{"id":50905,"date":"2023-09-30T10:18:30","date_gmt":"2023-09-30T10:18:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=50905"},"modified":"2023-10-07T11:53:02","modified_gmt":"2023-10-07T11:53:02","slug":"bone-mineral-density-and-its-determinants-a-systematic-review-of-risk-factors-and-prevention-strategies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol16no3\/bone-mineral-density-and-its-determinants-a-systematic-review-of-risk-factors-and-prevention-strategies\/","title":{"rendered":"Bone Mineral Density and Its Determinants: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

BMD is a\nmeasurement of the amount of minerals, primarily calcium and phosphorus, in\nbone tissue. It is a key indicator of bone health and strength. A lower BMD can\nindicate a higher risk of fractures and other bone-related health problems,\nsuch as osteoporosis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vitamin D plays an important role in the health of the teeth, bones, and muscles by regulating the levels of calcium and Phosphate in the body 1<\/sup>. Sun provides more than 90% of vitamin D in the body through skin exposure which means adequate skin exposure to the sun\u2019s rays is essential to get sufficient Vitamin D2<\/sup>. The required duration of sun exposure differs based on the pigmentation of the skin, thus darker skin color requires longer exposure time to the sun compared to lighter skin to receive an adequate amount of vitamin D 3,4<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is essential to consider that seasonality 5<\/sup>, latitude 6<\/sup> and lifestyle all play a major role in vitamin D status. Excessive sun exposure can trigger the development of skin cancer and wrinkling. Still, if exposure is regulated, the side effects are minimized successfully. Appropriate regulation to be developed to expose the body parts such as legs, hands and face at least 5-10 minutes, 2-3 times a week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vitamin D deficiency is now considered an epidemic among adults and children in the United States 7<\/sup>. It is known to cause rickets among children, exacerbate and speed the development of osteoporosis among adults, and causes painful bone disease osteocalcin 8<\/sup>. Moreover, Non-communicable diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, cancers etc., are associated with vitamin D status 7<\/sup>. Some food types, such as fish liver oil, some types of mushrooms, and beef liver, are also sources of vitamin D. A good way of attaining vitamin D sufficiency is by increasing dietary and supplemental take of vitamin D 9<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Methodology<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The authors\nsystematically searched the databases PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and\nEmbase to get articles included in this systematic review. The Medical Subject\nHeadings (MeSH) terms used are bone mineral density, BMD, vitamin D, lifestyle,\nbone turnover, ultraviolet light exposure, clothing and physical activity to\nretrieve relevant articles. All studies on any indicators of bone mineral\ndensity were included. After getting the articles, the authors screened the\nrelevant papers to be included in this systematic review. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this systematic review, 31 studies were included. Among the studies that are included, twelve were cross-sectional studies, nine reviews, five cohort studies, three case controls, and the remaining were a health report and an experimental study. The rest of the studies were excluded as they did not fit the purpose of this systematic review.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 1: The PRISMA flowchart of the search strategy details used in the systematic review.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Results and Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The available literature provides the variables associated with Bone Mineral density in the following sections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seasonal variation and vitamin D<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A prospective cohort study that assessed the association between vitamin D status and bone turnover markers and BMD among postmenopausal Caucasian women from Scotland reported a significant seasonal variation in serum 25(OH)D. 10<\/sup>. A peak was observed in the summer, whereas the lowest was in spring and winter. However, fasted parathyroid hormone (PTH) showed its peak in spring. Moreover, an inverse relationship was observed between levels of serum PTH and serum 25(OH)D. Fasted serum beta C-telopeptide (CTX) showed no differences according to season. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

