{"id":51233,"date":"2023-09-30T11:40:13","date_gmt":"2023-09-30T11:40:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=51233"},"modified":"2023-10-07T08:43:36","modified_gmt":"2023-10-07T08:43:36","slug":"multi-locational-based-comparative-antioxidant-study-of-some-commonly-consumed-fruits-and-vegetables-in-a-part-of-eastern-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol16no3\/multi-locational-based-comparative-antioxidant-study-of-some-commonly-consumed-fruits-and-vegetables-in-a-part-of-eastern-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Multi-Locational Based Comparative Antioxidant Study of Some Commonly Consumed Fruits And Vegetables in a Part of Eastern India"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The metabolic activity of cells in biological systems results in the production of highly reactive compounds known as free radicles.1,2<\/sup> These oxidative compounds, at a certain level, positively affect the body’s immune functions; however, inappropriate lifestyles and dietary habits can trigger an imbalance in the body’s antioxidant defense mechanisms and the production of free radicles, which causes molecular damages observed through different biomarkers.3-6<\/sup> These free radicles can make the event to cause undesirable health which leads to the pathogenesis of different degenerative diseases like atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, carcino\u00adgenesis, including Alzheimer as well as Parkinson\u2019s diseases, aging etc. 7,8,9<\/sup> Therefore adhering, the habit of healthy consumption is now a growing social concern, which can be overcome with high intake of bioactive antioxidant compounds.10-13<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Consumption of\nfruits and vegetables is included as worldwide dietary recommendation, for disease\nprevention strategy because along with fiber content and their micro as well as\nmacronutrient. Fruits and vegetables also contain compounds in the form of photochemical\nthat stand out for their antioxidant properties.14,15,16<\/sup> It has also\nbeen reported that health-improving benefits are found in various FAV (fruits\nand vegetables) and food plants have been well known to contain antioxidants,\nsuch as apples, bananas, carrots, cabbage, citrus fruits (lemon, lime, orange,\ngrapes), dates, dark leafy greens, vegetables yellow and green (peppers)\npomegranates and strawberries.17-23<\/sup> In order to reduce the frequent\noccurrence of such chronic diseases, antioxidants are highly effective as they\nexert both synergistic and additive effects.24,25,26<\/sup> Vegetables and\nfruits play a vital protective role against chronic diseases such as\nhypertension, diabetes, cancer, strokes, ocular, cerebrovascular, neurological\ndiseases and blood-related diseases.27-31<\/sup> FAV are potent to combat for\nprimary health conditions as they contain natural compounds that have presented\ncompelling evidence with several epidemiological studies.17,20<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

World’s 11% of\nstroke and 31% of ischemic heart disease were estimated to be responsible for\nlow intake of FAV. The regular intake of FAV (400\u2013500 g\/day) as recommended by\nthe joint report of FAO\/WHO, may be the prevention of chronic diseases like cardiovascular\ndiseases, stroke, high blood pressure, and other micronutrient related\ndeficiencies.20,24<\/sup> A significant risk factor is observed with intake\nof inadequate FAV and may cause several nutritionally based NCDs\n(non-communicable diseases).3,8,29-32 <\/sup>So the role and requirement of\nthe antioxidants are not only to work as a nutritional supplement, but the\nhealth professionals should recommend the level of intake and their impact on\nhealth.33,34,35<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The objective of\nthe current study is to interpret and determine the total\nphenolic and flavonoid content along with antioxidant models of various\nvegetable fruit extracts that are done by amassing samples from various\nlocations in eastern part of India. The significant output of the research will\nconvey the habitant of this locality and the selection for inclusion of the\nfinest fruits and vegetables in their day to day regular diet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Material and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vegetable and fruit\nsamples of Amla (Phyllanthus emblica<\/em>),\nApple (Malus domestica<\/em>), Banana (Musa acuminate<\/em>), Capsicum (Capsicum annum<\/em>), Carrot (Daucus carota<\/em>), Grapes (Vitis vinifera<\/em>), Green chilli (Cap\u00adsicum frutescens<\/em>), Karela (Momordica charantia<\/em>), Pomegranate (Punica grana\u00adtum<\/em>), Orange (Citrus Sin\u00adensis<\/em>), Lemon (Citrus limon<\/em>) and Tomato (Solanum lycoper\u00adsicum<\/em>) were randomly\ncollected from local market of Angul, Cuttack, Dhenkanal and Jajpur during\nNovember 2022 were clean dried and kept in a different sterile bowl marked with\nthe location on it. Further, the samples were refrigerated for storage purposes\nuntil they were used for analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Processing\nof Extract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Using distilled\nwater the vegetables and fruits were washed and cleaned. Then at room\ntemperature, the samples were blended and dried. The dried and blended samples\nwere mixed with methanol (1:1) with the help of a magnetic stirrer at room\ntemperature for 30 minutes with low rpm. The mixture obtained was filtered with\nthe dry, sterilized, clean cotton cloth and refiltered with Whatman filter\npaper. The final concentration was prepared at 0.5 gm\/ml by dilution with the\nsolvent of each extract.36<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

