{"id":48901,"date":"2023-06-30T10:40:34","date_gmt":"2023-06-30T10:40:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=48901"},"modified":"2023-07-11T06:29:53","modified_gmt":"2023-07-11T06:29:53","slug":"phytochemical-profiling-and-evaluation-for-anti-oxidant-thrombolytic-and-antimicrobial-activities-of-moringa-oleifera-lam-leaves-extracts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol16no2\/phytochemical-profiling-and-evaluation-for-anti-oxidant-thrombolytic-and-antimicrobial-activities-of-moringa-oleifera-lam-leaves-extracts\/","title":{"rendered":"Phytochemical Profiling and Evaluation for Anti-oxidant, Thrombolytic, and Antimicrobial Activities of Moringa oleifera Lam Leaves Extracts"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nMoringaceae is a monogeneric family, containing only one genus all over the\nworld. Moringa <\/em>is a small genus with\n13 species distributed throughout the world1,2<\/sup>.  Moringa\noleifera<\/em> is a renowned and extensively widespread plant in the genus\nMoringa.<\/em> Bangladesh, India, Pakistan,\nSri Lanka, Afghanistan, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Myanmar, Egypt, Indonesia,\nPhilippines, Singapore, Nepal, Mexico, Nigeria, Jamaica, and Cuba are among the\ncountries where this tall deciduous tree originates3,4<\/sup>. It is called\n“Sajna” in Bengali and Drumstick tree, Horseradish tree5<\/sup>,\nBenzolive tree, Ben oil tree, etc.in English6<\/sup>.It is a\nmultipurpose tree. It is correspondingly recognized as the natural gift, the\ntree of life, and the never-die tree. The tree is generally cultivated to 10 or\n12 m in height7<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