COD liver oil supplements<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A study reported that a higher mean of 25(OH)D had been noticed in those who spent their holidays in sunny destinations and those who reported consuming Cod Liver Oil (CLO) supplements. Oral vitamin D intake has been shown to significantly increase 25(OH)D levels; however, this was noticed only when paired up with CLO supplements, especially in the summer season 10<\/sup>. A study among women aged 50 to 64 stated that no association was established between food-derived vitamin D and 25(OH)D 11<\/sup>. 25(OH)D levels did not predict the overall bone mineral density. Some studies have found the accumulated 25(OH)D levels correlated with BMD, but the correlation was attributed to elderly people only 12,13<\/sup>. Vitamin D deficiency was found to be common among young women 14<\/sup>. The main determinants of Vit D deficiency observed were increased age, being overweight, poor sun exposure, and lack of physical activity 14<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cumulative lifetime ultraviolet radiation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cumulative lifetime ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure can lead to diseases like nonmelanoma skin cancer. Nonmelanoma skin cancer has been associated with protection against osteoporotic fractures, especially hip fractures 15<\/sup>; this indicates that although excessive UVR exposure can cause skin diseases, UVR may be a protective factor against fractures. This theory differs for males to females according to a study done on participants from Southern Tasmania, which examines the relationship between the Beagley-Gibson and BMD with less risk and fracture in older adults16<\/sup>. High BG grades are associated with higher UVR exposure. Here, the findings of the study highlighted that male Caucasian participants with high BG grades had a higher chance of vertebral deformities and a higher risk of falls. On the other hand, female participants with high BG grades had a lower prevalence of vertebral fractures and overall fractures. This suggests an association between BG and BMD which depends on gender. Also, the study emphasized the role of cumulative UVR exposure on skeletal health in women is considered. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Physical activity and nutrition<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Regular physical activity, especially weight training and callisthenics, has positively impacted bone mineral density in women, irrespective of age 17<\/sup>. This is because it favours bone formation and remodelling, therefore, is considered an excellent measure to ensure bone health, especially in older adulthood 18<\/sup>. It has also been shown that both non-weight bearing and exercises requiring high excursion of force effectively improved the BMD in the spine, especially in postmenopausal women 19<\/sup>. This particularly considers bone health and BMD in the lumbar spine and the neck of the femur, where those who are more physically active tend to have higher BMD than those who do not 20<\/sup>. High physical activity level, both in the past and present, increases the chance of normal bone mineral density by sixty times 21<\/sup>. Moreover, regular physical activity increases bone mass in the younger population and increases the cortical bone’s resistivity and thickness at skeletal sites in older adults 22<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moderate to high intensity (MHPA) is associated with less incidence of osteoporosis, except for males aged 60 years and are underweight 23<\/sup>. In addition, more prolonged sun exposure has also been associated with a lesser incidence of osteoporosis, specifically in females under 60 years old, obese, nonsmokers, and lower alcohol consumption subgroups 23<\/sup>. This result is based on a cohort study in South Korea from 2009 to 2015. The frequency and duration of exercise that improves bone strength and mineral density guidelines are not established yet. Given that both sun exposure and physical activity affect overall bone health, it has been recommended to promote practicing physical activity outdoors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A healthy balanced diet is a key component in developing the skeletal system. Certain nutrients and food groups are crucial to support and improve bone health; these include protein, calcium, vitamins D and K, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium 24,25<\/sup>. Since the diet is a modifiable factor, consuming the essential nutrients through food or dietary supplements is important for building healthy and strong bone tissues.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Clothing<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vitamin D forms part of bone metabolism and positively correlates to bone mineral density 26<\/sup>. The types of clothing worn can affect the amount of vitamin D that can be obtained from the sun. High vitamin D deficiency was found in women of Arab ethnicity and it has been attributed to low exposure to sunlight. More than 95% of Arabian women cover their bodies for religious and cultural reasons. Therefore, it is suggested that the clothing may be the reason for low vitamin D levels, which then affects their BMD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A study assessed the impact of clothing on BMD among Kuwaiti females who wear Western-style clothing, who wear a hijab that covers the entire body except for the hands and face, and a group wearing a black veil with the whole body covered. The study’s results indicated no significant differences in how long each group was exposed to the sun. This implies that the observed variability results from the type of clothes worn. No significant differences were found in the biochemical markers as well. Many participants in each of the three groups showed signs of vitamin D deficiency; however, the hijab and veiled participants’ vitamin D levels were found to be the lowest. 