{"id":42381,"date":"2021-12-30T09:58:51","date_gmt":"2021-12-30T09:58:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=42381"},"modified":"2022-01-04T08:29:29","modified_gmt":"2022-01-04T08:29:29","slug":"ethanol-extract-of-brassica-rapa-attenuate-the-complete-freunds-adjuvant-induced-inflammation-in-rats","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol14no4\/ethanol-extract-of-brassica-rapa-attenuate-the-complete-freunds-adjuvant-induced-inflammation-in-rats\/","title":{"rendered":"Ethanol Extract of Brassica Rapa Attenuate the Complete Freund\u2019s Adjuvant-Induced Inflammation in Rats"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive inflammatory, an autoimmune disorder that affects worldwide approximately 1% adult population, 1<\/sup> characterized by swelling, joint pain, pannus formation, destruction of joint, impaired functions, and increase morbidity and mortality2<\/sup>. Prevalence is found to be two to three times higher in women over the age of 40 years than the man 3<\/sup>. The exact cause of this polyarticular disease is still unclear.<\/p>\n

Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic\u00a0drugs, glucocorticoid, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used in the treatment of arthritis 4<\/sup>. However, prolong use (more than six months) of these drugs produce various ill-effects such as Weight loss, nausea, Diarrhea, anxiety, and thinning of muscles5<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

In the traditional system of medicine various, ayurvedic specialists utilize different indigenous plants for the treatment of joint disorders, and theses drugs can effectively decrease the inflammatory response and cure the disease. As per World Health Organization (WHO), nearby approximately 75% of the global occupants rely upon traditional medicines for their healthiness6<\/sup>. \u00a0Brassica rapa,<\/em> is a biennial herbaceous plant that has gained much more attention in traditional medicine, named as turnip, and belongs to the Braaicacaceae family 7<\/sup>. <\/em>It is a fast, growing, leafy vegetable, and the whole plant (root and leave) is used for edible purposes due to its high nutritional value. Traditionally, it is used to treat various types of disease like sore throats, jaundice, and hepatitis. Besides, it also used in the prevention of heart attack and the boost of the cardiovascular system. Moreover, it reduces the risk of osteoporosis, joint damage, and help in the development of bone formation. Besides, it has also reported that various extract of turnip possesses, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties8-13<\/sup>. <\/strong>Therefore the current research has been designed to explore the anti-inflammatory activity of Brassica rapa<\/em> root extract against the CFA induced inflammation in rats.<\/p>\n

Drugs and Chemicals<\/strong><\/p>\n

CFA, Bovine serum albumin, egg albumin (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), AST, ALT, and total protein kit (Auto span Pvt. Ltd) and all other reagents used in the present study were freshly prepared and purchased from local suppliers.<\/p>\n

Material and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

Brassica rapa <\/em>were procured from the local market of Agra and authentified \u00a0(NISCAIR\/RHMD\/Consult\/2015\/2929-122) by Dr. Sunita Garg, Chief Scientist, CSIR-NISCAIR, New Delhi. The dried roots of Brassica rapa<\/em> were chopped and powdered in the grinder. The coarse powder was subjected to extraction in the soxhlet apparatus and successively extracted with pet ether, chloroform, and ethanol. Individual extract of Brassica rapa<\/em> was concentrated in hicom rotary evaporator and excess of solvent was recovered. The ethanol extract was chosen for the investigation of anti-arthritic potential in wistar rats.<\/p>\n

Preliminary phytochemical screening<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Preliminary phytochemical examination of various extracts of Brassica rapa<\/em> was subjected to standard protocols of identification tests for alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, and phenols 14<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Total phenol and flavonoid Content<\/strong><\/p>\n

The presence of total phenol content in EEBR was determined by using Folin ciocalteu reagent 15<\/sup> with a slight change in the assay procedure. Gallic acid was used as a standard and absorbance of test solution was recorded in UV-Visible Spectrophotometer at 725 nm. The number of overall polyphenols was expressed as milligram of gallic acid equivalents (mg GAE\/g). The flavonoid content in EEBR was determined in colorimetric by using aluminium chloride16<\/sup>. Quercetin was used as a standard and absorbance of the test solution was recorded in UV-Visible Spectrophotometer at 420 nm. The quantity of flavonoids was expressed as quercetin equivalents (mg quercetin\/g extract).<\/p>\n

Bovine serum albumin<\/strong><\/p>\n

The inhibitory effect of Brassica rapa<\/em> extract on protein denaturation was assessed according to the procedure illustrated by Mizushima & Kobayashi, 1968. \u00a0The sample of the resultant solution has pH 6.3, adjusted with 1N Hcl, and incubated at 370<\/sup>C, heated at 570<\/sup>C for 20 minutes. The resultant sample was than cooled, followed by addition of phosphate buffer and absorbance was measured using Spectrophotometer at 660 nm17<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Percent inhibition of protein denaturation was calculated as follows:<\/p>\n