M. oleifera <\/em>has enormous nutritional importance. Moreover, various\nportions of the plant have been utilized to treat several ailments. M. oleifera<\/em> has been widely used in\nfolklore medicine in Bangladesh and has also been used in Ayurvedic medicine in\nIndia for a long time. Hence, the plant is called as a miracle tree8<\/sup>.\nAccording to herbal old-fashioned Chinese medicine, M. oleifera<\/em> can prevent 300 types of ailments, and this plant has\nbeen utilized for both defensive and therapeutic applications9<\/sup>. This\nplant is considered as the best friend of a mother because its leaves are used\nto increase milk supply of a lactating mother10<\/sup>. The leaves are\noften used to treat fevers, dyspepsia, and infections of the eyes11<\/sup>.\nThe seed plant is used as a vegetable, a spice and in the production of\ncosmetic oil9<\/sup>. M. oleifera<\/em>\nseeds have a high-quality fatty acid composition and content ranging from 33 to\n41%. The oil of M. oleifera<\/em>, often\nreferred to as “Ben oil” or “Behen oil,” contains 70% oleic\nacid12<\/sup>. The oil is used as a lotion and skin moisturizer in body and\nhair care. Since ancient Egyptian times, this oil has been utilized in skin\npreparations and ointments13<\/sup>. It is well-known as a plant enclosing\nan active coagulating compound14<\/sup>. Traditional uses of the plant\ninclude stimulant, diuretic, anthelmintic, antipyretic, asthma, fatty liver,\ndiabetes, spleen, cardiac tonic, antitumor, antiepileptic, expectorant, and\nantispasmodic6<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moringa oleifera <\/em>is a great source of phytochemicals, mostly secondary metabolites. The phytocompounds are isolated from plants as bioactive compounds resembling vitamin A, vitamin C, carotenoids, polyphenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, flavone glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, oxalates, amino acids, fatty acids, terpenes, sucrose, vanillin, carbohydrates, beta-carotene, methionine, cysteine, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, and thiocarbonates9,15<\/sup>. For instance, the plant comprises a high amount of protein, vitamin C, calcium, potassium, carotene, quercetin, kaempferol, morphine, moriginine, B-sitosterol-3-O-\u03b2-D-glucopyranoside, oleic acid, glucomoringin and other nutrients16,17<\/sup>. Ascorbic acid, flavonoids, phenolics, and carotenoids, among other bioactive components contained in leaves, operate as natural antioxidants18<\/sup>. Multiple studies have already been conducted for the evaluation of biological activities of M. oleifera <\/em>leaf, root and fruit extracts which resulted in significant antioxidant19<\/sup>, antimicrobial20,21<\/sup>, anticancer22<\/sup>, hepatoprotective, cardio-protective, gastroprotective, antiulcerant, neuropharmacological, hematological, antiasthmatic, antiobesity3<\/sup>, antidiarrheal23<\/sup>, antipyretic24<\/sup>, wound healing25<\/sup>, anti-inflammatory26<\/sup>, antifungal27<\/sup>, hyperglycemic28<\/sup>, hypolipidemic and antifungal activities29<\/sup>. The isolation of plant compounds and their pharmacological activities must be extensively explored to validate the traditional usages and establish their association with phytochemicals of herbal medicines in Bangladesh30, 31<\/sup>. In this light, the contemporary study seeks to examine the antioxidant, thrombolytic and antimicrobial properties of crude methanolic extractive of M. oleifera<\/em> leaf and its miscellaneous liquefiable fractions. To the best of our knowledge, these soluble fractions have not been evaluated for exploring their antioxidant, thrombolytic and antimicrobial activities before19-21<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Methodology<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chemicals and Reagents<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Methanol,\nchloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and petroleum ether of analytical quality\nwere bought from local vendors (manufacturer Merck, Germany).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Collection and Identification of\nPlant<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moringa\noleifera<\/em>\nLam. leaves were collected from Noakhali and\nacknowledged by\nauthorities at BNH (Bangladesh National Herbarium),\nDhaka, Bangladesh. The receipt\nspecimen had been well-preserved for future usage (Accession No.:\nDACB-66750).   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preparation of Extract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moringa oleifera <\/em>leaves (5 kg) were collected and shade\ndried for 10 days. The dried leaves were then pulverized and kept in a tightly\nsealed container. The powered substance (250 gm) was immersed in 1.5 liters of\nmethanol for about 15 days. Plant extracts used in pharmacological activities\nwere extracted using methanol and ethanol. In comparison to ethanol, methanol\ndemonstrates the highest bioactive constituent concentration and a higher\nextraction yield. The leaf extracts were strained first through a clean\nmicrofiber cloth pad and then through Whatman No. 1 filter papers. The\nsubsequent filtrate had been condensed at a lower temperature (less than 400<\/sup>C)\nand pressure (337 mbar) to yield 16 gm crude extract using a rotary vacuum\nevaporator (Rotavapor, Butch, Switzerland). VanWagenen et al. <\/em>(1993)33<\/sup> partitioned it into petroleum ether\n(0.85 g), carbon tetrachloride (0.65 g), chloroform (0.30 g), and aqueous (2.65\ng) liquefiable fractions using the upgraded Kupchan method32<\/sup>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phytochemical\nAnalysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Following\nconventional procedures,34<\/sup> alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids,\nsteroids, resins, phenols, saponins were qualitatively analyzed in the leaf\nextract of M. oleifera.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antioxidant activity assay <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Analysis of Total Phenolic Content\n(TPC) <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Folin-Ciocalteu technique was utilized to assess total\nphenolic content35<\/sup>. In this experiment, 0.5 ml of extract and 7.5%\nw\/v Na2<\/sub>CO3<\/sub> (2.0 ml) liquefaction were diluted along with\n2.5 ml of FCR (Folin-Ciocalteu reagent) at 10 % v\/v. For the next 20 minutes,\nthe combination was kept at room temperature. A UV spectrophotometer was\nutilized to detect the absorbance at 760 nm after 20 minutes, and the TPC of\nthe test samples were reckoned using a standard curve created from gallic acid\nsolutions of various concentrations. While UV\nspectrophotometers are useful, HPLC methods have greater precision than UV\nspectrophotometers. The\nTPC of the extracts were determined in milligrams of GAE (gallic acid\nequivalent) per gram. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Free Radical Scavenging Activity\nusing DPPH method <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nscavenging radical property was exploited to evaluate the antioxidant potential\nof various test samples of M. oleifera<\/em> leaf samples. The reagent\n1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) had been utilized36<\/sup>. Two mL of extract methanol\nsolution (4000 to 1.5625 g\/mL) were assorted with 3.0 mL of (DPPH) methanol\ndissolution (20 g\/mL). Following a response time\nof 30 minutes\nat room temperature in the opaque residence, the absorbance was recorded with a\nUV spectrophotometer at 517 nm beside a blank of methanol. The antioxidant\npotential of the plant extracts was measured using a UV spectrophotometer to\ncompare the brightening of the purple-colored methanol dissolution of DPPH\nradicals through the plant extracts with that achieved by ascorbic acid (AA).\nAscorbic acid was designated as a reference due to its availability in a\nvariety of food sources and its use in reducing power assays. One of the most\npotent antioxidants, radical scavengers, and stabilizers of oxygen, nitrogen,\nand thyl radicals, ascorbic acid also serves as the body’s main line of defense\nagainst aqueous radicals in the blood. The inhibition proportion of the reactive oxygen\nspecies DPPH occurred as intended for the succeeding formula:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(I%) = (1 \u2013\nAsample <\/sub>\/ Ablank<\/sub>). X 100 %<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nresults were compared to the standard given as the half-maximal inhibitory\nconcentration (IC50<\/sub>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thrombolytic activity assay <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In vitro<\/em>\nthrombolytic potential of M. oleifera<\/em> leaf extracts was assessed using\nthe technique designated by Parsad et al <\/em>37 <\/sup>with\nstreptokinase (SK) employed as a positive control and water as a negative\ncontrol\/blank. In order to increase the likelihood of a patient surviving a\nheart attack, streptokinase is given to break up blood clots that have\ndeveloped in the blood vessels. Additionally, pulmonary embolism and deep vein\nthrombosis are conditions that this medication is used to treat. An intravenous\nblood sample was drawn from ten energetic human participants and located in\nsterilized petri dishes that had previously been heated at 37 \u00b0C for 45 minutes\nto allow coagulation. The liquid produced during incubation was removed. After\nthat, the tubes were weighed again. As a standard and\ncontrol, 100 liters of each of the SK and aqueous solutions were introduced\ninto the clot-enclosing pipes. The jars were then\nheated at 37\u00b0C for 90 minutes to detect thrombus destruction. After culture,\nthe unrestricted liquid was extracted, and the ampoules were weighed yet again\nto evaluate if the weightiness variance, and subsequently the clot breakdown,\nwas significant. The proportion of clot lysis was premeditated by expending the\nsucceeding expression:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

