{"id":44829,"date":"2022-09-29T10:16:02","date_gmt":"2022-09-29T10:16:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=44829"},"modified":"2024-06-28T06:37:21","modified_gmt":"2024-06-28T06:37:21","slug":"preliminary-phytochemical-and-gc-ms-analysis-of-marine-seaweed-acoathophora-deilei-red-alga","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol15no3\/preliminary-phytochemical-and-gc-ms-analysis-of-marine-seaweed-acoathophora-deilei-red-alga\/","title":{"rendered":"Preliminary Phytochemical and GC-MS Analysis of Marine Seaweed- Acoathophora deilei (Red alga)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

In traditional medicine, drugs are categorized into 3 groups, namely herbal products, mineral and animal products. The source of herbal products includes not only the higher plants but also the lower plants like seaweeds (Marine macro algae) 1<\/sup>. Algae are alternatives, especially marine algae, are least explored for their medicinal uses 2<\/sup>. The marine algae are new potential source and it is rich in various bioactive compounds. Seaweeds are treasured resources that belong to the plant kingdom \u2013 thallophyta, which had primitive group of non-flowering plants (Cryptogams) without true root, stem and leaves.  Seaweeds occur in the intertidal, superficial and upto 180m depth of the sea and also in the backwaters. They develop on rocky shores, corals, solid rock layer, small stones and on other plants. Based on the presence of pigments, stored food materials, morphological and anatomical characters, they are categorized into four major groups such as Chlorophyceae (<\/em>Green seaweeds), Phaeophyceae<\/em> (Brown seaweeds), Rhodophyceae <\/em>(Red seaweeds) and Cyanophyceae <\/em>(Blue green algae). Marine algae are used for the preparation of various food items such as jelly, jam, chocolate, pickle, soup, salad, vegetable and porridge. Seaweeds are also utilized as animal fodder and as fertilizer for various crops 3<\/sup>. To explore various nutritional benefits of seaweed consumption, there is a need for more evidence relating to the properties of seaweeds on human health. So, the current study was performed to analyze various phytoconstituents present in the methanolic extract of Acoathophora deilei<\/em> (Red algae). GC-MS fingerprinting was also done to recognize various phytochemicals present in red algae.<\/p>\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

Plant material and extraction<\/strong><\/p>\n

deilei<\/em> seaweed was collected from Rameswaram costal area, Tamil Nadu, India and it was authenticated by Dr. S. Bragadeeswaran, Marine Biologist, Centre for advanced studies in marine biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu. The sample was thoroughly washed with seawater to remove epiphytes followed by tap water, to remove the salts and other extraneous materials. The seaweed was washed with water, shade dried and powdered coarsely. Maceration with 95% methanol at room temperature for 72 hrs. and crude extract was obtained and the procedure was repeated till exhaustion of the material. Thereafter, the methanolic extract was distilled and dried under reduced pressure to get methanolic extract.<\/p>\n

Phytochemical Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n

Methanolic extract of Acoathophora deilei (<\/em>Red algae) powder was subjected to various chemical tests (qualitative) to develop profiles of the extract for its chemical composition 4<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Phytochemical Screening<\/strong><\/p>\n

Qualitative phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract of Acoathophora deilei <\/em>was performed based on the method of sofowara (1993), Trease & Evans (1975) and Harborne (1973) 5,6,7<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Detection of alkaloids<\/strong><\/p>\n

Methanolic extract of A.deilei<\/em> was dissolved in adequate quantity of  diluted HCl and filtered.<\/p>\n

Mayer\u2019s Test<\/strong><\/p>\n

Methanolic extract was treated with Mayer\u2019s reagent (Potassium Mercuric Iodide). The presence of alkaloids was confirmed by the formation of a yellow-coloured precipitate.<\/p>\n

Wagner\u2019s Test<\/strong><\/p>\n

Methanolic extract was treated with Wagner\u2019s reagent (Iodine in Potassium Iodide). The presence of alkaloids was confirmed by the formation of a brown\/reddish precipitate.<\/p>\n

