{"id":43528,"date":"2022-03-31T11:32:43","date_gmt":"2022-03-31T11:32:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=43528"},"modified":"2022-05-17T10:21:15","modified_gmt":"2022-05-17T10:21:15","slug":"curative-consequences-of-rocket-seeds-eruca-sativa-extract-against-lead-nanoparticles-induced-renal-dysfunction-in-rats","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol15no1\/curative-consequences-of-rocket-seeds-eruca-sativa-extract-against-lead-nanoparticles-induced-renal-dysfunction-in-rats\/","title":{"rendered":"Curative Consequences of Rocket Seeds (Eruca Sativa) Extract against Lead Nanoparticles Induced Renal Dysfunction in Rats"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction <\/strong><\/p>\n

Many nanoparticles have important roles in different fields belong to the human health and also several nanoparticles like carbon \u2013 based particles and metallic give rise to toxicity.1-3 <\/sup>Lead is a heavy metal has very poisonous effect in all human organs while lead nanoparticles is synthetized to improve the lead properties to use in industry and medicinal field .Nowadays, Lead nanoparticles are used in many metal industrial activities especially ceramics industry which have influent on public health on the workers’ health and it have significant effect on several microorganisms. 4<\/sup> furthermore, the exposure of lead nanoparticles has harmful effects on different system like the hematopoietic, renal, and central nervous system. This deleterious effect caused through the increasing of oxidative stress. Lead exposure cause renal functional abnormality due to morphological changes as glomerular, tubulointerstitial abnormalities, and dysfunction of tubular transport mechanism. 5<\/sup><\/p>\n

The use of alternative medicine has been a marked increase in recent decades. 6-9<\/sup> The antioxidant effects of many plant output can exert many substantial roles in remediation of many diseases. 1<\/sup>0,<\/sup> 11<\/sup> \u00a0Rocket plant (jarjeer) is the common name of Eruca sativa<\/em> and used as a medicinal curative for various diseases. Traditionally, it applied in treatment of different disease like stomachic, scurvy, increase sexual desire and diuretic. 12<\/sup> The seeds Rocket consist of several organic compounds like taramira oil, protein, and glucosinolate. Plant extract contains erucic acid , oleic acid and linoleic acid also it contain saturated fatty acids. Different phytochemicals are detected in rocket inclusive its seeds it included Vitamin C, carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolics and others. This Phytochemicals are widespread in boost health and restraining various diseases.\u00a0 The natural product and its isolated compounds has hopeful results from researchers and some clinical trials in treatment of kidney diseases. 13 <\/sup>These compounds have a pharmacological effect of rocket like antioxidant, cytoprotective, anticancer.14<\/sup>,<\/sup> 15<\/sup>This study purposed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of rocket seeds extract versus renal toxicity prompted by lead nanoparticles via estimation of kidney functions and electrolytes with different histological and immunological studies.<\/p>\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

Synthesis of lead nanoparticles (Pb-NPs)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Synthesis of Pb-NPs was performed by the precipitation from aqueous solutions. 1<\/sup>6,<\/sup> 17<\/sup> Lead acetate [Pb(CH3<\/sub>COO)2<\/sub>.3H2<\/sub>O] and glucose were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. A solution was intended by dissolving 36g of glucose as reducing agent in 200 ml water then 5g of lead acetate was added. The solution put on a water bath at 80\u201385 o<\/sup>C. By time, the solution initially became cloudy and then turned into yellow color, and finally a light brown color which indicates the formation of lead nanoparticles. The solution was evaporated to three-quarters of its volume. Another 200 ml dist.H2<\/sub>O was mixed with the whole volume and sonicated for 10 min. Stirring was stopped and the precipitate was allowed to be settled. The supernatant was decanted, filtered, washed with Deionized water repeatedly and dried at room temperature.<\/p>\n

Characterization of the synthesized Pb-NPs\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

The structure of powder sample of Pb-NPs were analyzed utilizing scanning electron microscopy (JEOL SEM, JSM-636OLA, Japan) at an accelerated voltage 10 kV.<\/p>\n