\"Vol14No4_Eth_Bhu_eq1\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Egg albumin<\/strong><\/p>\n

The inhibitory effect of Brassica rapa<\/em> extract on protein denaturation was assessed according to the procedure illustrated by Hasan et al,<\/em> 2015. Briefly, 5 ml of sample solution contained \u00a0egg albumin 0.2 ml, phosphate buffer 2.8 ml and 2ml of Brassica rapa<\/em> extract and diclofenac sodium at different concentrations from (12.5 to 800 \u03bcg\/ml) respectively. The test tubes of each sample incubated at 37\u00b0C for 15 min and then warmed at 70 \u00b0C for 5 min and the absorbance of test and standard were measured using a spectrophotometer at 660 nm18<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\"Vol14No4_Eth_Bhu_eq2\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Absorbance- (Abs)<\/p>\n

Animals and experimental design\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Healthy Wistar rats of both sex weighing 180-200, housed in the polypropylene cages under standard condition12 h light and 12 h dark cycle and allowed to free access to food (Aishrwad) and water. \u00a0Prior approval was taken from the Institutional animal ethical committee (IAEC) \u00a0to carried out the experimental work. The whole experimental protocol was designed for 21 days, and animals were divided into different groups containing six animals in each group, namely control, CFA, CFA+Indomethacin (10 mg\/kg)19<\/sup>, CFA+ EEBR 200 and CFA+ EEBR400.<\/p>\n

Induction of arthritis<\/strong><\/p>\n

The experimental protocol used in the current study by the method portrayed by Voon et al.; 20<\/sup>.<\/sup> Briefly, 0.1 mL of CFA was injected into the sub plantar region of the left hind paw of each animal under light anesthesia (Thiopental sodium). The time of adjuvant injection was referred to as day 0. Three days after induction of arthritis, daily oral treatments were started for 21 days and on the last day, one hour after the treatment the body weight and paw volume were measured, and then animals were sacrificed and blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture.<\/p>\n

Assessment of Arthritis<\/strong><\/p>\n

The paw volume of each animal was measured before the administration of CFA injection using a digital plethysmometer (Rolex India). \u00a0Further, after administration of CFA body weight and paw volume of each animal were measured at different day\u2019s intervals 0, 7, 14, and 21. Besides the arthritic index was assessed using arthritic scoring techniques 21.<\/sup><\/p>\n

Biochemical and hematological analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n

On the last day of the experiment blood sample of each animal was collected in test tubes by cardiac puncture and allowed to stand for 30 min to separate the serum. The serum was then centrifuged at 4000 rpm, after which total RBC, WBC was determined by hemocytometer, ESR was measured by Westergren and SGOT, SGPT and Total protein were examined by a commercially available kit (Span diagnostic Pvt. ltd).<\/p>\n

Statistical Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n

The results were expressed as mean \u00b1 S.E.M. Statistical analysis was performed using Graph Pad Prism 5.2\u00ae software. Two-way analyses of variances (ANOVA) were performed on percentage inhibition of paw volume and effect on weight variation in arthritic rats followed by Turkey\u2019s post hoc test. All other data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Newman keuls test.<\/p>\n

Result<\/strong><\/p>\n

Phytochemical investigation of various extract of Brassica rapa <\/em>shows the presence of various phytoconstituent such as alkaloids, steroids, carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. Further, the ethanol extract of Brassica rapa<\/em> showed the (102.28 \u00b1 1.21 mg GAE\/g) and (22.25 \u00b1 2.20 mg quercetin\/g extract).<\/p>\n

Effect of Brassica rapa extracts on inhibition of protein denaturation using BSA and egg albumin<\/strong><\/p>\n

The inhibitory effect of Brassica rapa<\/em> on denaturation of protein is depicted in fig-1 (BSA) and Fig-2 (Egg albumin). The outcome of the current investigation showed that ethanol extract of Brassica rapa<\/em> exhibited the maximum 93.10% and 91.75% protection against the BSA and Egg albumin\u00a0\u00a0 denaturation of protein at 800 \u03bcg\/ml compared to chloroform and petroleum ether extract, which is near to standard drug aspirin 98.20%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol14No4_Eth_Bhu_fig1\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 1: Effect of different extracts of Brassica rapa<\/em> against protein denaturation using bovine serum albumin.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol14No4_Eth_Bhu_fig2\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 2: Effect of different extracts of Brassica rapa<\/em> against protein\u00a0 denaturation using egg albumin.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Bodyweight<\/strong><\/p>\n