Dragendroff\u2019s Test<\/strong><\/p>\n

Methanolic extract was treated with Dragendroff\u2019s reagent (solution of Potassium Bismuth Iodide). The presence of alkaloids was confirmed by the formation of a red precipitate.<\/p>\n

Hager\u2019s Test<\/strong><\/p>\n

Methanolic extract was treated with Hager\u2019s reagent (saturated picric acid solution). Formation of the yellow-coloured precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids.<\/p>\n

Detection of carbohydrates<\/strong><\/p>\n

Methanolic extract was dissolved in 5 ml distilled water and filtered. The filtrate was used to test for the presence of carbohydrates.<\/p>\n

Molisch\u2019s Test<\/strong><\/p>\n

Methanolic extract was treated with 2 drops of alcoholic \u03b1-naphthol solution in a test tube. The presence of carbohydrates was confirmed by the formation of a violet ring at the junction.<\/p>\n

Benedict\u2019s test<\/strong><\/p>\n

Methanolic extract was treated with Benedict\u2019s reagent and heated gently. Formation of orange red precipitate is an indication of the presence of reducing sugars.<\/p>\n

Fehling\u2019s Test<\/strong><\/p>\n

Methanolic extract was hydrolysed with dilute HCl, neutralized with alkali and heated with Fehling\u2019s A & B solutions. The presence of reducing sugars was confirmed by the formation of red precipitate.<\/p>\n

Detection of glycosides<\/strong><\/p>\n

Methanolic extract was hydrolysed with dilute HCl, and then subjected for glycosides test.<\/p>\n

Modified Borntrager\u2019s Test<\/strong><\/p>\n

Methanolic extract was treated with ferric chloride solution and immersed in boiling water for about 5 minutes. Obtained mixture was then cooled and extraction was done with equal volume of benzene. The benzene layer was separated and treated with ammonia solution. The presence of anthranol glycosides was confirmed by the formation of rose-pink colour.<\/p>\n

 Legal\u2019s Test<\/strong><\/p>\n

Methanolic extract was treated with sodium nitropruside in pyridine and sodium hydroxide. The presence of cardiac glycosides was confirmed by the appearance of pink to blood red colour.<\/p>\n

Detection of saponins <\/strong><\/p>\n

Froth Test<\/strong><\/p>\n

Methanolic extract was diluted with 20ml of distilled water and this was mixed for 15 minutes. The presence of saponins was confirmed by the formation 1 cm layer of froth.<\/p>\n

Foam Test<\/strong><\/p>\n

Using 2 ml of distilled water was mixed with 0.5 mg of methanolic extract and shaken. Formation and persistence of foam for ten minutes will indicate the presence of saponins.<\/p>\n

Detection of phytosterols <\/strong><\/p>\n

Salkowski\u2019s Test<\/strong><\/p>\n

Methanolic extract was treated with chloroform and filtered. The filtrated extract was treated with few drops of conc. H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub>, shaken and allowed to stand. Appearance of golden yellow colour is the indication of the presence of phytosterols.<\/p>\n

Libermann Burchard\u2019s test<\/strong><\/p>\n

Methanolic extract was treated with chloroform and filtered. The filtrate was treated with few drops of acetic anhydride, boiled and cooled. conc. H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub> was added. The presence of phytosterols was confirmed by the formation of brown ring at the junction.<\/p>\n

Detection of phenols <\/strong><\/p>\n

Ferric Chloride Test<\/strong><\/p>\n

Methanolic extract was treated with 3-4 drops of ferric chloride solution. Appearance of bluish black colour is the indication for the presence of phenols.<\/p>\n

Detection of tannins <\/strong><\/p>\n

Gelatin Test<\/strong><\/p>\n

Methanolic extract was added to 1% gelatin solution containing sodium chloride. The presence of tannins was confirmed by the formation of white precipitate.<\/p>\n