X-Ray Diffraction Pattern (XRD) <\/strong><\/p>\n

XRD measurements were recorded on (Shimadzu LabX XRD-6100 X-ray diffractometer, Japan). It was carried out at 40 kV voltage and 30 mA current under excitation of CuK\u03b1 radiation (\u03bb= 1.541 \u00c5), scan angle ranged from 5-80o<\/sup> and 12o<\/sup>\/min scanning rate with 0.02o<\/sup> step width. For XRD measurements, Pb-NPs data obtained as powder samples.<\/p>\n

Particle Size Analysis <\/strong><\/p>\n

The\u00a0particle\u00a0size average\u00a0has\u00a0been rated\u00a0by\u00a0using formula of\u00a0Debye\u00adScherrer\u00a0 18<\/sup><\/p>\n

[D = 0.9 \u03bb \/ \u03b2 cos \u019f]<\/strong><\/p>\n

Where\u00a0‘\u03bb’\u00a0is\u00a0wave\u00a0length\u00a0of\u00a0X\u00adRay\u00a0(0.1541\u00a0nm),\u00a0‘\u03b2’\u00a0is\u00a0FWHM\u00a0(full\u00a0width\u00a0at\u00a0half\u00a0maximum), ‘\u03b8’\u00a0is\u00a0the\u00a0diffraction\u00a0angle\u00a0and\u00a0‘D’\u00a0is\u00a0particle\u00a0diameter\u00a0(size). Lattice constant has been rated by utilizing the formula,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a = d*\u221a(h2<\/sup>+k2<\/sup>+l2<\/sup>) for lead nanoparticles.<\/p>\n

Rocket samples & extraction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Eruca sativa<\/em><\/strong> (Rocket) seeds were purchased from Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Egypt.\u00a0 The extract of Rocket Seeds extract was obtained by mixing 50 g of the grinding seeds (dry powder) with 500 ml of distilled water at 70\u00b0C by the ratio (1\/10, W\/V). The mixture was shacked usage a magnetic stirrer for 24 hours. The blend was centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was filtered. This step was repeated twice. The filtrated was condensed by heating in oven on at 40\u00b0C for 72 hours to gain the crude extract. At 4\u00b0C the extract was storage in a dark sterile bottle until use. 19<\/sup><\/p>\n

Determination of total phenolic content of extract<\/strong><\/p>\n

Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to determine the total phenolic content of the extract with the usage of a serial concentration of gallic acid solution as a standard. \u00a0The total concentration was expressed (mg) as gallic acid equivalent per gram of extract according to Cheok et al . 20<\/sup><\/p>\n

Estimation of total flavonoids of extracts<\/strong><\/p>\n

Total flavonoids content was determined using the aluminium chloride colorimetric method with Catechin standard solution as a standard, and expressed (mg) as Catechin equivalent per gram of extract according to Zhishen et al . 21<\/sup><\/p>\n

Determination of DPPH scavenging activity of extract<\/strong><\/p>\n

Antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated using one of the most popular techniques for radical scavenging assessment, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Trolox Used as reference solution according to procedures of Saggu et al . 22<\/sup><\/p>\n

Animals and experimental design <\/strong><\/p>\n

This study carried out on sixty male albino rats weighting about (200\u00b110 gram) and aged around (13\u00b11 weeks age). Rats were obtained from the accredited breeding and empirical lab, zoology departments, Tanta University, Egypt. The animal were kept and patronize accordingly to Faculty of Science, Tanta University instructor for the animal, which confirmed by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC-SCI-TU-0185). The animals were housed for about two week then it divided into four groups (each groups about 15 rats). Group 1 is a negative control group, Group 2 which are giving rocket seeds extract daily (intragastrically, 30 mg\/kg body weight) 15<\/sup>,<\/strong> Group 3 administrate by intraperitoneally injection with Pb-NPs (50 mg\/kg body weight) for 8 weeks 23<\/sup>, and group 4 was intraperitoneally injected with Pb-NPs (50 mg\/kg body weight) for 8 weeks and then giving rocket seeds extract (intragastrically, 30 mg\/kg body weight\/day) for 4 weeks.<\/p>\n