The changes in body weight of control, CFA, indomethacin (10 mg\/kg), and BREE (200 and 400mg\/kg), treated arthritic rats are depicted in fig 3. \u00a0There was a continuous loss of body weight was seen in all the CFA treated experimental rodents. \u00a0Treatment of BREE (200 and 400mg\/kg) showed a dose-dependent remarkable improvement on the loss of body weight against the CFA induced inflammation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol14No4_Eth_Bhu_fig3\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 3: Effect of Brassica rapa<\/em> ethanol extract on CFA-induced changes in body weight.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Effect on paw swelling<\/strong><\/p>\n

The effect of EEBR on CFA induced paw swelling is depicted in Fig.4 Sub plantar injection of CFA significantly (p<0.001) increased the swelling of the paw in experimental animals. Daily treatment of EEBR (200 and 400mg\/kg) and indomethacin(10mg\/kg) for twenty-one days after three-day of CFA injection, attenuated the CFA induced paw volume (p<0.001) in Wistar rats compared to CFA treated group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol14No4_Eth_Bhu_fig4\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 4: Effect of Brassica rapa<\/em> ethanol extract on CFA-induced changes in paw volume.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Estimation of Biochemical parameters<\/strong><\/p>\n

Effect on AST and ALT<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fig.5 and 6 illustrate the effect of EEBR on CFA induced changes in the level of serum AST and ALT in Wistar rats. Sub plantar injection of CFA significantly (p<0.001) increased the serum AST and ALT levels in all the groups of animals compared to control.\u00a0 \u00a0Repeated treatment of EEBR showed a remarkable (p<0.05) curtailment in elevated levels of blood AST and ALT against the CFA induced arthritic group. Moreover, the treatment of a higher dose of 400mg\/kg of EEBR treatment showed a remarkable reduction in hepatic biomarker compared to indomethacin treated group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol14No4_Eth_Bhu_fig5\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 5: Effect of Brassica rapa<\/em> ethanol extract on CFA-induced changes in AST level.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol14No4_Eth_Bhu_fig6\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 6: Effect of Brassica rapa<\/em> ethanol extract on CFA-induced changes in ALT level.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Effect on Serum total Protein<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fig-7 demonstrates the effect of EEBR on CFA induced change in serum total protein concentration in experimental animals. \u00a0There was a substantial reduction \u00a0in the level of serum total protein that was observed in all the experimental animals compared to the control group of rodents. Statistical analysis revealed that repeated treatment of EEBR and indomethacin treated rats showed a remarkable (p<0.05) increment in their serum total protein compared to the CFA group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol14No4_Eth_Bhu_fig7\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 7: Effect of Brassica rapa<\/em> ethanol extract on CFA-induced changes in total protein level.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Hematological Parameters<\/strong><\/p>\n

The effect of EEBR on RBC, WBC, Hb, and ESR of adjuvent induced inflammation in experimental aniamls are depicted in Table-1. Statically analysis revealed that sub plantar injection of CFA significantly changed the level of hematological parameters (RBC, hemoglobin were decreased and WBC, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were increased) in all the experimental rodents compared to control group of animals. There were significant decrease in RBC from 7.94\u00b10.33 to 6.24\u00b10.33mm3<\/sup>, Hb from 14.35\u00b10.31to 9.6\u00b10.86 g\/dL and increase in WBC from 7022\u00b14.2 to 8963\u00b15.26 and ESR from 0.62\u00b10.07 to 2.89\u00b10.08 mm\/h. Repeated treatment of EEBR reverse the elevated count of WBC, ESR level, and boost up the Hb and RBC count all most up to normal range in all the experimental animals.\u00a0 Moreover, the treatment of indomethacin attenuated the elevated level of ESR and WBC count but did not show any much more significant effect on RBC count and hemoglobin level compare to EEBR.<\/p>\n

Table 1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Groups<\/strong><\/td>\nRBC mm3<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\nHb% g\/dl<\/strong><\/td>\nWBC mm3<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\nESR<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Control<\/td>\n7.94\u00b10.33<\/td>\n14.35\u00b10.31<\/td>\n7022\u00b14.2<\/td>\n1.12\u00b10.07<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CFA<\/td>\n6.24\u00b10.33a<\/sup><\/td>\n9.6\u00b10.86 a<\/sup><\/td>\n8963\u00b15.26 a<\/sup><\/td>\n2.89\u00b10.08 a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CFA+Indomethacin<\/p>\n

(10mg\/kg)<\/td>\n

7.35\u00b10.55b<\/sup><\/td>\n12.51\u00b10.67b<\/sup><\/td>\n7031\u00b16.7b<\/sup><\/td>\n0.64\u00b10.04 b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CFA+EEBR<\/p>\n

(200mg\/kg)<\/td>\n

7.1\u00b10.32 a<\/sup><\/td>\n11.87\u00b10.71 a<\/sup><\/td>\n8085\u00b18.17c<\/sup><\/td>\n1.16\u00b10.05 b,c<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CFA+EEBR<\/p>\n