TFC\n(Total Flavonoid Content) Determination <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the stock\nconcentration, each sample was prepared for a working concentration of 50 \u03bcg\/ml\nseparately according to sample location. In each working concentration, 2%\nammonium chloride was added to 1ml of working solution. By sonication, each\nsolution was appropriately mixed and at 434 nm the absorbance was recorded\nusing a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A 20-50 \u03bcg\/ml\nconcentration of quercetin was processed to get a standard curve for flavonoid\ncontent estimation. The total flavonoids were expressed with the quercetin\nequivalents (\u03bcg) per 100 gram of extract.37<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

TPC (Total\nPhenolic Content) Determination<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Each sample was\nprepared for a working concentration of 50 \u03bcg\/ml from the stock concentration,\nand Folin Ciocalteu reagent was added to it of 1.0ml. Then, a sodium carbonate\nsolution of 20% w\/v was added to 2.0 ml. At 641 nm, absorbance was recorded by\nusing a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. In the 50-250 \u03bcg\/ml range, the concentration\nof gallic acid was processed to get a standard curve for the estimation of TPC.\nGallic Acid equivalents (\u03bcg) per 100 grams of extract were used to express.37<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Determination\nof Free Radicle Scavenging Activity by DPPH Assay Method<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

DPPH radicle\nscavenging activity method of in-vitro antioxidant study was carried out by\npreparing 50 \u03bcg\/ml concentration of a working solution from a stock solution of\n1mg\/ml. 1ml of working concentration of different samples, a solution of\n2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazine-hydrate solu\u00adtion (DPPH) 500\u03bcl with 0.004% w\/v\nsolution was mixed and was sequence with 4ml methanol. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

At 516 nm, the\nsample’s absorbance was recorded using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The\npercentage of DPPH radicle scavenging (IC50<\/sub>) for the samples was\nrecorded using a calibration curve of quercetin using the following formula: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