Detection of flavonoids <\/strong><\/p>\n

Alkaline Reagent Test<\/strong><\/p>\n

Methanolic extract was treated with few drops of NaOH solution. Formation of intense yellow colour, which becomes colourless on addition of diluted acid, indicates the presence of flavonoids.<\/p>\n

Lead acetate Test<\/strong><\/p>\n

Methanolic Extract was treated with few drops of lead acetate solution. Appearance of precipitates of yellow colour indicates the presence of flavonoids.<\/p>\n

Detection of proteins and amino acids <\/strong><\/p>\n

Xanthoproteic Test<\/strong><\/p>\n

Methanolic extract was treated with few drops of concentrated Nitric acid. The presence of proteins was confirmed with the appearance of yellow colour.<\/p>\n

Ninhydrin Test<\/strong><\/p>\n

0.25% w\/v ninhydrin reagent was added to the extract and boiled for few minutes. Appearance of blue colour showed the presence of amino acid.<\/p>\n

Detection of diterpenes <\/strong><\/p>\n

Copper acetate Test<\/strong><\/p>\n

Extract was dissolved in water and treated with 3-4 drops of copper acetate solution. Appearance of emerald green colour showed the presence of diterpenes.<\/p>\n

Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectroscopy<\/strong><\/p>\n

Column Chromatography and <\/strong>Analysis Derivatization procedure<\/strong><\/p>\n

GC-MS analysis of the active fractions of A.deilei seaweed <\/em>was performed using GC SHIMADZU QP2010system and gas chromatograph interfaced to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) Acoathophora deilei<\/em> (Red algae) was extracted and concentrated by using rotary evaporator. The 1.5 ml upper layer of extract was taken in funnel and added 100\u00b5l N, O-Bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide, trimethyl chlorosilane (BSTFA+TMCS) and 20\u00b5l pyridine and heated at 60\u00b0c for 30 minutes. To this aceto nitrile was added and filtered into a conical flask. 50\u00b5l BSTFA+TMCS was added to the filtrate and heated at 60\u00b0c in a water bath for 30 minutes. Filtered using 0.45\u00b5 membrane filter to a vial 8<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Identification of components<\/strong><\/p>\n

Interpretation of mass spectrum GC-MS was done using the database of National Institute Standard and Technique (NIST08s), WILEY8 and FAME having more patterns. The spectrum of the unknown component was compared with the spectrum of the known components stored in the NIST08s, WILEY8 and FAME library. The name, molecular weight, molecular formula and structure of the component of the test material was as certained.<\/p>\n

Results And Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

The phytochemical screening showed that methanolic extract of Acoathophora deilei<\/em> was found to contain alkaloids, carbohydrates, phytosterols, flavonoids and diterpenes (Table -1). They were known to exhibit various medicinal and pharmacological activities 5<\/sup>. Previous studies reported the presence of different phytochemical compounds of seaweeds collected from the coastal regions of the world 9,10<\/sup>. Flavonoids have been proved with antitumor and anti-oxidant properties 11<\/sup>. Alkaloids was found to have antimicrobial 12,13,14<\/sup>,cytotoxic15<\/sup> and antispasmodic properties 16,17<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Table 1: Qualitative phytochemical analysis of Acoathophora deilei.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
 <\/p>\n

Phytochemicals<\/strong><\/td>\n

Extracts<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Observations<\/strong><\/td>\nResults<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Alkaloids:<\/p>\n

Wagner\u2019s test<\/p>\n

Mayer\u2019s Test<\/p>\n

Dragendroff\u2019s Test<\/p>\n

Hager\u2019s Test<\/td>\n

Reddish Brown Solution precipitate<\/p>\n

Formation of yellow coloured precipitate<\/p>\n

Formation of red coloured precipitate<\/p>\n

Formation of yellow coloured precipitate<\/td>\n

\n

Present<\/p>\n

Present<\/p>\n

Present<\/p>\n

Present<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Flavonoids:<\/p>\n

Lead acetate test<\/p>\n

Alkaline Reagent<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

Formation of yellow colour<\/p>\n

Formation of intense yellow colour, which<\/p>\n

becomes colourless on addition of dilute acid<\/td>\n

\n

Present<\/p>\n

Present<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Phytosterols:<\/p>\n