2<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A case-control study was conducted in Morocco among postmenopausal women who wear concealing clothing 27<\/sup>. An increased risk (OR=2.3) of osteoporosis was associated with wearing a veil. After adjusting with confounding variables, the OR observed was 2.2. According to this research, wearing traditional concealing clothing that covered the head, arms, and legs increased the risk of osteoporosis among postmenopausal Moroccan women.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lifestyle factors<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lifestyle factors and obesity are also linked with low BMD. A study among Saudi men assessing the association between lifestyle factors and BMD reported little direct sun exposure due to the risk of heat disorders. A validated questionnaire was used to assess lifestyle factors such as tobacco use, physical activity, tea and coffee consumption, dietary calcium intake, and usage of vitamin supplements and medicines. About 87.8% of the healthy Saudi males showed 25(OH)D levels in the serum below what is often thought to represent deficiency 28<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent among men above the age of 50 years and obese, including those taking vitamin D supplements. This shows that the commonly used supplements are inadequate to give the body the required amount of Vit D. Overall, high Vit D deficiency was found among older and obese men who live a sedimentary lifestyle. A positive correlation was observed between BMD of lumbar spines, neck femur and serum 25 (OH)D 28<\/sup>. A research was conducted in Ajman, United Arab Emirates, to determine the relationship between BMI and the state of BMD, observed that BMD was low in participants with a normal BMI and less among tho who were obese, which was statistically significant 29<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A study among Greek men to assess the effects of lifestyle factors on BMD in young men reported that calcium intake, exposure to sunlight and exercise were independent predictors of bone mass 30<\/sup>. Another study from Saudi Arabia observed that low dairy product consumption, physical inactivity, smoking, insufficient sun exposure, excessive soft drink consumption, and caffeine intake were some risk factors for bone health 31<\/sup>.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nconclusion, this systematic review shows factors affecting bone mineral\ndensity. Evidence supports the benefit of exposure to sunlight, consuming food\nrich in vitamin D and cod liver oil, engaging in physical activities, and\nliving a healthy lifestyle in general on maintaining the desired bone mineral\ndensity to protect the health of bones from diseases like osteoporosis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Recommendations for further studies are needed to better understand the relationship between BMD as a bone health indicator and the variables affecting its levels. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Mungai LNW, Mohammed Z, Maina M, Anjumanara O. Vitamin D Review: The low hanging fruit for human health [Internet]. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. Hindawi; 2021 [cited 2023Mar22]. Available from: https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jnme\/ 2021\/6335681\/
    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>
  2. Al-Yatama FI, Alotaibi F, Al-Bader MD, Al-Shoumer KA. The Effect of Clothing on Vitamin D Status, Bone Turnover Markers, and Bone Mineral Density in Young Kuwaiti Females. Int J Endocrinol [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Apr 1];2019. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov\/31341474\/
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  3. Lowe NM, Bhojani I. Special considerations for vitamin D in the south Asian population in the UK. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis [Internet]. 2017 Jun 25 [cited 2022 Apr 1];9(6):137\u201344. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/28620422
     CrossRef<\/a> <\/li>
  4. Department of Health Report on Health and Social Subjects 49 Nutrmitimon and Bone Health:0 with particular reference to calcium and vitamin D Report of the Subgroup on Bone Health, Working Group on the Nutritional Status of the Population of the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food and Nutrition Policy London: The Stationery Office. 1998;
    CrossRef <\/li>
