{"id":420,"date":"2015-01-22T09:20:43","date_gmt":"2015-01-22T09:20:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=420"},"modified":"2017-01-04T11:52:26","modified_gmt":"2017-01-04T11:52:26","slug":"protective-role-of-whole-and-anthocyanin-free-aqueous-extracts-of-hibiscus-sabdariffa-l-on-cadmium-induced-prostate-testicular-and-nephro-toxicity-markers-in-male-wistar-rats","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol1no2\/protective-role-of-whole-and-anthocyanin-free-aqueous-extracts-of-hibiscus-sabdariffa-l-on-cadmium-induced-prostate-testicular-and-nephro-toxicity-markers-in-male-wistar-rats\/","title":{"rendered":"Protective Role of Whole and Anthocyanin-free Aqueous Extracts of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. on Cadmium-induced Prostate, Testicular and Nephro Toxicity Markers in Male Wistar Rats."},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Due to the high oil exploration and exploitation activities in the Niger- Delta region of the South-South, Nigeria, \u00a0the environment, which includes flora and fauna, plants, animals, air, water and soil are almost continuously being exposed to noxious substances of proven toxicological effect.<\/p>\n

Of special concern among these noxious environmental pollutants are the heavy metals like cadmium and lead (Gonzalez \u2013 Villalva, et al<\/em>., 2006). Cadmium has been reported to be a hazardous metal commonly found in industrial work places. It is particularly associated with exploration and exploitation activities like welding and mining. Cadmium is of special concern because of its low permissible exposure limit (PEL), that is, at very trace and insignificant quantities, there have been reports \u00a0of \u00a0toxicity which include : gonadotoxic and spermatotoxic \u00a0effects, cancer of prostate and testis, hypogonadism and infertility, gastroenteritis, hypertension(Lall, et al.,<\/em> 1997 ), hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity (Horiguchi, et al., <\/em>1996). Bone disorders have been observed in some cases of cadmium toxicity (Ryan, et al., 2000).<\/p>\n

In man, the toxic effect of cadmium are by mechanism connected to its ability to generate free radicals at a rate high enough to overwhelm the natural antioxidant defence systems of the body (Bagchi, et al.<\/em>, 1996; Adaikpoh, et al.<\/em>, 2007) and its ability to inactivate enzymes containing sulfydryl groups (Timbrell, 1991) and uncouple oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria (Telisma, et al.<\/em>, 2000).<\/p>\n

Although, the use of nose mask\u00a0 and respirators by oil and gas\u00a0 workers have been\u00a0 adopted as a way of\u00a0 mitigating the effects of \u00a0direct inhalation of dust particles contaminated \u00a0with heavy metals including cadmium (since one of its portal route to the body is via inhalation),successes achieved so far, have not been encouraging.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>This study investigates the use of nature\u2019s own cheap and easily available antioxidant -rich drink made from Hibiscus sabdariffa <\/em>as an in vivo<\/em> protective (prophylactic) substance, which could be used to augment the safety devices already adopted in industries to reduce exposure to heavy metal contamination.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

Animals<\/strong><\/p>\n

forty- eight (48) adult male albino rats ( wistar strain) with an initial weight of\u00a0 110\u00b128g (90-140g) were used for the study.<\/p>\n

The rats were bred in the School of Veterinary Medicine Department, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria. The rats were housed in steel cages under standard conditions in the Biochemistry Department of the University of Benin, Nigeria. They were maintained on growers\u2019 mash and water ad libitum <\/em>and left to acclimatize to the laboratory condition for five (5) weeks before the commencement of the study.<\/p>\n

Plants<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dried calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa, L. locally known as \u2018zobo\u2019 were sourced from Hausa Quarters, Warri, Nigeria.<\/em><\/p>\n

Preparation of whole aqueous Extract of H.sabdariffa, L<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dried calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa L.<\/em> (100g) were soaked in 600ml of cold deionized water for 4 hrs, filtered and a red pigment was obtained and the residue discarded. The filtrate was made up to 1000ml with deionized water. The solid residue of the filtrate was determined by drying 1ml of the filtrate at 200\u00b0C in a preweighed watch glass. The solid content was found to be 51.6mg\/ml. A 5% (v\/v) solution of the extract was then made.<\/em><\/p>\n

Preparation of anthocyanin free extract<\/strong><\/p>\n

The anthocyanin-free extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa<\/em> was prepared by passing the whole extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa<\/em> through a cation exchanger in a short chromatographic column.<\/p>\n