Blood and tissue preparation<\/strong><\/p>\n

The rats in any group were anesthetized by sodium pentobarbital and were necropsied in the termination of the experiments after animal fasting for 10-12 hours. Blood samples were gathered from each rat from the vena cava in plain tube and permit the sample to clot at 37\u00b0C. The blood samples are centrifuge at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes. Serum uric acid, urea and creatinine were detected in the rat serum using commercial kits (Biomed EGY- CHEM for lab technology). Also the electrolytes in serum (Potassium K+<\/sup>, sodium Na+<\/sup>, calcium Ca+2<\/sup> and chloride Cl–<\/sup> ions) were determined by utilized commercial kits (Sensa core electrolyte, India) .24<\/sup>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Histological preparation<\/strong><\/p>\n

After autopsy, the kidney were speedy removed and settled by inundation in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution for 24-48 hours. The pattern was then dehydrated, cleared and embedded in paraffin. Sequent sections of 5 \u00b5m thick were cut off by rotary microtome (Litz, Wetzlar; Germany). This section stained by haematoxylin and eosin. 25<\/sup><\/p>\n

Immunohistochemical detection P53 apoptotic protein<\/strong><\/p>\n

The destination is determination the apoptotic p53 proteins expression in the kidney sections. The process of avidin Biotin Complex (ABC) (Elite\u2013ABC, Vector Laboratories, CA, USA) was utilized of P53 (dilution 1:200 DAKO Japan Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). 26,27<\/sup><\/p>\n

Statistical Analysis <\/strong><\/p>\n

The data were statistical analyzed by utilizing SPSS statistical version 21 software package (SPSS\u00ae Inc., USA). The data were presented as mean \u00b1 Standard Error of means (S.E.M). Means were significantly differed by applying ANOVA test (Analysis of Variance) for multiple comparisons. P-values less than 0.05 were reflected as statistically significant.<\/p>\n

Results<\/strong><\/p>\n

SEM analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n

The results of SEM morphological and nanostructure studies of the Lead nanoparticles are shown in Fig 1. It was shown that a roughly cube and relatively uniform shaped of the lead nanoparticles .28<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No1_Cul_Bat_fig1\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 1: SEM micrograph of Pb-NPs.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

XRD analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n

The crystalline structure of the synthesized lead nanoparticles were confirmed by\u00a0 X-ray diffraction (Fig. 2). The X-ray diffraction pattern of the synthesized nanoparticles (Pb-NPs) shows diffraction peaks at 2\u03b8= 19.44\u00ba, 24.87\u00ba, 30.30\u00ba, 34.15\u00ba and 42.77\u00ba, which can be respectively indexed to (110), (111), (200), (210) and (220) lattice planes. XRD result are presented in Table 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No1_Cul_Bat_fig2\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 2: Pb nanoparticles X-ray diffraction pattern.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure\u00a0<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Table 1: Interplanar spacing, lattice parameters, (XRD) of Pb nanoparticles.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Diffraction angle [2\u019f]<\/strong><\/p>\n

(degree)<\/strong><\/td>\n

FWHM<\/strong><\/p>\n

[\uf062]<\/strong><\/p>\n

(radian)<\/strong><\/td>\n

Size<\/strong><\/p>\n

[D]<\/strong><\/p>\n

(nm)<\/strong><\/td>\n

dhkl<\/sub>-spacing<\/strong><\/p>\n

(\u00c5)<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/td>\n

Diffraction planes<\/strong><\/p>\n

(hkl)<\/strong><\/td>\n

Relative intensity (%)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[19.44] 9.72<\/td>\n0.008<\/td>\n17.58<\/td>\n4.56<\/td>\n110<\/td>\n22<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[24.87] 12.44<\/td>\n0.009<\/td>\n15.77<\/td>\n3.57<\/td>\n111<\/td>\n100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[30.30] 15.15<\/td>\n0.013<\/td>\n11.05<\/td>\n2.94<\/td>\n200<\/td>\n35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[34.15] 17.08<\/td>\n0.007<\/td>\n20.71<\/td>\n2.62<\/td>\n210<\/td>\n55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[42.77] 21.39<\/td>\n0.008<\/td>\n18.61<\/td>\n2.11<\/td>\n220<\/td>\n27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Average particle size [D] =\u00a0 16.74 nm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lattice constant [a] =\u00a0 6.07 \u00c5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Phytochemical of rocket seeds extract.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Table 2: Total phenols, total flavonoids and DPPH scavenging activity of the extract of rocket seeds<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Test <\/strong><\/td>\nTotal phenols<\/strong><\/p>\n