% DPPH radicle\nscavenging activity = (Abs control \u2013Abs sample)\/ Abs control \u00d7 100, where Abs\ncontrol and Abs samples are the absorb\u00adance readings of the solvent (control)\nand sample respec\u00adtively.38,2<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Method\nValidation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Validation of all\nthe antioxidant methods was done through precision, linearity, wave\u00adlength\nselection and percent of recovery by the method of standard spectrophotometric.39-41<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Statistical\nanalysis <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This\nstudy has been repeated in triplicate and the report was presented in the mean\n\u00b1 standard deviation format. ANOVA was done using SPSS (version 25), where the p<\/em> value was less than 0.005 and was reasonably\nsignificant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Results<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The quantitative\nestimations of TPC and TFC of the methanolic extracts of various fruits and\nvegetables are briefed in Figures 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The current study\nidentified a reasonable amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the\ntested samples of vegetables and fruits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TFC Estimation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The TFC values of\nvegetables and fruits ranged from about 3.6-34.2 \u03bcg of quercetin equivalents\nper 100 gm of the extract, with Karela of Jajpur having the maximal content,\nwith banana (3.6 \u03bcg) being the least of Cuttack (Figure 1). Comparing flavonoid\ncontent in the fruits and vegetables concerning four different locations, in\nAmla, it was observed that Dhenkanal (32 \u03bcg) has the highest and lowest in\nJajpur (28 \u03bcg), the apple was Jajpur (32 \u03bcg) has the highest and lowest in\nAngul (28 \u03bcg), in banana was Jajpur (7 \u03bcg) has highest and lowest in Angul (3.6\n\u03bcg), in capsicum highest is Jajpur (33.6 \u03bcg) and lowest is Cuttack (30.6 \u03bcg),\nin Carrot highest, is Jajpur (34.6 \u03bcg) and lowest is Cuttack (30.1 \u03bcg), in\ngrapes highest is Dhenkanal (23.4 \u03bcg) and lowest is Angul (20.33\u03bcg), in green\nchilly highest, is Jajpur (25.3 \u03bcg) and lowest is Cuttack (21.12 \u03bcg), in Karela\nhighest is Jajpur (34.2 \u03bcg) and lowest is Cuttack (33.14 \u03bcg), in lemon highest,\nis Jajpur (23.6 \u03bcg) and lowest is Cuttack (19.4 \u03bcg), in orange highest, is\nJajpur (15.4 \u03bcg) and lowest is Angul (10.42 \u03bcg), in pomagranat highest, is\nJajpur (25.2\u03bcg) and lowest is Angul (20.12 \u03bcg), in tomato highest, is Jajpur\n(18 \u03bcg) and lowest is Cuttack (13.26 \u03bcg). On average when it is observed that\nJajpur has the highest flavonoid content, whereas the lowest was observed in\nCuttack, Dhenkanal, and Angul, being in the intermediate position. (Figure 1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\nFigure 2: Factors Influencing the Knowledge, Attitude and Use of CAM Modalities.<\/strong>

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

TPC\nEstimation <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

While estimating\nthe samples, TPC values varied from 8.6 \u03bcg (Tomato of Cuttack) to 27.8 \u03bcg (Amla\nof Jajpur) of gallic acid equivalents per 100 gm of extract (Figure 2).\nComparing phenolic content in the fruits and vegetables concerning four\ndifferent locations, in Amla, it was observed that Jajpur (27.8 \u03bcg) has the\nhighest and lowest in Angul (25.2 \u03bcg), in the apple Jajpur (19.22 \u03bcg) has the\nhighest and lowest in Angul (16.3 \u03bcg), in banana was Jajpur (19.12\u03bcg) has\nhighest and lowest in Cuttack (13.6 \u03bcg), in capsicum highest is Jajpur (19 \u03bcg)\nand lowest is Cuttack (17.6 \u03bcg), in Carrot highest, is Jajpur (17.33 \u03bcg) and\nlowest is Cuttack (14.32\u03bcg), in grapes highest is Jajpur (17.24\u03bcg) and lowest\nis Angul (14.8\u03bcg), in green chilly highest is Jajpur (19.34\u03bcg) and lowest is\nCuttack (17.22 \u03bcg), in Karela highest, is Jajpur (18.4\u03bcg). The lowest is\nCuttack (13.3 \u03bcg) in lemon highest is Jajpur (14 \u03bcg) and the lowest is Cuttack\n(12.2 \u03bcg), in orange highest is Jajpur (13.12\u03bcg) and the lowest is Angul (11.2\n\u03bcg). In pomegranates highest, is Jajpur (22.6\u03bcg) and lowest is Cuttack (20.5\n\u03bcg), in tomato highest, is Angul (11.3\u03bcg) and the lowest is Cuttack (8.6 \u03bcg).\nOn average, Jajpur has the highest Phenol content, whereas the lowest was\nobserved in Cuttack, Dhenkanal and Angul, being in the intermediate\nposition.(Figure 2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 2: Estimation of Total Phenol Content.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

