00b10.02<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.19\u00b10.04<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

ET-1, pg\/ml<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3.2\u00b10.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

12.7\u00b12.5*<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

8.2\u00b12.0#<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

PGE-2, ng\/ml<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4.2\u00b10.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.2\u00b10.2**<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3.8\u00b10.15#<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

IL-1b, pg\/ml<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.01\u00b10.02<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

9.4\u00b11.8***<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4.0\u00b11.5#<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

TNF\u03b1, pg\/ml<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

17.6\u00b13.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

38.5\u00b15.2*<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

15.4\u00b14.6#<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cardiovascular diseases being most common causing factor of morbidity and lethal outcome requires a new target for effective treatment 22-25<\/sup>. Among them a proper control of arterial hypertension especially its resistant forms not so rarely remain unachievable problem in modern cardiology and nephrology 16<\/sup>.        <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Early, it was shown, that in validated experimental models of kidney\u2019s disease which induced abnormalities of sympathetic activation, increasing of blood pressure, could be taken in preclinical studying as good protype of clinical renal injury.  Clinically it related to the normal or low-renin, renin-independence essential hypertension which characterized by failure in renin production and EET\u2019s deficiency in response to sodium depletion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According our data, preventive administration of Apg (5mg\/kg i.p.) during 2 weeks after 1 week of surgical intervention in rats with RH significantly decreased elevated blood pressure, increased heart period and cardiochronotropic component of BRS without marked influence on its sympathetic tone. Present results coupled with dates 24-25<\/sup> that hypotensive effect of flavonoid quercetin in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) associated with increasing of vagal component of BRS without significant changes in its sympathetic component sensitivity. In our experiments apigenin markedly reduced NE, EPN and ET-1 plasma level in RH which is in agreement with results of other authors showing elevation of ET-1 sympathetic tone and catecholamines 26<\/sup> as well as to result of some investigators demonstrated that Apg enhanced endothelium-dependent relaxation in rat aortic rings, possible inducing by reduction in reactive oxygen production, leading to increase activity in NOS-NO pathway in experimental renovascular hypertension 27<\/sup>. The decreased of plasma level of NE in the 1K1C RH at the end of experiment secondary confirmed for the reducing the sympathetic nervous system activity at this stage of pathological process or\/and increased the amounts of NE at postsynaptic receptor sites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diminution in arterial pressure associated with Apg and quercetin shall be due with releases of NO and hence arterial dilation 28-32<\/sup>. Favorable action of various traditionally using drugs on baroreflex sensitivity in hypertension leads to attenuation of autonomic function, endothelial dysfunction and baroreflex impulses from the carotid artery 25, 33<\/sup>. Apg markedly increased total trans-EETs plasma level in RH rats in comparison with ShO animals, producing vasodilatory action which is in agreement with results received by other authors demonstrating increased plasma concentration of total EETs correlated with declined blood pressure in SHR 34<\/sup>. Because 1K-1C models characterized by severe vascular hypertrophy and as a result, vasoconstrictor component, endothelin-1 overexpression in 4-fold 20<\/sup>. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with reduction in production of vasodilatory agents and raised the release of vasoconstrictive compounds 14, 35-36<\/sup>. Elevation of plasma level of ET-1 in RH in comparison with ShO rats consistent with dates in patients with chronic arterial hypertension, and suggested to recommended degree of plasma ET1 increasing as a biomarker of delayed diagnosis of renal disease 35-36<\/sup>. As a result, there is an urgent need to identify and develop novel biomarkers to diagnose renal injury at the earliest stages.  Our results demonstrate increased plasma level of vasodilatory PGE-2 caused by Apg in RH. This data comparable with results of other authors considering this potent lipid mediator as a vasodilatory prostaglandin involving in modulation of blood pressure homeostasis 36<\/sup>, while other investigators in contrast to this and our data postulated about increase activity of prostanoid system maintaining the hypertension caused to PGE-2 dependent vasodilation, but its role in the formation of arterial hypertension is not fully established 37<\/sup>. In our results preventive treatment with Apg in RH rats significantly reduced plasma content of dramatically upregulated compared with normal control rats proinflammatory cytokines: IL-1b and TNF-\u03b1 and thus providing anti-inflammatory effect with decreased \u201csterile inflammation\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 According our results we can postulate that\nnatural flavonoid phenolic compound apigenin exerts preventive pluripotent favorable\neffect on cardiovascular parameters in experimental 1K-1C model of renal hypertension\nmarkedly reducing blood pressure and heart rhythm with significant increased\nparasympathetic component of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). Assumingly such\nhemodynamic and BRS changes may associated with reduction of sympathetic\nnervous system activity and decreasing of circulating levels of EPN and NE.\nAlterations in hemodynamic indices and BRS were correlated with cardio- and\nrenoprotective action of Apg, manifested in diminution of morphometric changes\nin these organs. Apigenin in RH rats significantly decreased elevated plasma levels\nof BUN and facilitates to increase plasma level of vasodilatory agents EETs which\nindicates with the normalization of heart and kidney morphometric parameters to\nimproving of renal and cardiac functioning. As a results attenuation of\n\u201csterile inflammation\u201d is occurs and increasing in PGE2 and decreasing in\nproinflammatory cytokines developed. The main mechanism potentially implicated\nin antihypertensive preventive effect of Apg is associated with cardiorenal\nderemodeling and anti-inflammatory activity resulting in improving endothelial\ndysfunction and vascular homeostasis. Hence, Apg can be considered as a\npromising compound with beneficial preventive antihypertensive action during\ndevelopment of arterial hypertension.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acknowledgment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

We\nacknowledge Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia for\nproviding us research grant and other resources for carrying out this study.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conflict of interest<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

No potential conflict\ninterest was reported by the authors. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Finding source<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The work was supported by Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia, Research grant FR-21-8190 dated 17\/March\/2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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