(mg GAE\/g)<\/strong><\/td>\n

Total flavonoids<\/strong><\/p>\n

(mg CE\/g)<\/strong><\/td>\n

DPPH<\/strong><\/p>\n

(mg TE\/g)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

rocket seeds<\/strong><\/td>\n2.792<\/td>\n0.805<\/td>\n3.488<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Kidney function and electrolytes level<\/strong><\/p>\n

The results showed that concentration of both urea and creatinine were significantly increase in G3 (rats injected with Pb-NPs) in comparison with both G1 (control) and G2 (RS extract administered rats). After treatment with rocket seeds (G4) the results showed significant decrease in comparison with G3. There were no significant differences in concentration of uric acid in all groups (Table 2). The results also indicated that there were increases in both K+<\/sup> and Cl–<\/sup> ions concentrations in G3 if compared to both G1 and G2. Moreover, there were decreases in the concentrations of Na+<\/sup> and Ca+2<\/sup> ions in G3 if compared with G1 and G2. By RS extract treatment (G4), there were decreases in both K+<\/sup> and Cl–<\/sup> ions and increases in both Na+<\/sup> and Ca+2<\/sup> ions compared to PB-NPs injected rats or G3 (Table 2).<\/p>\n

Table 3: Kidney functions and electrolytes levels<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Parameter<\/strong><\/td>\nG1<\/strong><\/td>\nG2<\/strong><\/td>\nG3<\/strong><\/td>\nG4<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Urea (mg\/dl)<\/strong><\/td>\n28.3\u00b11.70<\/td>\n30.2\u00b11.49<\/td>\n39.1a<\/sup>\u00b11.37<\/td>\n34.2a,b<\/sup>\u00b11.62<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Creatinine (mg\/dl)<\/strong><\/td>\n0.41\u00b10.027<\/td>\n0.40\u00b10.034<\/td>\n0.88a<\/sup>\u00b10.063<\/td>\n0.52a,b<\/sup>\u00b10.036<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Uric acid (mg\/dl)<\/strong><\/td>\n3.26\u00b10.011<\/td>\n3.17\u00b10.042<\/td>\n3.25\u00b10.015<\/td>\n3.24\u00b10.023<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
K+ <\/sup>(mEq\/L)<\/strong><\/td>\n4.26\u00b10.27<\/td>\n3.99\u00b10.15<\/td>\n5.08a<\/sup>\u00b10.33<\/td>\n4.75a,b<\/sup>\u00b10.29<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Na+<\/sup> (mEq\/L)<\/strong><\/td>\n135.5\u00b16.2<\/td>\n135.1\u00b18.54<\/td>\n129.0 \u00b17.52<\/td>\n133.9 \u00b18.75<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ca++<\/sup> (mEq\/L)<\/strong><\/td>\n1.23\u00b10.043<\/td>\n1.24\u00b10.049<\/td>\n1.19 \u00b10.050<\/td>\n1.23 \u00b10.032<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cl–<\/sup> (mEq\/L))<\/strong><\/td>\n100.6\u00b1<\/strong>7.55<\/td>\n100.2\u00b1<\/strong>5.40<\/td>\n112.8 \u00b1<\/strong>4.20<\/td>\n103.2 \u00a0\u00b1<\/strong>5.66<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Data are presented as mean \u00b1 S.E.M.\u00a0 <\/sup>Wherever, G1, control group; G2, extract of seeds rocket group; G3, Pb-NPs group; G4, PbNPs+RS group. (a<\/sup>) Significant difference in comparison with control group. (b<\/sup>) Significant difference in comparison with the Pb-NPs group.<\/p>\n

Influence of PbNPs<\/strong> and rocket seeds<\/strong> on kidney histopathology<\/strong><\/p>\n