% of clot lysis = (wt. of released clot \/clot wt.) \u00d7 100 %<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antimicrobial\nactivity assay <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Test\norganisms<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Bangladesh Council of\nScientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), in Dhaka, Bangladesh, used purified\nculture to harvest nine different bacterial species (4 gram positive and 5 gram\nnegative, as mentioned in Table 4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antibacterial\nassay<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In order to build an\nantimicrobial assay of all extract fractions against nine bacteria, the disc\ndiffusion method’s in vitro antibacterial activity was evaluated.38<\/sup>\nA suitable amount of the test chemicals had been impregnated into filter paper\ndiscs (6 mm in diameter) that had been dried and sterilized. The test\ningredients (400 g\/disc) were distributed onto discs, which were then evenly\nseeded with the pathogenic test microorganisms. In separate dishes, four\ngram-positive and five gram-negative bacterial strains were raised on\nnutritious agar media. The conventional antibiotic Ciprofloxacin (5 g\/disc)\nacted as a positive control, and blank discs acted as a negative control\n(impregnated with solvents). Conventional Ciprofloxacin (5 g\/disc) discs served\nas a positive control to demonstrate that the typical antibiotics had been\neffective alongside the test microorganisms and to compare the repercussions elicited by the\nrecognized antimicrobial mediator with those elicited by the experimental\nsamples. Ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, was active alongside\ntogether gram-positive and gram-negative microbes and outperformed preceding\nmedications in terms of antibacterial activity. The culture plates were then\nhatched for 24 hours at 37 \u00b0C to promote microbial evolution. Microorganism\ngrowth was hindered by the test materials’ antibacterial potential, and a\ndistinctive zone of inhibition was seen to circle the disc. The thickness of\nthe zone of inhibition in millimeters was used to calculate the test drugs’\nantibacterial efficacy. A calculation of the average zone of inhibition\nfollowed the acceptance of the experiment in triplicate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Results<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phytochemical screening <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The presence of different phytochemicals, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, saponins, resins, gums, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, and quinines, was screened into the crude methanolic extractive of leaves of M. oleifera <\/em>(ME) and its altered partitionates; (PESF, CTSF, CSF and AQSF). All fractions appeared to contain flavonoids, reducing sugars, tannins, gums, saponins and quinines, with the exception of alkaloids and resins (Table 1). Glycosides, steroids and terpenoids were also found to be present in ME, PESF and CTSF.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 1: Results of phytochemical screening of several fractions of M. oleifera<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Test for<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