In\nvitro antioxidant activity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In DPPH assay,\ngood antioxidant activity was found in the samples (Figure 3). In our study,\nthe DPPH radicle scavenging assay ranges from 5.1-10.8 \u03bcg\/ml. Banana of Jajpur\nlocation exerted the maximal IC50<\/sub> value through DPPH based\nscavenging assay method, with Amla of Angul, Cuttack and Dhenkanal having the\nlowest capacity of DPPH radicle scav\u00adenging activity (Figure 3). Comparing the\nDPPH assay in the fruits and vegetables with reference to four different\nlocation, in Amla it was observed Jajpur (5.2 \u03bcg\/ml) has highest and lowest in\nAngul, Dhenkanal and Cuttack (5.1 \u03bcg\/ml), in apple was Dhenkanal (19.22 \u03bcg\/ml) has\nhighest and lowest in Cuttack(6 \u03bcg\/ml), in banana Jajpur (10.8 \u03bcg\/ml) has\nhighest and lowest in Angul and Cuttack (10.4 \u03bcg\/ml), in capsicum highest is\nJajpur (6.4 \u03bcg\/ml) and lowest is Angul and Dhenkanal (6 \u03bcg\/ml), in Carrot\nhighest is Jajpur (6.7 \u03bcg\/ml) and lowest is Cuttack (6.2 \u03bcg\/ml), in grapes\nhighest is Cuttack (6.7 \u03bcg\/ml) and lowest is Angul (6 \u03bcg\/ml), in green chilly\nhighest is Angul (6.5 \u03bcg\/ml) and lowest is Cuttack (6.43 \u03bcg\/ml), in Karela\nhighest is Jajpur and Dhenkanal (6.8\u03bcg) and lowest is Cuttack (6.5 \u03bcg), in\nlemon highest is Jajpur (7.7\u03bcg) and lowest is Cuttack (7 \u03bcg\/ml), in orange\nhighest is Cuttack (6.2 \u03bcg\/ml) and lowest is Jajpur and Angul (6 \u03bcg\/ml), in\npomagranat highest is Dhenkanal (5.9 \u03bcg\/ml) and lowest is Angul (5.6 \u03bcg\/ml, in\ntomato highest is Jajpur and Angul (8.8 \u03bcg\/ml) and lowest is Dhenkanal and\nCuttack (8.9 \u03bcg\/ml). Comparing the antioxidant property of all the fruits and\nvegetables consumed locally in eastern India, it was the same for all locations\nwith a very minimal difference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 3: Estimation of in vitro antioxidant activity<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the current research, TFC, TPC and free radicle scavenging\nassay was done with 12 fruits and vegetables commonly consumed in Eastern\nIndia. Vegetables and fruits have earned much attention for their potential\nbenefits for human health as they are rich in phenols and flavonoids that\nprovide free radicle scavenging activity. Thus, the phenolic content of\nvegetables and fruits was evaluated and reported.42<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Flavonoids are the plant-based phenols content in vegetables,\nfruits, and grains, which are classified into flavonols, flavanones, flavones,\nflavanols (catechins) and anthocyanins. The flavonoid content in this study was\nhigher in Karela of Jajpur, which was more than that of Sahoo et al. of the\nBhubaneswar location.43<\/sup> The violet, blue and red or orange colouration\nin the plant, flowers, fruits, vegetables and storage tissues of plants are due\nto anthocyanins, which are water-soluble natural pigments. Due to loss of\noxygen, they reduce to yellow or colorless.44<\/sup> Thus, the anthocyanins\ndetected in pomegranate, orange, carrot, lemon, tomato and apple may be\nresponsible for the high phenolic content next to Karela in the current study.\nAlso, many fruits and vegetables have been depicted to be\nenriched with flavonoids, polyphenols, and tannins such as catechins,\nkaempferol, quercetin, luteolin, syringic acid, coumaric and ferulic, which\nshowed significant antioxidant activities.45,46<\/sup> However, comparing\nthe current result with those of the bibliography remains onerous as the\nextraction method used varies in each study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In most food plants, the phenolic content may get influenced\ndue to several factors such as the place of cultivation (geographic region), altitude,\nenvironmental factors such as the harvest season, light quality, temperature\nrange, irrigation, soil (type,pH,etc), drying method, industrial processing,\nquantification, extraction