Both kidney sections in (G1) and (G2) groups displayed normal composition of the glomruli and renal tubules in the cortical and medullary parts (Fig. 3A&3B). Kidney section in the patronized rats with Pb-NPs (G3) exposed moderate atrophy in both tubular cells and glomeruli (Fig. 3C). Furthermore; kidney sections in the patronized PbNPs with rocket seeds extract (PbNPs+RS) revealed good amelioration in the glomruli and renal tubules (Fig. 3D).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No1_Cul_Bat_fig3\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 3: <\/strong>Photomicrographs of kidney sections in the various empirical groups stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin. A & B: Kidney sections in both control and RS-extract group (G1 and G2) presented normal composition of the glomruli (G) and tubules (RT). <\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Impact of rocket seeds on expression of <\/strong>P53<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kidney tissues of the control and rocket seeds rats gave faint positive reactions for P53 expressions in glomruli and renal tubules (Fig. 4A&4B) while; strong positive response for P53 were observed in glomruli and renal tubules in the treated rats with\u00a0 PbNPs group (Fig. 4C). Moreover, mild positive response for expressions of P53 were looked in kidney sections in post-treated PbNPs with rocket seeds group (Fig. 4D).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol15No1_Cul_Bat_fig4\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 4:<\/strong> Photomicrographs of kidney sections in the various empirical groups stained with P53-ir. \u00a0Both A&B: Faint positive response for P53-ir (arrows) in glomruli (G) and tubules in (G1) and (G2). <\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

The lead nanoparticles contain high atom density facets (111) which recognized to be highly reactive .29<\/sup> The high intensity for FCC materials is generally (111) reflection, which is showed in the sample from the most intense peak at 2\u03b8= 24.87\u00ba. This confirmed the lattice structure to be FCC (face centered cubic). The intensity of peaks in the Pb-NPs XRD presented that the prepared lead nanoparticles are crystalline. In addition, the broad diffraction peaks elucidated the small size crystallite. The size of the Pb nanoparticles determined from Debye\u2013Scherrer formula is 16.74 nm.<\/p>\n

For the bcc texture, the first two sets of principal diffracting planes are (110) and (200) and for the fcc texture are (111) and (200). Based on that and from the XRD of the prepared Pb nanoparticles (Figure 2) there is a mixture of low percent bcc (22%) and the main percent fcc (100%).<\/p>\n

Average of the value of unit cell edge (a) calculated from the value of d as obtained from the data for the peaks are found to be 6.07 \u00c5. The lattice constant value (6.07\u00c5) is higher than that of standard Pb nanoparticles (4.92\u00c5) .30<\/sup><\/strong> It may be lattice expansion due to this bcc structure at lower angle (19.44) with fcc main structure.<\/p>\n

Many different metals including lead are used in the industry. Lead is described as the most beneficial elements in industry but it is the most harmful element on human health. It causes major public health problem. Nowadays, Lead nanoparticles are commonly used in different beneficial uses as ceramic industry. Many negative consequences appear on the workers in the field of ceramic industry .4<\/sup> This study objected to assess the \u00a0effects of Pb-NPs \u00a0toxicity on kidney and evaluate the curative effect of rocket seeds extract against the induced toxicity via estimation of kidney functions and electrolytes with different histological and immunological studies.<\/p>\n

Kidneys can be considered as the climacteric organ upon long term vocational or environmental lead exposure. The major route of lead elimination by globular filtration and tubular secretion. Kidneys also is the minor storage site of lead according to extend excessive absorption. Both acute and chronic nephrotoxic results from excessive exposure of lead. This accumulation caused alteration in mitochondrial composition and function which causes disturbance of production of energy deteriorate energy dependent processes as tubular transport results of defecting in proximal tubular reabsorption .31<\/sup> Renal dysfunction is consequence of excessive exposure of lead. It recognized by glomerular and tubulointerstitial alteration causing renal failure, hypertension and hyperuricemia. 32<\/sup> Lead induces nephrotoxic by oxidative stress which involved increasing of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which in turn cause membrane, DNA and protein destruction. 33<\/sup><\/p>\n