ME<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

PESF<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

CTSF <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

CSF<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

AQSF<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Alkaloids<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Flavonoids<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Reducing sugar<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Saponins<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Resins<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Tannins<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Gums<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Glycosides<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Steroids<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Terpenoids<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Quinines<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

+ <\/strong>Indicates presence, – <\/strong>Indicates absence<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Determination of (TPC) total\nphenolic content<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to TPC, extraction reports ranged from 3.91 mg of\nGAE\/gm to 34.38 mg of GAE\/gm of Moringa\noleifera<\/em> extractions (Table 2 and Figure 1). CTSF seemed to have the\nhighest phenolic concentration (34.38 mg of GAE\/gm), considered by PESF (18.75\nmg of GAE\/gm) and ME (10.16 mg of GAE\/gm).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 1: Total phenolic contents (mg of GAE\/gm of extractives) of different extracts of M. oleifera<\/em>. Here, ME, Methanol extract; PESF, Petroleum ether soluble fraction; CTSF, Carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction; CSF, Chloroform soluble fraction; AQSF, Aqueous soluble fraction.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

DPPH free radical scavenging\nactivity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nscavengers of DPPH radical potential of crude methanol extract of M. oleifera<\/em> leaf and its various\nliquefiable subdivisions were tested using DPPH. The IC50 <\/sub>values of\ndifferent fractions were found to be ME (5.78 \u00b5g\/mL), PESF (3.70 \u00b5g\/mL), CTSF\n(2.96 \u00b5g\/mL), CSF (7.55 \u00b5g\/mL) and AQSF (6.38 \u00b5g\/mL) (Table 2 and Figure 2).\nAscorbic acid (AA) was employed as a standard reference in this experiment, and\nthe IC50<\/sub> value of the AA was 2.48 \u00b5g\/mL. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 2: Total Phenol Contents (TPC) and scavenging of DPPH free radical activity of leaves of M. oleifera.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Sample \/ Standard<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

TPC (mg of GAE\/gm of extracts)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

IC50<\/sub> (\u00b5g \/mL)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

ME<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

10.16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.78<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

PESF<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

18.75<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3.70<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

CTSF<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

34.38<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.96<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

CSF<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3.91<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

7.55<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

AQSF<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

7.81<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

6.38<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

AA (Std)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.48<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\nFigure 2: IC50<\/sub> value of the standard and leaf extracts of M. oleifera <\/em>in DPPH free radical scavenging assays. Here, ME, Methanol extract; PESF, Petroleum ether soluble fraction;<\/strong>

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Thrombolytic Property<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In vitro<\/em> clot lysis activity study, compared\nto the conventional drug streptokinase 63.74% lysis of RBC, the aqueous solvent (AQSF)\nfractionate revealed a maximal potentiality of 25.00% lysis, monitored by the\npetroleum ether soluble (PESF) fraction at 18.75% and the methanol extracts of\nthe leaves of M. oleifera <\/em>at 18.46%\nlysis of RBC. (Table\n3 and Figure 3)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 3: Thrombolytic Activity of methanol extract and its various fractions of M. oleifera.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Fractions<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Weight of empty vial (W1<\/sub>)gm<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Weight of vial with clot (W2<\/sub>) gm<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Weight of clot (W3<\/sub>= W2<\/sub>-W1<\/sub>)gm<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Weight of vial after clot lysis (W4<\/sub>)gm<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Weight of lysis clot (W5<\/sub>=W2<\/sub>-W4<\/sub>)gm<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

