{"id":46704,"date":"2022-12-20T10:42:39","date_gmt":"2022-12-20T10:42:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=46704"},"modified":"2022-12-31T06:55:50","modified_gmt":"2022-12-31T06:55:50","slug":"irritation-test-of-bawang-dayak-eleutherine-bulbosa-mill-urb-loose-powder-for-acne-vulgaris","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol15no4\/irritation-test-of-bawang-dayak-eleutherine-bulbosa-mill-urb-loose-powder-for-acne-vulgaris\/","title":{"rendered":"Irritation Test of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine Bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.) Loose Powder for Acne Vulgaris"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Acne is a chronic skin condition, which often requires long-term management. 1-2<\/sup> It also has several effects depending on its severity, including psychological damage, such as depression, anguish, as well as removal from social life. 3 <\/sup>The use of cosmetics and personal care products is increasing due to the need to improve skin texture, promote beauty, and overcome emotional and self-esteem issues. However, there has also been a rapid increase in side effects of these products, such as mild to severe skin irritation responses.4<\/sup><\/p>\n

Bawang dayak (Eleutherine bulbosa<\/em> (Mill.) Urb.) is a species of medicinal plant that is extensively distributed in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, with various health benefits.5<\/sup> Previous studies reported that it has several bioactivities including anticancer, antibacterial, and antioxidant6-9<\/sup>. E. bulbosa<\/em> has the potential to be used as a cosmetic raw material, especially as an anti-acne. In previous studies, its ethanolic extract inhibited several acne-causing bacteria, such as S. aureus<\/em>, S. epidermidis, <\/em>and P. acnes<\/em>. 10 <\/sup>Therefore, this study aims to produce an E.bulbosa<\/em> product series, including cream, clay mask,\u00a0 and sheet mask for acne-prone skin. The process was then continued with the development of loose powder products. Based on the results of the study, loose powder of E.bulbosa<\/em> can prevent the growth of acne-causing bacteria, especially P.<\/em>acnes.11<\/sup> Several clinical studies need to be carried out to determine the product’s safety before it is introduced to the market. In this study, an irritation test was performed for the loose powder of E.bulbosa <\/em>using test animals and people.\u00a0<\/sup><\/p>\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

Plant material and preparation of extract<\/strong><\/p>\n

The part of Bawang Dayak used was fresh bulbs, which were taken from the harvest of self-planting, while the seedlings were collected from Sei Gohong Bukit Batu, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. This study was authenticated by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences Research Center for Biology, Bogor Indonesia with reference number 2119\/IPH.1.01\/If.07\/VIII\/2018. Bulbs of Bawang Dayak were processed into powder and then extracted with 96% ethanol using the percolation method.<\/p>\n

Loose powder of Bawang Dayak preparation<\/strong><\/p>\n

All materials in Table 1 were weighed, and ZnO was sieved using a 40-mesh sieve. The mortar and stamper were then heated using hot water. The ethanol extract of E. bulbosa<\/em> bulbs was prepared by adding a little 95% ethanol. It was then ground until it was homogeneous and then dried with corn starch. In another mortar, menthol and peppermint oil were added with a little ethanol and then dried with ZnO and talcum. The two mixtures were then combined and ground until homogeneous by adding the remaining talcum. When the mixing was complete, the powder was sieved using 40-mesh and 100-mesh with a sieve shaker, followed by packing. Loose powder base using as a control.<\/p>\n

Table 1: Formulation of Bawang Dayak loose powder.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Materials<\/strong><\/td>\nLoose powder base (mg)<\/strong><\/p>\n

as a control<\/strong><\/td>\n

Bawang Dayak loose powder (mg)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
E. bulbosa<\/em> ethanol extract<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n1500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Peppermint oil<\/td>\n10 drops<\/td>\n10 drops<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ZnO<\/td>\n300<\/td>\n300<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Menthol<\/td>\n100<\/td>\n100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Corn starch<\/td>\n4000<\/td>\n4000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sterile Talc ad<\/td>\n10000<\/td>\n10000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No4_Irr_Sya_fig1\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 1:\u00a0E. Bulbosa<\/em> loose powder<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Rabbit Skin Irritation test<\/strong><\/p>\n

This study was approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee of Aisyiyah University of Yogyakarta with ethical approval No. 2221\/KEP-UNISA\/VII\/2022. Rabbit skin irritation test is an early detection irritation before testing on humans, if the results of the test on rabbits show a moderate or severe irritation this study is not continued to human trials.<\/p>\n