The result obtained in this study indicated the significant increase in urea and creatinine concentrations in Pb-NPs group (G3) if compared to both control group (G1) and rocket seeds extract administered group (G2). These increases in G3 in comparison with G1 in urea and creatinine concentrations reached to about 1.3 and 2.1 fold increases, respectively. After treatment with RS extract (G4), the results showed significant decrease in both urea and creatinine concentration compared with both G3. These results confirmed the improvement of kidney function caused by rocket seed extract administration. This improvement due to antioxidant, cytoprotective character of rocket seeds that includes phenolic and flavonoid compound, which have highly antioxidant character determined by DPPH analysis. This antioxidant character play against ROS caused by lead accumulation in kidney tissues.13<\/sup> This ROS antagonist effect of rocket seed can be explained by the presence of Vitamin C, carotenoids, flavonoids and phenolics in RS extract. 14, <\/sup>33<\/sup><\/strong> This DNA damage indicated in the immunohistopathological studies in the form of highly expressed of the tumor suppressor protein (P53) in G3. This was previously reported by different studies .34<\/sup> The treated group with RS extract (G4) showed relatively mild expression of P53 due its antioxidant and cytoprotictive effect against the toxicity of lead on the kidney tissue.<\/p>\n

Our results elucidated that K+<\/sup> ion concentration significantly increased by about 1.19 folds in rats injected with Pb-NPs (G3) if compared to the control rats (G1). This K+<\/sup> ion increase was detected in parallel with decreases in Na+<\/sup> ion concentrations by about 0.95 fold in G3 if comparison to G1. Hyperkalemia and hyponetrenima is the main indicator of lead toxic impact on cell membrane Na-K-ATPase pump activity which lead to decrease in Na concentration and increase in K concentration. The defect of sodium gradient causes dysfunction of the kidney filtration of the blood waste product. Also kidney is unable to reabsorbed amino acid and glucose as well as dysregulating of electrolyte level in the blood .35<\/sup><\/p>\n

From the results, there were decreases in Ca+2<\/sup> ion concentrations in Pb-NPs injected rats (G3) reached to about 0.96 fold if compared to the control group (G1). This calcium decrease in blood resulted from the failure of the distal tubular cells of the kidney to reabsorb Ca+2<\/sup> under parathyroid hormone stimulation. Another direct cause was the inhibition of 1-\u03b1-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) that is accountable for the conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D) to 1,25D. The leading role of 1,25D rectify the low serum ionized calcium by increasing intestinal calcium absorption .36<\/sup> The decrease of Na+<\/sup> concentration it lead to indirect inhibition of Na+<\/sup>\/Ca+2<\/sup> exchange, thus, causes increase\u00a0 of intracellular \u00a0Ca+2<\/sup> and decrease Ca+2<\/sup> extracellular .37<\/sup><\/p>\n

Current results revealed that; Pb-NPs induced elevation in P53 and moderate atrophy in glomeruli and renal tubule cells especially in Proximal convoluted tubules and the treatment with rocket seeds have the ability to improve this changes.\u00a0 Our results agree with Tousson et al. who reported that; rockect seed (Eruca sativa) extract have protective role of against monosodium glutamate induceed hepato-renal toxicity in male rats. Monosodium glutamate might have either interfered with creatinine metabolism leading to increased synthesis or the tissues might have compromised all or part of its functional capacity of tubular excretion. 38<\/sup><\/p>\n

Renal dysfunction has several abnormalities and failure among of these is metabolic acidosis. In nephrotoxicity, There is a direct relationship between decline of globular filtration rate (GFR) and decrease in serum bicarbonate due the failure of kidney to synthesis ammonia, absorbed bicarbonate, and excrete hydrogen ions. 39<\/sup> This failure is due to distal renal tubular. hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis is correlated with\u00a0 a decrease in HCO3 levels in the blood .40<\/sup> Our results indicated that there were increases in Cl–<\/sup> ion concentrations in blood in G3 reached to about 1.12 fold if compared to G1. These Cl–<\/sup> concentrations increases regressed to its nearly normal values after RS extract treatment in G4.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lead nanoparticles had very toxic effects on the kidney tissues. It caused destruction of the renal cell results of elevation of urea and creatinine concentration. Pb-NPs in consequence affected on electrolyte hemostasis. The rocket seed extract administration showed beneficial curative effects against renal toxicity induced by Pb-NPs exposure. RS extract administration showed regression of the kidney functions and improvement of electrolytes hemostasis.<\/p>\n

Conflict of interest<\/strong><\/p>\n

There is no conflict of interest.<\/p>\n

Funding<\/strong><\/p>\n

There is no any received funding<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

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