% of clot lysis<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

ME<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4.810<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.460<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.65<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.34<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

18.46<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

PESF<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4.820<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.300<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.48<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.21<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.09<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

18.75<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

CTSF<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4.820<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.540<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.72<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.41<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

18.06<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

CSF<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4.740<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.110<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.37<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.05<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.06<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

16.22<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

AQSF<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4.680<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.160<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.48<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.04<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

25.00<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Blank<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4.714<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4.956<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.24<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4.95<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4.04<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

SK<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.340<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

6.250<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.91<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.67<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.58<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

63.74<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\nFigure 3: Percentage (%) lysis of blood cloton different extracts of M. oleifera. <\/em>Here, ME, Methanol extract; PESF, Petroleum ether soluble fraction; CTSF, Carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction;<\/strong>

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Antibacterial activity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The disc diffusion process is comprehensively performed to explore the antibacterial activity of natural substances and plant extractices. M. oleifera<\/em> leaves had been investigated against renowned bacteria and the growth inhibition was compared with the standard drug, ciprofloxacin (Table 4). The methanol extract, PESF and CSF of M. oleifera<\/em> displayed antimicrobial activity against all tested organisms. The ME exhibited the highest zone of inhibition alongside Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis<\/em> (40 mm) and Gram-negative Salmonella typhi <\/em>(36 mm), whereas the lowest inhibitions were found against gram-positive Sarcina lutea<\/em> (29 mm) and gram-negative Vibrio mimicus<\/em> (29 mm). The uppermost zones of inhibition by PESF were also shown to be beside gram-positive B. subtilis <\/em>(37 mm) and gram-negative S. typhi<\/em> (33 mm). On the other hand, CTSF and CSF displayed highest activity beside gram-negative S. typhi<\/em> (31 mm) and gram-positive Bacillus cereus<\/em> (31 mm), respectively. However, no inhibitory effect was detected by AQSF alongside both microorganisms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 4: <\/strong>Figure (A) showing the clear zone of inhibition and Figure (B) showing the estimation of the clear zone of inhibition for the antibacterial activity of M. oleifera<\/em> leaf extract<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Table 4: Antimicrobial property of methanol crude extract and various soluble fractions of M. oleifera<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

 <\/p>\n

Test organisms<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Diameter of a zone of inhibition (mm)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

ME<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

PESF<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

CTSF<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

CSF<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

AQSF<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Ciprofloxacin<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

 <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Gram-positive Bacteria<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Bacillus cereus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

35<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

32<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

29<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

31<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

43<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Bacillus subtilis<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

40<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

37<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

24<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

27<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

45<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Staphylococcus aureus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

33<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

31<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

23<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

47<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Sarcinalutea<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

29<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

30<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

21<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

45<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

 <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Gram-negative Bacteria<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Salmonella typhi<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

36<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

33<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

31<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

30<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

47<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Shigelladysenteriae<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

34<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

29<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

27<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

49<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Vibrio parahaemolyticus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

31<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

32<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

23<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

44<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Escherichia coli<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

30<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

30<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

23<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

18<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

41<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Vibrio mimicus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