An evaluation was carried out using a total of 4 rabbits, and their backs were clipped free of fur with an electric clipper. The clipped areas were divided into four sites for each animal with a surface area of 49 cm (7\u00d77 cm). The loose powder was then applied immediately to one site with different doses of 250 mg, 500 mg, and 1000 mg. Another site served as a control, and a loose powder base was administered. The gauze was used to cover the treated and controlled areas, and a non-occlusive bandage was applied to the rabbit\u2019s back. Subsequently, the animals were brought back to their cages. The bandage was removed 24 hours after application and checked for skin irritation. The locations were observed for 24 and 72 hours.12<\/sup> The reactions, defined as erythema and oedema were presented as scores from observation based on the classification score for skin reaction, as shown in Table 2. The PII was then calculated, and the results are presented in Table 3. The primary irritation index was calculated using the formula given below12-16<\/sup>:<\/p>\n

\"Vol15No4_Irr_Sya_eq1\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Table 2: Classification score for skin reaction (erythema and oedema) 13-16<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Reaction<\/strong><\/td>\nScore<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
No erythema\/oedema<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Very slight erythema\/oedema (barely perceptible)<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Well-defined erythema\/oedema<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Moderate to severe erythema\/oedema (raising approximately 1 mm)<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Severe erythema (beet redness) to eschar formation\/ oedema (raised more than 1 mm and extending beyond the area of exposure)<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Total possible score for primary irritation (erythema and oedema)<\/strong><\/td>\n8<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Table 3: Response categories of irritation in rabbit12,15-16<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Category<\/strong><\/td>\nPrimary Irritation Index (PII)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Negligible<\/td>\n0-0.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Slight irritation<\/td>\n0.5-1.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Moderate irritation<\/td>\n2-4.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Severe irritation<\/td>\n5-8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Human skin irritation <\/strong><\/p>\n

This is a pre-post-test-controlled study with the human patch test method. The inclusion criteria include healthy participants, between the ages of 18 and 30, without a history of an allergy-related disease, cooperative, willing to participate, and informed consent must be obtained from the volunteers.17<\/sup><\/p>\n

An unhealthy individual with excessive sweating, a wet wound or abnormal skin were excluded. This study was approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee of Aisyiyah University of Yogyakarta with ethical approval No. 2221\/KEP-UNISA\/VII\/2022. The loose powder was applied to 20 healthy volunteers using two hands for each volunteer, one for the treated group given loose powder of Bawang Dayak, and one for the control administered with a loose powder base. The volunteers were informed not to carry out extra work or activities causing increased sweating, scratching, as well as avoid water.18<\/sup> The test was carried out with loose powder of Bawang Dayak and loose powder base on the right and left forearm, respectively, which were previously marked with a size of 4 x 2.5 cm. After applying both treatments, the test location was covered with a non-occlusive opsite post-op bandage of 6.5 x 5 cm. The patch test was removed after 24 hours and observed using the grading criteria of skin reactions, as shown in Table 213-16<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Results and Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