and storage.46,47,39<\/sup> Many studies have\nreported that vegetables and fruits grown in arid zones have shown high\nantioxidant activity and polyphenol content. This is due to the abiotic stress\nadaptive property the vegetables and fruits enhance their phytochemicals.47,48<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The extracts of vegetables and fruits exhibit free radicle\nscavenging activity that can be evaluated through DPPH method of assay, as it\nis a regularly applied method due to its appropriate, effectiveness and\nrapidity.49<\/sup> In this assay, the minimum IC50<\/sub> value is\ndetermined as the higher potent antioxidant activity of the extract in terms of\nhydrogen atom or electron donating capacity. The outcome revealed that the\nextracts of vegetables and fruits exhibited a better scavenging effect in DPPH assay,\nwhich may be linked to their higher polyphenols content. Hence, fruits and\nvegetables can provide high antioxidant values as they are rich in polyphenols.\nThe recent findings are identical to the literature earlier reported and\nstated, So foods are more dietary antioxidant rich and functionally potent due\nto the ingredients like flavonoid or phenolic content.40,43<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nthe search for functional foods the consumers need to be aware of good health\nand protection against the onset of various illness, so that the potent\nantioxidant activity of the bioactive compounds present in the functional food\ncan been highlighted. So these functional foods must be taken frequently to\navoid diseases related to oxidative stress like cardiovascular diseases,\nneurodegeneration, cancer, aging, etc.50,51,52<\/sup> Although different\nfoods can provide antioxidant properties, vegetables and fruits stand out for\ntheir richness.4,53,54<\/sup> Consumers are highly demanding for the food\nwith minimum synthetic additives content and processed with low chemicals to be\navailable in the market. It is always preferable to consume foods that are rich\nwith higher antioxidant properties that are essentially from the natural origins\nor extracted from nature-based resources. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This study reflects on the most commonly consumed vegetables\nand fruits in the parts of eastern India that contain polyphenols and\nflavonoids that are mainly affected due to the geographical region and by\ncomparing the outcome, a positive correlation was observed between TPC and TFC,\nwhereas in DPPH assay with IC50<\/sub> value had a negative correlation.\nThis study would benefit the nutritionists, consumers and farmers of the\ncurrent locality for choosing appropriate vegetables and fruits to be grown and\nconsumed for their diet purpose. Further, the researchers may utilize the data\nfor geographically based epidemiological studies where the intake of reported\nfood may be used to measure their antioxidant values, which also can be\nutilized to examine the antioxidant impact and the synergy in cells. Animal\nbased experimental studies or human based clinical trials can be done to\ninterpret the role of phytoconstituent based antioxidant dietary for preventing\ndiabetes, cardiovascular-related diseases, cancer and oxidative stress related other\nchronic diseases in the near future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acknowledgment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Authors are highly grateful to the Dean IMS & SUM Hospital (SOA\nUniversity), Dean SPS (SOA University) and Director CBSH (OUAT) for providing\nall the support and encouragement during the study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

All authors disclose that there is no any\nconflict of interest among them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Funding Source<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

No source of financial support was\nprovided for this study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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