Salkowski\u2019s Test :<\/p>\n

Libermam Burchard\u2019s Test<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

Appearance of golden yellow colour precipitate<\/p>\n

Formation of brown ring at the junction indicates<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

Present<\/p>\n

Present<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Diterpenes:<\/p>\n

Copper acetate Test<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

Formation of emerald green colour<\/td>\n

Present<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Carbohydrates:<\/p>\n

Molisch\u2019s test<\/p>\n

Benedict\u2019s Test<\/p>\n

Fehling\u2019s Test<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

Formation of violet ring at the junction indicates<\/p>\n

No Orange red precipitate<\/p>\n

No formation of red coloured precipitate<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

Present<\/p>\n

Absent<\/p>\n

Absent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Glycosides:<\/p>\n

Modified Borntrager\u2019s Test<\/p>\n

Legal\u2019s Test<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

No formation of rose-pink colour precipitate<\/p>\n

No formation of pink to blood red colour precipitate<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

Absent<\/p>\n

Absent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Saponins:<\/p>\n

Froth Test<\/p>\n

FoamTest<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

No formation of thin layer precipitate<\/p>\n

Don\u2019t produced persists for 10 mintues<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

Absent<\/p>\n

Absent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Phenols:<\/p>\n

Ferric chloride test<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

No formation of bluish black colour precipitate<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

Absent<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Tannins:<\/p>\n

Gelatin Test<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

No formation of  white colour precipitate<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

Present<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Proteins and Amino acids:<\/p>\n

Xanthoproteic test<\/p>\n

Ninhydrin Test<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

No formation yellow colour precipitate<\/p>\n

No formation of blue colour precipitate<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