E. bulbosa <\/em>(Bawang Dayak) is a medicinal plant with several health benefits. Previous studies revealed that the ethanolic extract of its bulbs has the potential to be used to treat acne. Another study stated that it can inhibit acne-causing bacteria, including S.aureus<\/em>, S.epidermidis<\/em> and P.acne. <\/em>Consequently, it was developed into products, such as creams, clay masks, and loose powder, which were processed into a product, namely the E.bulbosa<\/em> series for acne-prone skin19<\/sup>. The Formulation of Bawang Dayak loose powder contains ZnO, which acts as an adjuvant with synergy anti-acne effects20-21<\/sup>. The cream has been subjected to several phases of irritant testing on both people and animals. The same test was carried out for the loose powder before further development study was performed, specifically a clinical trial on human faces with acne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No4_Irr_Sya_fig2\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 2: Appearance of rabbit skin irritation test<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure\u00a0<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In acne, sebum produced by sebaceous glands, content changes and reactive oxygen species (ROS), namely hydroxyl, superoxide, and nitrous oxide can be released from the damaged follicular walls.22-23<\/sup> The occurrence of irritation during the acne infection is caused by these free radicals. Previous studies revealed that medications used to treat the condition work by reducing ROS because oxidative stress as well as inflammation plays a critical role in acne pathogenesis.24<\/sup> Alternative antioxidants from natural sources are advantageous in facilitating the healing of damage caused by these free radicals. The use of natural products has become a substitute for topical treatment of several diseases, such as acne bacterial, due to resistance to antibiotics.25<\/sup> Based on a previous study, E. bulbosa<\/em> contains flavonoids with antibacterial and antioxidant abilities, and they were more dominant in the bulbs compared to other plant parts, such as leaves and flowers.26-28<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u00a0Table 4:\u00a0Irritation test on rabbits<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Rabbits<\/strong><\/td>\nTreatment<\/strong><\/td>\n24h<\/strong><\/td>\n72h<\/strong><\/td>\nPrimary Irritation Index (PII)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Erythema<\/strong><\/td>\nOedema<\/strong><\/td>\nErythema<\/strong><\/td>\nOedema<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\nControl<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0.125<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250mg Loose powder of E. bulbosa<\/em><\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
500mg Loose powder of E. bulbosa<\/em><\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1000mg Loose powder of E. bulbosa<\/em><\/td>\n1<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nControl<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250mg Loose powder of E. bulbosa<\/em><\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
500mg Loose powder of E. bulbosa<\/em><\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1000mg Loose powder of E. bulbosa<\/em><\/td>\n1<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nControl<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250mg Loose powder of E. bulbosa<\/em><\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
500mg Loose powder of E. bulbosa<\/em><\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1000mg Loose powder of E. bulbosa<\/em><\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nControl<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250mg Loose powder of E. bulbosa<\/em><\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
500mg Loose powder of E. bulbosa<\/em><\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1000mg Loose powder of E. bulbosa<\/em><\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Total<\/strong><\/td>\n2<\/strong><\/td>\n0<\/strong><\/td>\n0<\/strong><\/td>\n0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No4_Irr_Sya_fig3\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 3: (a) Application of E. bulbosa<\/em> loose powder on the forearm; and (b) application of the E. bulbosa <\/em>was covered with post-op bandage.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No4_Irr_Sya_fig4\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 4:\u00a0Appearance of irritation test results on the forearm: (a) before; and (b) after application of loose powder base for 24 hours.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure\u00a0<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No4_Irr_Sya_fig5\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 5:\u00a0Appearance of irritation test results on the forearm: (a) before; and (b) after application of 15% E. bulbosa<\/em> loose powder for 24 hours<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Pharmaceutical and herbal skin care products must undergo in vitro and in vivo testing for biological evaluation. Assessment of their irritation and sensitization potential with natural compounds is a significant step in the evaluation of their biocompatibility. An irritation test was carried out to determine the irritating effect of a product after use on the skin to know the level of product safety before selling it to the public. Irritated skin often appear as erythema, edema, and desquamation due to the direct contact of substances with the dermal layer of the skin.29<\/sup><\/p>\n

The primary irritation test of E.bulbosa<\/em> loose powder in this study was carried out on rabbits and humans using the patch test method, as shown in Figure 2. The in vivo rabbit test is the benchmark against which new approach methodologies for skin irritation are usually compared. No alternative method offers a complete replacement of animal use for this endpoint for all regulatory applications.30-31<\/sup><\/p>\n

Based on the results, the sample was in a negligible category (PII= 0.125), which indicates that it was harmless, as shown in Table 4. There was also no sign of erythema or edema among the 20 volunteers, as shown in Table 5. Each volunteer was interviewed to find out whether there was itching or burning on the skin after the application of E. bulbosa<\/em> loose powder, as shown in Figures 3 to 5. Furthermore, only 4 of them had a little itchy feeling. Itching occurs when they were sweating excessively during activities, but it was minimal and didn\u2019t disrupt their functions. For the loose powder base (control), all volunteers had no itchy or hot sensation on the skin. The results of these two studies revealed that E.bulbosa<\/em> loose powder did not cause significant irritation. Therefore, this study can proceed to the clinical trial stage using volunteers who have acne-prone faces to determine its effectiveness.<\/p>\n

Table 5:\u00a0Irritation test on volunteers.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Volunteers<\/strong><\/td>\nLoose powder base <\/strong><\/td>\nBawang Dayak loose powder<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Loose powder of E. bulbosa <\/em>was in the negligible category (PII= 0.125) on rabbit skin and does not irritate human skin. Further studies are needed for the clinical stage using volunteers who have acne-prone faces to determine its effectiveness. The suggest of this study is apply ZnO and the extract of E.bulbosa<\/em> on two separate groups to compare the effect on acne.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Acknowledgement<\/strong><\/p>\n

This study was funded by The Ministry of Education and Culture Republic of Indonesia, through the grant of Penelitian dan Produk Vokasi No: 133\/SPK\/D4\/PPK.01.APTV\/VI\/2022.<\/p>\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n

There is no conflict of interest<\/p>\n

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    Introduction Acne is a chronic skin condition, which often requires […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[103],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-46704","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol15no4"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46704","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=46704"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46704\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":47284,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46704\/revisions\/47284"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=46704"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=46704"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=46704"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}