Experimental groups<\/strong><\/p>\n

The rats were given the whole extract and anthocyanin-free extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa<\/em> L<\/em>. prior to the induction of testicular toxicity by daily intraperitoneal injection of cadmium at a dose of 100mg\/kg body weight for 2 weeks.<\/p>\n

The rats were divided into 6 groups of 8 rats each. Group 1 (control) rats were given deionized water only (5ml\/kg body weight). Group 2 rats were given whole aqueous extract of the calyces (WE: 250mg\/kg body weight) by gavage. Group 3 rats were rats orally given (WE: 250mg\/kg body weight and cadmium, Cd: 3mgCd \/kg body weight) intraperitoneally.\u00a0 Group 4 rats were treated with Cd only (3mg\/kg body weight).Group 5 rats were given the anthocyanin-free whole Hibiscus sabdariffa L. <\/em>extract (AFE: 100mg\/kg body weight) by gavage and Group 6 rats were given (AFE: 100mg\/kg body weight and Cd: 3mg\/kg body weight) intraperitoneally.<\/p>\n

The extracts were given to the appropriate rats once a day for two weeks while the Cd was administered once a week for two weeks.<\/p>\n

At the end of the second week, the animals were anesthetized in a chloroform saturated chamber. The thoracic and abdominal regions were opened to expose the heart and other organs. Blood was collected by directed cardiac puncture and transferred into heparinized tubes and centrifuged immediately at 3000rpm for 10mins at about 29\u00b0C, to obtain plasma. The plasma was stored frozen until required for assays. The kidneys, testes and prostate were excised, weighed and stored frozen until required.<\/p>\n

Assays<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lipid peroxidation, as measured by malondialdehyde (MDA) content, was assayed by the TBA method of Beuge and Aust (1978).<\/p>\n

Superoxide dismutase (SOD:<\/strong> EC 1.15.1.1) activity was measured by the method of Misra and Fridovich (1972).<\/p>\n

Catalase (CAT<\/em>: EC 1.11.1.6) activity was estimated by the method of Sinha (1971) by measuring the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2<\/sub>O2<\/sub>).<\/p>\n

Acid phosphatase activity was determined in the prostate and plasma according to the method of Fishman, et al. (1953).<\/p>\n

Results<\/strong><\/p>\n

Results from the investigation are shown on Tables 1- 7. Table 1 shows changes in weight gain for the different experimental groups.<\/p>\n

Table 1: Effects of Whole and Anthocyanin-Free Extracts on Body Weight Gain of rats exposed to cadmium.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Group <\/strong><\/td>\nTreatment <\/strong><\/td>\nBody Weight Gain (g)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mean \u00b1 SEM (n=8)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\n\u00a0Control<\/td>\n17.50 \u00b1 1.20a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nWE<\/td>\n13.20 \u00b1 3.75b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nWE + Cd<\/td>\n8.30 \u00b1 2.16b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nCd<\/td>\n10.22 \u00b1 7.29b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\nAFE<\/td>\n15.00 \u00b1 2.59b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\nAFE + Cd<\/td>\n7.70 \u00b1 2.59b<\/sup><\/p>\n

 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Control: 5ml H2O\/kg body weight<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

WE: Hibiscus sabdariffa,L. whole aqueous extract (250mg extract\/kg body weight)<\/p>\n

WE + Cd: Hibiscus sabdariffa,L. whole aqueous extract (250mg extract\/kg body weight) +Cadmium(3mg\/kg body weight)<\/p>\n

Cd:\u00a0 Cadmium3mg\/kg body weight<\/p>\n

AFE: Anthocyanin free Hibiscus sabdariffa,L. whole aqueous extract (100mg extract\/kg body weight)<\/p>\n

AFE + Cd: Anthocyanin free Hibiscus sabdariffa,L. whole aqueous extract (100mg extract\/kg body weight) +Cadmium(3mg\/kg body weight)<\/p>\n

Values on the same row with different superscript from Cd only group differ significantly (P <0.05). values are expressed as mean \u00b1 SEM for n=8 per group.<\/p>\n

The body weight gain of rats given the whole extract plus Cadmium (WE +Cd), Cd only (Cd), and Anthocyanin free extract plus Cd (AfE + Cd) decreased significantly (P<0.05) relative to the control (deionized water) group.<\/p>\n