29<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

27<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

21<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

42<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Discussion <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The medicinal significance of the plants is associated with the presence\nof bioactive phytochemicals, which have a specific physiological action on\nhumans and can be used in treating numerous diseases39<\/sup>. The study\nwas done to establish the scientific validity of traditional uses of the plant\nfor safe and effective treatment. In this study, phytochemical tests verified\nthe existence of flavonoids, reducing sugars, tannins, gums, saponins, and quinines\nin all extracts of M. oleifera<\/em> leaves in variable quantities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plant extracts have been recognized to significantly contain\npolyphenolic compounds (like flavonoids, terpenoids, etc.) that can operate as\nfree radical scavengers. These groups can absorb free radicals and reactive\noxygen species (ROS), which can induce a variety of diseases, including cancer.40\n<\/sup>When compared to different soluble fractions and a crude methanol extract\nof M. oleifera<\/em> leaves, CTSF seemed to have the highest phenolic concentration.\nSince the leaf extracts are confirmed to contain antioxidant phytoconstituents\n(flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, etc.), it justifies the free radical\nneutralizing properties of the plant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The DPPH scavenging assay is a fast and dependable method for estimating\nthe antioxidant property of plant quiddity. In the ongoing study, CTSF and PESF\nof a crude methanol extract of M.\noleifera<\/em> leaves showed promising scavenging effects on the DPPH free\nradical compared to standard ascorbic acid. All the other fractions indicated\nDPPH free radical potential to\na moderate extent. This scavenging activity might protect reactive radical\nspecies from harmful biomolecules in susceptible natural and food systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As a part of exploring cardio-protective medicines that come from\nnatural sources, the methanol crude extracts and its altered organic soluble\nportions of M. oleifera <\/em>leaves were screened to reveal their\nthrombolytic activity. The extracts of the plant exhibited mild thrombolytic\nactivity when compared to the conventional thrombolytic agent streptokinase.\nAmong the extracts, the soluble fraction AQSF showed the highest activity,\nfollowed by PESF and ME from M. oleifera <\/em>leaf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Infectious disorders are becoming increasingly challenging to treat\nbecause of the antibiotic resistance of bacteria, especially Gram-positive\nmicroorganisms. The disc diffusion methodology is comprehensively used to\nexplore the antimicrobial property of natural substances and plant extracts.\nThe leaves of M. oleifera <\/em>were studied alongside renowned bacteria, and\nthe growth inhibition was compared with the standard drug, ciprofloxacin. The\nmethanol extract, PESF and CSF of M. oleifera <\/em>demonstrated potential\nantimicrobial potentiality beside all tested organisms (gram-positive and\ngram-negative bacteria).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Our research clearly\ndemonstrates the value of M. oleifera<\/em>\nextracts as potent antioxidants, moderate thrombolytics, and antimicrobials. To\nfind drugs from M. oleifera, <\/em>however,\nrequires more research. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this investigation, the phytochemical screening of the\nmethanolic crude extracts of the leaves of Moringa oleifera <\/em>and its miscellaneous\nsoluble fractionates <\/em>revealed the presence of certain\nbioactive molecules, for instance, flavonoids, reducing sugars, tannins, gums,\nsaponins, quinines, glycosides, steroids, and terpenoids. Moreover, the plant\nextracts demonstrated significant antioxidant and moderate antibacterial\nactivities, along with mild thrombolytic activity. Therefore, the ongoing study\nrationalizes the uses of M. oleifera<\/em>\nin folk medicine for various diseases caused by microbes. Further research\nshould be undertaken to isolate the active chemical constituents responsible\nfor the pharmacological properties. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conflicts of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The authors declare no conflict of interest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Funding Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are no funding source<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Anwar F, Latif S, Ashraf M, Gilani AH. Moringa oleifera<\/em>: A food plant with multiple medicinal uses. Phytother Res.<\/em> 2007; 21(1):17-25.