  5. Hypp\u00f6nen E, Power C. Hypovitaminosis D in British adults at age 45 y: nationwide cohort study of dietary and lifestyle predictors. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition [Internet]. 2007 Mar 1 [cited 2022 Mar 13];85(3):860\u20138. Available from: https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ ajcn\/article\/85\/3\/860\/4633120
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  6. Kuchuk NO, van Schoor NM, Pluijm SM, Chines A, Lips P. Vitamin D Status, Parathyroid Function, Bone Turnover, and BMD in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis: Global Perspective. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research [Internet]. 2009 Apr 1 [cited 2022 Mar 13];24(4):693\u2013701. Available from: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1359\/jbmr.081209
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  7. Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2022 Apr 4];80(6 Suppl). Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15585788\/
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  8. Lips P, van Schoor NM. The effect of vitamin D on bone and osteoporosis. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab [Internet]. 2011 Aug [cited 2022 Mar 13];25(4):585\u201391. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21872800\/
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  9. Holick MF. Medical progress: Vitamin D deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007;357(3):266\u201381.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  10. Mavroeidi A, Aucott L, Black AJ, Fraser WD, Reid DM, Macdonald HM. Seasonal variation in 25(OH)D at Aberdeen (57\u00b0N) and bone health indicators–could holidays in the sun and cod liver oil supplements alleviate deficiency? PLoS One [Internet]. 2013 Jan 8 [cited 2022 Mar 13];8(1). Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23308207\/
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  11. National Diet and Nutrition Survey: British Adults aged 19 to 64 years [Internet]. [cited 2022 Mar 13]. Available from: http:\/\/www.stewartnutrition.co.uk\/nutritional_assesment\/national_diet_and_nutrition_survey_19-64.html<\/li>
  12. Collins D, Jasani C, Fogelman I, Swaminathan R. Vitamin D and bone mineral density. Osteoporosis International. 1998;8(2):110\u20134.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  13. Mezquita-Raya P, Mu\u00f1oz-Torres M, de Dios Luna J, Luna V, Lopez-Rodriguez F, Torres-Vela E, et al. Relation between vitamin D insufficiency, bone density, and bone metabolism in healthy postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2022 Apr 4];16(8):1408\u201315. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov\/11499863\/
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  14. Adami S, Bertoldo F, Braga V, Fracassi E, Gatti D, Gandolini G, et al. 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in healthy premenopausal women: association with bone turnover markers and bone mineral density. Bone [Internet]. 2009 Sep [cited 2022 Apr 4];45(3):423\u20136. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19465168\/
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  15. Srikanth V, Fryer J, Venn A, Blizzard L, Newman L, Cooley H, et al. The association between non-melanoma skin cancer and osteoporotic fractures–a population-based record linkage study. Osteoporos Int [Internet]. 2007 May [cited 2022 Mar 26];18(5):687\u201392. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17211531\/
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  16. Thompson MJW, Aitken DA, Otahal P, Cicolini J, Winzenberg TM, Jones G. The relationship between cumulative lifetime ultraviolet radiation exposure, bone mineral density, falls risk and fractures in older adults. Osteoporos Int [Internet]. 2017 Jul 1 [cited 2022 Mar 25];28(7):2061\u20138. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov\/28321507\/
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  17. Wallace BA, Cumming RG. Systematic Review of Randomized Trials of the Effect of Exercise on Bone Mass in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women. Calcified Tissue International 2000 67:1 [Internet]. 2014 Mar 12 [cited 2022 Mar 13];67(1):10\u20138. Available from: https:\/\/link. springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00223001089
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  18. Beaupre GS. “Longitudinal study on physical fitness parameters influencing bone mineral density reduction in middle-aged and elderly women: bone mineral density in the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and femur”. Hiroshima J Med Sci. 2012 Dec;61(4):109-10. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23342829\/ <\/li>
  19. Howe TE, Shea B, Dawson LJ, Downie F, Murray A, Ross C, et al. Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2011 Jul 6 [cited 2022 Mar 28];(7). Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/ 21735380\/
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  20. Kim KM, Choi SH, Lim S, Moon JH, Kim JH, Kim SW, et al. Interactions between dietary calcium intake and bone mineral density or bone geometry in a low calcium intake population (KNHANES IV 2008-2010). J Clin Endocrinol Metab [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2022 Mar 24];99(7):2409\u201317. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/ 24684465\/