Table 2: Effect of Whole and Anthocyanin Free Extracts on Organ-Body Weight Ratio of rats exposed to cadmium.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Group.<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nTreatment<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nOrgan: body weight Ratio
\n(Mean \u00b1SEM)\u00d710\u20133 <\/sup>(n=8)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kidney<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nProstate<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nTestis<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/em><\/td>\nControl<\/em><\/td>\n9.50 \u00b1 0.39a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n6.40\u00b10.08a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n2.46\u00b10.06a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/em><\/td>\nWE<\/em><\/td>\n8.60\u00b10.42a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n5.50\u00b10.02a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n2.00 \u00b10.12a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/em><\/td>\nWE +Cd <\/em><\/td>\n8.40\u00b10.47a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n5.20\u00b10.06a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n1.91\u00b10.11b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/em><\/td>\nCd) <\/em><\/td>\n6.70 \u00b1 0.57b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n2.57 \u00b1 0.09b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n1.13 \u00b1 0.06b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/em><\/td>\nAfE<\/em><\/td>\n8.50\u00b1 0.26a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n4.40\u00b10.08b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n1.77\u00b10.09b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.<\/em><\/td>\nAfE +Cd<\/em><\/td>\n7.50 \u00b1 0.11b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n3.90 \u00b10.002b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n\u20131.50\u00b10.08b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Values on the same row with different superscript from Cd only group differ significantly (P <0.05).<\/p>\n

a= values are significantly different from Cd only group.<\/p>\n

b= values are not significantly different from Cd only group<\/p>\n

Control: 5ml H2O\/kg body weight<\/p>\n

WE: Hibiscus sabdariffa,L. whole aqueous extract (250mg extract\/kg body weight)<\/p>\n

WE + Cd: Hibiscus sabdariffa,L. whole aqueous extract (250mg extract\/kg body weight) +Cadmium(3mg\/kg body weight)<\/p>\n

Cd:\u00a0 Cadmium3mg\/kg body weight<\/p>\n

AFE: Anthocyanin free Hibiscus sabdariffa,L. whole aqueous extract (100mg extract\/kg body weight)<\/p>\n

AFE + Cd: Anthocyanin free Hibiscus sabdariffa,L. whole aqueous extract (100mg extract\/kg body weight) +Cadmium(3mg\/kg body weight).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Cadmium only (Cd) significantly (P<0.05) decreased the prostate: body weight ratio; testis: body weight ratio; and the kidney:body weight ratio of male rats in the respective test groups relative to the control but administration of the extracts, before cadmium exposure caused a significant (P<0.05) increase in kidney and prostate body weight ratio relative to the Cadmium only group.\u00a0 Though there was an increase in the testis body weight ratio, of rats given the two extracts prior to Cd administration, it was not statistically significant (P>0.05)<\/p>\n

Table 3:<\/strong> Changes in plasma acid phosphatase activity<\/strong> in rats receiving cadmium and H.Sabdariffa<\/em> extracts.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Group <\/strong><\/td>\nTreatment<\/strong><\/td>\nEnzyme Activity (U\/ml)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Total Acid Phosphatase<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0Plasma Prostatic \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Acid Phosphatase<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.<\/td>\n\u00a0Deionized H2<\/sub>O (5ml\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n36.50\u00b15.60a<\/sup><\/td>\n8.80\u00b11.20a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.<\/td>\nWhole extract (WE) (250mgWE\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n10.20\u00b11.30b<\/sup><\/td>\n4.70\u00b10.60b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.<\/td>\nWE +Cadmium (Cd) 250mg WE\/kg bd wt + 3 mg Cd\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n6.50\u00b10.80b<\/sup><\/td>\n3.00\u00b10.50b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.<\/td>\nCd (3mg Cd\/kg bd wt) <\/em><\/td>\n7.30\u00b10.50b<\/sup><\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3.30\u00b10.50b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.<\/td>\nAnthocyanin free Extract(AfE) (100mg AfE\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n17.50\u00b15.40b<\/sup><\/td>\n6.30\u00b13.00b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.<\/td>\nAfE +Cd (100mg AfE\/kg bd wt +3mg Cd\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n46.90\u00b13.10a<\/sup><\/td>\n17.4\u00b13.9a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Values on the same row with different superscript from Cd only group differ significantly (P < 0.05).<\/p>\n

a= values are significantly different from Cd only group.<\/p>\n

b= values are not significantly different from Cd only group<\/p>\n

values are expressed as Mean\u00b1 SEM for n=8 rats per group.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The influence of the extracts on plasma acid phosphatase of male rats exposed to cadmium is shown in (Table 3). A significant(P<0.05) decrease in the\u00a0 plasma prostatic acid phosphatase of\u00a0 male rats given Cadmium only (+Cd) was observed relative to the other test groups. Prior administration of the whole extract (AfE) before cadmium exposure significantly increased the prostate prostatic acid phosphatase activity relative to the Whole Hibiscus sabdariffa<\/em> group (WE) and Cadmium only group.<\/p>\n