    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>
  2. Arora DS, Onsare JG, Kaur H. Bioprospecting of Moringa<\/em> (Moringaceae).: Microbiological perspective. J Pharmacogn Phytochem<\/em>. 2013;1(6):193-215.
    CrossRef <\/li>
  3. Bhattacharya A, Tiwari P, Sahu PK, Kumar S. A review of the phytochemical and pharmacological characteristics of Moringa oleifera<\/em>. J Pharm Bioallied Sci<\/em>. 2018; 10(4):181-191.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  4. Sandeep G, Anitha T, Vijayalatha KR, Sadasakthi A. Moringa for nutritional security (Moringa oleifera<\/em> Lam.). Int J Botany Stud.<\/em> 2019; 4(1):21-24.
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  5. Ramachandran C, Peter KV, Gopalakrishnan PK. Drumstick (Moringa oleifera<\/em>): A multipurpose Indian vegetable. Econ Bot.<\/em> 1980; 34(3):276-283. <\/li>
  6. Dixit S, Tripathi A, Kumar P. Medicinal properties of Moringa oleifera<\/em>: A review. Int<\/em> J Edu Sci Res Rev.<\/em> 2016; 3(2):173-185.<\/li>
  7. Parrotta JA. Moringa oleifera.<\/em> Enzyklop\u00e4die der Holzgew\u00e4chse: Handbuch und Atlas der Dendrologie<\/em>. 2004; 13:1-8.<\/li>
  8. Das PK, Siddika MA, Asha SY, Aktar S, Islam F, Khanam JA, Rakib MA. Investigation of phytochemicals and antioxidant activities in the leaves methanolic extract from Moringa oleifera<\/em> plants grown in Bangladesh. J Pharmacogn Phytochem.<\/em> 2019; 8(4):2502-2508.<\/li>
  9. Leone A, Spada A, Battezzati A, Schiraldi A, Aristil J, Bertoli S. Cultivation, genetic, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Moringa oleifera<\/em> leaves: An overview. Int JMol Sci.<\/em> 2015;16(6):12791-12835
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  10. Chukwuebuka E. Moringa oleifera<\/em> \u201cthe mother\u2019s best friend\u201d. Int J Nutr Food Sci<\/em>. 2015; 4(6):624-630.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  11. S\u00e1nchez-Machado DI, N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Gast\u00e9lum JA, Reyes-Moreno C, Ram\u00edrez-Wong B, L\u00f3pez-Cervantes J. Nutritional quality of edible parts of Moringa oleifera<\/em>. Food Anal Methods<\/em>. 2010; 3(3):175-180.
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  12. Rashid U, Anwar F, Moser BR, Knothe G. Moringa oleifera<\/em> oil: A possible source of biodiesel. Bioresour Technol<\/em>. 2008; 99(17):8175-8179.
    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>
  13. Mishra SP, Singh P, Singh S. Processing of Moringa oleifera leaves for human consumption. Bull Env Pharmacol Life Sci<\/em>. 2012; 2(1):28-31.<\/li>
  14. Okuda T, Baes AU, Nishijima W, Okada M. Improvement of extraction method of coagulation active components from Moringa oleifera<\/em> seed. Water Res<\/em>. 1999; 33(15):3373-3378.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  15. Mehta K, Balaraman R, Amin AH, Bafna PA, Gulati O. Effect of fruits of Moringa oleifera <\/em>on the lipid profile of normal and hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. J Ethnopharmacol<\/em>. 2003; 86(2-3):191-195.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  16. Kumar PS, Mishra D, Ghosh G, Panda CS. Medicinal uses and pharmacological properties of Moringa oleifera<\/em>. IntJ Phytomedicine<\/em>. 2010;2(3): 210-216.  <\/li>
  17. Oleg P, Ilona G, Alexey G, Irina S, Ivan S, Vladimir K. Biological activities of derived bioactive components from Moringa species: An overview. Entomol Appl Sci Lett<\/em>.  2018; 5(1):82-87.<\/li>
  18. Razis AA, Ibrahim MD, Kntayya SB. Health benefits of Moringa oleifera<\/em>. Asian Pac JCancer Prev<\/em>. 2014; 15(20):8571-8576.
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  19. Siddhuraju P, Becker K. Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of total phenolic constituents from three different agroclimatic origins of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera<\/em> Lam.). leaves. J Agric Food Chem<\/em>. 2003; 51(8):2144-2155.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  20. Bukar A, Uba A, Oyeyi T. Antimicrobial profile of Moringa oleifera<\/em> Lam. extracts against some food\u2013borne microorganisms. Bayero J Pure Appl Sci<\/em>. 2010; 3(1):43-48.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  21. Sayeed MA, Hossain MS, Chowdhury ME, Haque M. In vitro<\/em> antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera<\/em> Lam. fruits. J Pharmacogn Phytochem<\/em>.  2012; 1(4):94-98.<\/li>
  22. Jafarain A, Asghari G, Ghassami E. Evaluation of cytotoxicity of Moringa oleifera<\/em> Lam. callus and leaf extracts on Hela cells. Adv Biomed Res<\/em>. 2014; 3:194-198.<\/li>
  23. Misra A, Srivastava S, Srivastava M. Evaluation of antidiarrheal potential of Moringa oleifera<\/em> (Lam.). leaves. J Pharmacogn Phytochem<\/em>. 2014; 2(5):43-46.<\/li>