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  21. Kopiczko A. Determinants of bone health in adults Polish women: The influence of physical activity, nutrition, sun exposure and biological factors. PLOS ONE [Internet]. 2020 Sep 1 [cited 2022 Mar 24];15(9):e0238127. Available from: https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/ article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0238127
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  22. Benedetti MG, Furlini G, Zati A, Mauro GL. The Effectiveness of Physical Exercise on Bone Density in Osteoporotic Patients. BioMed Research International. 2018;2018.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  23. Min CY, Yoo DM, Choi HG. Associations between Physical Activity, Sunshine Duration and Osteoporosis According to Obesity and Other Lifestyle Factors: A Nested Case-Control Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2021 May 1 [cited 2022 Mar 28];18(9). Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33922027\/
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  24. Macdonald HM, New SA, Golden MHN, Campbell MK, Reid DM. Nutritional associations with bone loss during the menopausal transition: evidence of a beneficial effect of calcium, alcohol, and fruit and vegetable nutrients and of a detrimental effect of fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2022 Mar 25];79(1):155\u201365. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/14684412\/
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  25. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Orav EJ, Lips P, Meunier PJ, Lyons RA, et al. A pooled analysis of vitamin D dose requirements for fracture prevention. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2012 Jul 5 [cited 2022 Mar 25];367 (1) :40\u20139. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22762317\/
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  26. Bikle DD. Vitamin D and Bone. Current Osteoporosis Reports 2012 10:2 [Internet]. 2012 Apr 29 [cited 2022 Apr 1];10(2):151\u20139. Available from: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11914-012-0098-z
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  27. Allali F, el Aichaoui S, Saoud B, Maaroufi H, Abouqal R, Hajjaj-Hassouni N. The impact of clothing style on bone mineral density among post menopausal women in Morocco: a case-control study. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2006 May 19 [cited 2022 Apr 4];6. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16712731\/
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  28. Ardawi MSM, Sibiany AM, Bakhsh TM, Qari MH, Maimani AA. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy Saudi Arabian men: relationship to bone mineral density, parathyroid hormone, bone turnover markers, and lifestyle factors. Osteoporos Int [Internet]. 2012 Feb [cited 2022 Apr 1];23(2):675\u201386. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21625888\/
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  29. Fawzy T, Muttappallymyalil J, Sreedharan J, Ahmed A, Alshamsi SO, Al Ali MS, Al Balsooshi KA. Association between body mass index and bone mineral density in patients referred for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan in Ajman, UAE [Internet]. Journal of osteoporosis. U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2011 [cited 2023Mar22]. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21772978\/#:~:text=This%20study%20was%20conducted%20to,%2C%20and%2044.2%25%20among%20obese. <\/li>
  30. Kyriazopoulos P, Trovas G, Charopoulos J, Antonogiannakist E, Galanos A, Lyritis G. Lifestyle factors and forearm bone density in young Greek men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) [Internet]. 2006 Aug [cited 2022 Apr 1];65(2):234\u20138. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi. nlm.nih. gov\/16886966\/
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  31. Al-Raddadi R, Bahijri S, Borai A, AlRaddadi Z. Prevalence of lifestyle practices that might affect bone health in relation to vitamin D status among female Saudi adolescents. Nutrition [Internet]. 2018 Jan 1 [cited 2022 Apr 4];45:108\u201313. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov\/29129230\/
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Introduction BMD is a measurement of the amount of minerals, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[109],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-50905","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol16no3"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50905","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=50905"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50905\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":52690,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50905\/revisions\/52690"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=50905"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=50905"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=50905"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}