The effects of the two different extracts on prostate acid phosphatase activity in rats exposed to cadmium are shown (Table 4).<\/p>\n

Table 4: Effects of Whole and Anthocyanin-Free Extracts on Prostate Acid Phosphatase Activity in rats exposed to cadmium.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Group <\/strong><\/td>\nTreatment<\/strong><\/td>\nEnzyme Activity (U\/ml)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Total Acid Phosphate<\/strong><\/td>\nProstate Prostatic Acid Phosphatase<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.<\/td>\n\u00a0Deionized H2<\/sub>O (5ml\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n3.68\u00b10.28b<\/sup><\/td>\n1.53\u00b10.06a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.<\/td>\nWhole extract (WE) (250mgWE\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n5.49\u00b10.54a<\/sup><\/td>\n2.32\u00b10.21a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.<\/td>\nWE +Cadmium (Cd) 250mg WE\/kg bd wt + 3 mg Cd\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n5.46\u00b10.45a<\/sup><\/td>\n1.31\u00b10.48b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.<\/td>\n+Cd (3mg Cd\/kg bd wt) <\/em><\/td>\n3.16\u00b10.36b<\/sup><\/td>\n0.60\u00b10.08b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.<\/td>\nAnthocyanin free Extract(AfE) (100mg AfE\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n6.54\u00b11.02a<\/sup><\/td>\n1.78\u00b10.08a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.<\/td>\nAfE +Cd (100mg AfE\/kg bd wt +3mg Cd\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n3.21\u00b10.69b<\/sup><\/td>\n0.93\u00b10.31b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Values on the same row with different superscript from Cd only group differ significantly (P <0.05). <\/em><\/p>\n

a= values are significantly different from Cd only group.<\/em><\/p>\n

b= values are not significantly different from Cd only group<\/em><\/p>\n

values are expressed as Mean\u00b1 SEM for n=8 rats per group.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The influence of the extracts on prostate acid phosphatase activity is presented in Table 4. A significant (P<0.05) increase is observed in the prostate prostatic acid phosphatase activity of rats given the whole Hibiscus sabdariffa<\/em> extract relative to the control (deionized water) group and the cadmium only group. Prior administration of the extract before toxicity by cadmium increased the prostate prostatic acid phosphatase activities of the group given whole Hibiscus sabdariffa<\/em> extract relative to the cadmium only group.\u00a0 There was also a significant increase in the prostate prostatic acid phosphatase activity in the groups administered with anthocyanin free extracts relative to the cadmium only group.<\/p>\n

The effects of the two different extracts on superoxide dismutase activity, catalase activity and malondialdahyde level in the kidney, prostate and testes of cadmium exposed rats are presented in Tables 5 -7, respectively.<\/p>\n

Table 5: \u00a0Effects of Whole and Anthocyanin-Free Extracts on Superoxide Dismutase Activity in rats exposed to cadmium.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Group <\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nTreatment<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nSOD Activity ( <\/strong>units\/g tissue)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Kidney<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nProstate<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nTestis<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/em><\/td>\n+ Deionized H2<\/sub>O<\/em><\/p>\n

(5ml\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n

2.01\u00b10.23a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n5.73\u00b10.75b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n1.45\u00b10.05a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/em><\/td>\nWhole extract (WE)<\/em><\/p>\n

(250mgWE\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n

2.10\u00b10.16a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n6.90\u00b10.87b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n1.73\u00b10.24a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/em><\/td>\nWE +Cadmium (Cd) 250mg WE\/kg bd wt + 3 mg Cd\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n4.38\u00b11.75b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n5.13\u00b10.45a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n2.53\u00b10.04a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/em><\/td>\n+Cd (3mg Cd\/kg bd wt) <\/em><\/td>\n5.67\u00b11.18b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n13.12\u00b11.93b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n5.28\u00b10.07b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/em><\/td>\nAnthocyanin free Extract(AfE) (100mg AfE\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n4.65\u00b10.89b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n2.60\u00b10.16a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n2.73\u00b10.72b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.<\/em><\/td>\nAfE +Cd<\/em><\/p>\n