  24. Bhattacharya A, Behera R, Agrawal D, Sahu PK, Kumar S, Mishra SS. Antipyretic effect of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera<\/em> leaves on albino rats. Tanta Med J<\/em>.  2014; 42(2):74-78.
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  25. Muhammad AA, Pauzi NA, Arulselvan P, Abas F, Fakurazi S. In vitro<\/em> wound healing potential and identification of bioactive compounds from Moringa oleifera<\/em> Lam. Biomed Res Int<\/em>. 2013; 2013: 974580.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  26. Ezeamuzie IC, Ambakederemo AW, Shode FO, Ekwebelem SC. Antiinflammatory effects of Moringa oleifera<\/em> root extract. Int J Pharmacogn<\/em>. 1996; 34(3):207-212.
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  27. Chuang PH, Lee CW, Chou JY, Murugan M, Shieh BJ, Chen HM. Anti-fungal activity of crude extracts and essential oil of Moringa oleifera<\/em> Lam. Bioresour Technol<\/em>.  2007; 98(1):232-236.
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  28. Jaiswal D, Rai PK, Kumar A, Mehta S, Watal G. Effect of Moringa oleifera<\/em> Lam. leaves aqueous extract therapy on hyperglycemic rats. J Ethnopharmacol<\/em>.  2009; 123(3):392-396.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  29. Jain PG, Patil SD, Haswani NG, Girase MV, Surana SJ. Hypolipidemic activity of Moringa oleifera<\/em> Lam., Moringaceae, on high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia in albino rats. Rev Bras Farmacogn<\/em>. 2010; 20:969-973.
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  30. Soma MA, Hasan MM, Jannat T, Sufian MA. In vivo<\/em> analgesic, anti-hyperglycaemic and CNS depressant studies of Commelina paludosa<\/em> Blume. Bangladesh Pharm J<\/em>.  2020; 23(2):103-108.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  31. Pinkey AA, Khan ZI, Taher MA, Soma MA. Elaeocarpus serratus<\/em> L. exhibits potential analgesic and antidiarrheal activities in mice model. Int J Med Med Res<\/em>.  2020; 6(2):44-51.
    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>
  32. Kupchan chemistry of terpenoid tumor inhibitors. Pure Appl Chem<\/em>. 1970; 21(2):227-246.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  33. VanWagenen BC, Larsen R, Cardellina JH, Randazzo D, Lidert ZC, Swithenbank C. Ulosantoin, a potent insecticide from the sponge Ulosa ruetzleri<\/em>. J Org Chem.<\/em> 1993; 58(2):335-337.
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  34. Patel P, Patel N, Patel D, Desai S, SM. Recent advances in the Meshram D. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal activity of Moringa oleifera<\/em>. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci<\/em>. 2014; 6(5):144-147.<\/li>
  35. Harbertson, J.F. and Spayd, S., 2006. Measuring phenolics in the winery. Am J Enol Vitic.<\/em> 2006; 57(3): 280-288.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  36. Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset CL. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Sci. Technol.<\/em> 1995; 1; 28(1):25-30.
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  37. Prasad S, Kashyap RS, Deopujari JY, Purohit HJ, Taori GM, Daginawala HF. Development of an in vitro<\/em> model to study clot lysis activity of thrombolytic drugs. Thromb J<\/em>. 2006; 4(1):1-4.
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  38. Bauer AW. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disc method. Am J Clin Pathol. <\/em>1966; 45: 149-158.
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  39. Farnsworth NR, Soejarto DD. 1991. Global importance of medicinal plants. In: The conservation of medicinal plants. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press 25-51.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  40. Kabir F, Jaman AU, Rumpa RA, Jannat T, Alam S, Saha T, Islam MA, Soma MA. In vitro<\/em> and in vivo <\/em>investigations provide new insights into bioactivities of Blumea clarkei<\/em> Hook. f. leaves. Bangladesh Pharm J<\/em>. 2021; 24(2):149-158.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Introduction The Moringaceae is a monogeneric family, containing only one […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[107],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-48901","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol16no2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/48901","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=48901"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/48901\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":50236,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/48901\/revisions\/50236"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=48901"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=48901"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=48901"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}