Absent<\/p>\n

Absent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

GC-MS Interpretation<\/strong><\/p>\n

The components present in the crude extract of Acoathophora deilei (Red algae) were identified by GC-MS analysis. The Chromatograph is shown in figure-1. The various components with their retention time (RT), molecular formula, molecular weight (MW) and percentage composition in the crude extract of the drug was presented in Table -2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig1\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 1: Gc-Ms Analysis of Methanolic Extract of<\/strong> Acoathophora Deilei.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Table 2: Retention time (rt), Molecular formula, Molecular weight (mw) and Percentage composition in the crude extract of the drug.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
SI.No<\/strong><\/td>\nRetention time<\/strong><\/td>\nCompound Name<\/strong><\/td>\nMolecular formula<\/strong><\/td>\nMolecular weight<\/strong><\/td>\nPercentage area peak<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.<\/td>\n7.112<\/td>\nAcetamide,NN-diethyl-<\/td>\nC6<\/sub>H13<\/sub>NO<\/td>\n115<\/td>\n0.77<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\n7.379<\/td>\nAcetamide, N- Ethyl-<\/td>\nC4<\/sub>H9<\/sub>NO<\/td>\n87<\/td>\n0.40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\n13.560<\/td>\nCaryophyllene<\/td>\nC15<\/sub>H24<\/sub><\/td>\n204<\/td>\n0.40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\n14.542<\/td>\nPhenol,3,5-bis(1,1-dimethyethyl)<\/td>\nC14<\/sub>H22<\/sub>O<\/td>\n206<\/td>\n0.36<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\n15.531<\/td>\nDiethyl phthalate<\/td>\nC12<\/sub>H14<\/sub>O4<\/sub><\/td>\n222<\/td>\n1.79<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\n17.052<\/td>\nMethyl tetradecanoate<\/td>\nC15<\/sub>H30<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/td>\n242<\/td>\n1.16<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\n17.817<\/td>\n1-Heptadecene<\/td>\nC17<\/sub>H34<\/sub><\/td>\n238<\/td>\n1.27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\n18.137<\/td>\nPentadecanoic acid, Methyl ester<\/td>\nC16<\/sub>H32<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/td>\n256<\/td>\n0.24<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\n18.276<\/td>\nNeophytadiene<\/td>\nC20<\/sub>H38<\/sub><\/td>\n278<\/td>\n0.42<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\n18.331<\/td>\n2-Pentadecanone,6,10,14-trimethyl-<\/td>\nC18<\/sub>H36<\/sub>O<\/td>\n268<\/td>\n0.84<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\n18.664<\/td>\n8-Octadecanone<\/td>\nC18<\/sub>H36<\/sub>O<\/td>\n268<\/td>\n0.64<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12<\/td>\n19.043<\/td>\nOctadecane,1-Chloro-<\/td>\nC18<\/sub>H37<\/sub>Cl<\/td>\n288<\/td>\n0.39<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/td>\n19.176<\/td>\nHexadecanoic acid, Methyl ester<\/td>\nC17<\/sub>H34<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/td>\n270<\/td>\n28.58<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14<\/td>\n19.513<\/td>\nDibutyl Phthalate<\/td>\nC18<\/sub>H37<\/sub>CL<\/td>\n288<\/td>\n26.93<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/td>\n19.863<\/td>\n1-Heneicosanol<\/td>\nC21<\/sub>H44<\/sub>O<\/td>\n312<\/td>\n1.65<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16<\/td>\n20.379<\/td>\nHexadecanoic acid,2-hydroxy-,Methyl ester<\/td>\nC17<\/sub>H34<\/sub>O3<\/sub><\/td>\n286<\/td>\n1.36<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17<\/td>\n20.643<\/td>\n10-Nonadecanone<\/td>\nC19<\/sub>H38<\/sub>O<\/td>\n282<\/td>\n0.27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18<\/td>\n20.872<\/td>\n9-Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester<\/td>\nC19<\/sub>H36<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/td>\n296<\/td>\n7.20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\n21.105<\/td>\nMethyl stearate<\/td>\nC19<\/sub>H38<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/td>\n298<\/td>\n1.59<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\n21.217<\/td>\nCis-Vaccenic acid<\/td>\nC18<\/sub>H34<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/td>\n282<\/td>\n0.92<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\n21.432<\/td>\nOctadecanoic acid<\/td>\nC18<\/sub>H36<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/td>\n284<\/td>\n1.30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22<\/td>\n21.730<\/td>\nn-tetracosanol-1<\/td>\nC24<\/sub>H50<\/sub>O<\/td>\n354<\/td>\n1.32<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23<\/td>\n21.855<\/td>\n2-Ethylbutyric acid,octadecyl ester<\/td>\nC24<\/sub>H48<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/td>\n368<\/td>\n12.74<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24<\/td>\n22.296<\/td>\n5, 8, 11, 14- Eicosatetraenoic acid. Ethyl ester<\/td>\nC22<\/sub>H36<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/td>\n332<\/td>\n0.33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\n23.137<\/td>\nSilane,methylvinyl(4-methylpent-2-yloxy)ethoxy<\/td>\nC11<\/sub>H42<\/sub>O2<\/sub>Si<\/td>\n216<\/td>\n0.57<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
26<\/td>\n23.444<\/td>\nn-tetracosanol<\/td>\nC24<\/sub>H50<\/sub>O<\/td>\n354<\/td>\n1.11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27<\/td>\n24.558<\/td>\n1,2 Benzendicarboxylic acid<\/td>\nC24<\/sub>H38<\/sub>O4<\/sub><\/td>\n390<\/td>\n4.92<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
28<\/td>\n25.027<\/td>\nOctacosanol<\/td>\nC24<\/sub>H38<\/sub>O4<\/sub><\/td>\n390<\/td>\n0.55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