(400mg\/kg)<\/td>\n

7.86\u00b10.44b,c<\/sup><\/td>\n12.86\u00b10.8 b,d<\/sup><\/td>\n7070\u00b17.49 b,d<\/sup><\/td>\n0.97\u00b10.10 a,b,d<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Medicines have a pivotal role in the treatment of various diseases of human beings since ancient times and herbal drugs are frequently used as a traditional medicine for the relief of pain and inflammation.\u00a0 These drugs can not only prevent the inflamed joint from pain and bone destruction but in comparison to allopathic medicine, these are safe, free from side effects, and suitable for patients 22<\/sup>. The present investigations demonstrate that ethanol extract of Brassica rapa<\/em> exhibited the inhibition of protein denaturation activity as well as attenuated the CFA induced inflammation in experimental animals. Therefore ethanol extract of Brassica rapa<\/em> could be an probable \u00a0option in the treatment of RA.<\/p>\n

In the current investigation, the inflammation lowering potential of Brassica rapa <\/em>extracts was investigated, using BSA and egg albumin method. Protein denaturation is one of the reasons for joint inflammation, which may occur due to loss of secondary and tertiary structure of proteins 23.<\/sup> In the present study, the ethanol extract of Brassica rapa<\/em> extracts successfully inhibited the denaturation of protein (albumin). Moreover, the ethanol extract showed the highest inhibitory percentage of protein denaturation, close to standard drug. The augmentation in absorbance of test samples concerning control showed that Brassica rapa<\/em> can decrease the protein denaturation by heat.<\/p>\n

Adjuvant induced inflammation model is one of the most accepted screening methods for the assessment of anti-inflammatory drugs because it elicits the similar symptoms of RA as occurs in humans such as pain, redness, and swelling in joints 24<\/sup>. Therefore in the current study adjuvant-induced arthritis model was selected for the demonstration of the anti-arthritic activity of Brassica rapa <\/em>root. <\/em>Subcutaneous\u00a0injection of CFA induce the inflammation in a two different phase (Acute and chronic) 25<\/sup> and increases the paw volume in experimental animals similar to our previous finding under publication. In the present investigation oral administration of BREE attenuated the CFA induced paw volume in experimental animals that shows that deterioration in the progression of the disease. This might be because of secondary metabolites, potent antioxidant enzymes that decrease tissue injury and promote health 26<\/sup>. Loss of body weight most frequently occurs in RA patients which maybe occur due to loss of appetite and inadequate absorption of nutrients from the gastrointestinal intestine 27<\/sup>. The outcomes of the current investigation demonstrated that there may be a close connection between the loss of body weight and inflammation of joints. Treatment of BREE attenuated the loss of body weight in adjuvant induced inflammation in experimental animals, which could be due to presence of vitamin B and omega 3 fatty acids 28<\/sup>. Our findings were in agreement with the result of 29<\/sup> which shows that supplementation of vitamin B improves the health status of the patient.<\/p>\n

Various researchers have proposed that the estimation of liver biomarkers such as SGOT, SGPT, and total protein is an excellent approach to measure the anti-arthritic potential of test drugs30-32<\/sup>. In the current investigation, CFA caused a significant elevation in the level of SGOT and SGPT and reduction in total protein concentration similar to that of earlier findings which indicate that impairment in hepatic tissue33<\/sup>. Treatment of BREE<\/em> significantly diminished the activity of SGOT and SGPT and reverses the diminished concentration of protein to normal level in CFA induced arthritic rats and thus demonstrating its ability in protecting the liver against the CFA induced arthritis in experimental animals.<\/p>\n

In our study, CFA caused a reduction in the level of hemoglobin and red blood cell count. A low level of hemoglobin represents the anemic condition that may be due to the inadequate absorption of iron or maybe the destruction of premature RBC and decreased the response of erythropoietin towards the bone34<\/sup>. Ethanol extract of Brassica rapa<\/em> attenuated the elevated count of white blood cells to normal levels in arthritic rats and restored the percentage of hemoglobin, RBC count, and elevated ESR in diseased animals.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

The present study revealed that repeated treatment of BREE attenuated the CFA induced symptoms of arthritis such as paw volume in bodyweight and hepatic markers in the experimental rodents. The symptomatic relief in the present study might be due to the presence of flavonoid or any other phytoconstituents present in the extract. Further study is required to confirm the anti-arthritic potential of the extract.<\/p>\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests and thankful to GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India for the facility provided for the work. \u00a0Bhupesh Chandra semwal developed the concept, designed experiment and prepared the manuscript. Neha singh performed the experiment and Shilpi pathak help in the experiment.<\/p>\n

Funding Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n

There is no funding source.<\/p>\n

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