28 components were identified in the drug. The major compounds were hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (28.58%), followed by Dibutyl phthalate (26.93%), 2-Ethyl butyric acid, octadecyl ester ( 12.74%) ,9-Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester (7.20%), and 1,2- Benzendicarboxylic acid (4.92%) and their pharmacological importance activity in  Table 3 .All other components were less than 4%  and hence found to be less significance as their bioavailability is negligible. Figure (2 to 29) shows the mass spectrum and structures of the major phytol compounds. The biological activities listed are based on Dr.Dukes phytochemical and ethnobotanical databases by Dr. Jim Duke of the agricultural Research service, USDA.<\/p>\n

Table 3: Important major compounds with their pharmacological activity of Acoathophora Deilei.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
S.NO<\/strong><\/td>\nChemical compounds<\/strong><\/td>\nMolecular formula<\/strong><\/td>\nPharmacological activity<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.<\/td>\nHexadecanoic acid, methyl ester<\/td>\nC16<\/sub>H32<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/td>\nAnti-bacterial and antifungal activity [18].<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.<\/td>\n9-octadecanoic acid, methyl ester<\/td>\nC19<\/sub>H36<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/td>\nAnti-inflammatory, anti-androgenic, Anti- cancer activity, dermatitigenic, 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, anemiagenic and insectifuge activity [15].<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.<\/td>\n1,2 \u2013 Benzene dicarboxylic acid<\/td>\nC24<\/sub>H38<\/sub>O4<\/sub><\/td>\nNeurodegenerative disorders, Anti-cancer activity.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig2\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 2: Acetamide N,N diethyl<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig3\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 3: Acetamide, N \u2013Ethyl<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig4\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 4: Caryophyllene.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig5\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 5: Phenol, 3,5-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl).<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig6\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 6: Diethyl phthalate.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig7\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 7: Methyl tetradecanoate.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig8\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 8: 1-Heptadecene.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig9\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 9: Pentadecanoic acid, Methyl ester.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click her to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig10\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 10: Neophytadiene.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig11\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 11: 2-Pentadecanone,6,10,14-trimethyl<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig12\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 12: 8-Octadecanone.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig13\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 13: Octadecane,1-Chloro.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig14\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 14: Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig15\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 15: Dibutyl phthalate.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig16\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 16: 1-Heneicosanol.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig17\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 17: Hexadecanoic acid,2-hydroxy-,methyl ester.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig18\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 18: 10-Nonadecanone.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig19\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 19: 9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester,(E)<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig20\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 20: Methyl stearate.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig21\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 21: Cis-Vaccenic acid.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig22\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 22: Octadecanoic acid.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig23\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 23: N-tetracosanol-1.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig24\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 24: 2-Ethylbutyric acid, Octadecyl ester.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig25\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 25: 5,8,11,14-Eisosatetraenoic acid,Ethyl ester.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig26\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 26: Silane, methyl vinyl(4-methylpent-2-yloxy) ethoxy.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig27\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 27: N-tetracosanol.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig28\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 28: 1,2Benzenedi Carboxy acid.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No3_Pre_Uma_fig29\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 29: Octacosanol.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Phytochemical analysis of Acoathophora deilei<\/em>. shown the presence of various metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phytosterols and Diterpenes are present. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of 28 different compounds of varied nature in methanolic extract of Acoathophora deilei<\/em>. The present study is the first report to be published till date related to the GC-MS analysis of Acoathophora deilei,<\/em> and it is a significant source for novel bio active compounds. Future studies (in vitro and in vivo) are required to prove the potential medicinal properties of the Acoathophora deilei<\/em> (red algae).<\/p>\n

Acknowledgement<\/strong><\/p>\n

We acknowledge the authorities of Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility, SBV University and the Central Council for Research in Siddha, Chennai for the facilities and support provided at the time of our research.<\/p>\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n

There is no conflict of interest.<\/p>\n

Funding Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n

There is no funding source.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

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     <\/p>\n


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