(100mg AfE\/kg bd wt +3mg Cd\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n

7.50\u00b11.80b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n2.39\u00b10.09a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n4.75\u00b10.53b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Values on the same row with different superscript from Cd only group differ significantly (P <0.05). <\/em><\/p>\n

a= values are significantly different from Cd only group.<\/em><\/p>\n

b= values are not significantly different from Cd only group<\/em><\/p>\n

values are expressed as Mean\u00b1 SEM for n=8 rats per group.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The effects of the extracts on rat organ superoxide dismutase activity are presented in Table 5. A significant (P<0.05) increase in SOD activity was observed in the organs (kidney, prostate and testis) of the group administered cadmium only relative to the other groups. The groups given the Hibiscus sabdariffa <\/em>whole extract and the anthocyanin -free extract \u00a0showed significant increase in their superoxide dismutase activity relative to the control (deionized water) group.<\/p>\n

Table \u00a06: Effects of whole and anthocyanin-free extracts on TBARS levels in rats exposed to cadmium.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Group <\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nTreatment<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nMalondialdehyde levels (\u00b5mole MDA\/g tissue) (Mean \u00b1SEM)\u00d710\u20133 <\/sup>(n=8)<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kidney<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nProstate<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nTestis<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/em><\/td>\n+ Deionized H2<\/sub>O<\/em><\/p>\n

(5ml\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n

2.60\u00b10.06a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n1.73\u00b10.18a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n1.58\u00b10.09b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/em><\/td>\nWhole extract (WE)<\/em><\/p>\n

(250mgWE\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n

2.22\u00b10.14a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n1.43\u00b10.12a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n1.30\u00b10.05a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/em><\/td>\nWE +Cadmium (Cd) 250mg WE\/kg bd wt + 3 mg Cd\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n3.08\u00b10.12b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n3.95\u00b10.21b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n6.53\u00b10.17b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/em><\/td>\n+Cd (3mg Cd\/kg bd wt) <\/em><\/td>\n5.52\u00b10.11b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n8.40\u00b10.16b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n18.30\u00b10.71b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/em><\/td>\nAnthocyanin free Extract(AfE) (100mg AfE\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n2.19\u00b10.24a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n1.74\u00b10.14a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n1.37\u00b10.07a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.<\/em><\/td>\nAfE +Cd<\/em><\/p>\n

(100mg AfE\/kg bd wt +3mg Cd\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n

3.20\u00b10.25b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n4.98 \u00b1 0.18b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n6.51 \u00b1 0.18b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Values on the same row with different superscript from Cd only group differ significantly (P <0.05). <\/em><\/p>\n

a= values are significantly different from Cd only group.<\/em><\/p>\n

b= values are not significantly different from Cd only group<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

The influence of the extracts on tissue malondialdehyde levels is presented in Table 6.There was a significant( P< 0.05) decrease in the\u00a0 malondialdehyde levels of groups given the whole Hibiscus sabdariffa<\/em> only and the anthocyanin\u00a0 free\u00a0 whole Hibiscus sabdariffa<\/em> relative to the control. Prior administration of the extracts before cadmium poisoning significantly decrease the Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels relative to the cadmium only group.<\/p>\n

Table 7: Effects of whole and anthocyanin-free extracts on Catalase Activity in rats exposed to cadmium.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Group <\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nTreatment<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nCatalase Activity <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Kidney<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nProstate<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nTestis<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/em><\/td>\n\u00a0Deionized H2<\/sub>O<\/em><\/p>\n

(5ml\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n

15.59\u00b10.22a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n3.83\u00b10.07a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n31.12\u00b10.45a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/em><\/td>\nWhole extract (WE)<\/em><\/p>\n

(250mgWE\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n

17.86\u00b10.24a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n4.04\u00b10.06a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n35.64\u00b10.47a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/em><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

WE +Cadmium (Cd) 250mg WE\/kg bd wt + 3 mg Cd\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n

9.41\u00b10.09b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n2.62\u00b10.16b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n24.50\u00b10.73b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/em><\/td>\nCd (3mg Cd\/kg bd wt) <\/em><\/td>\n5.91\u00b10.18b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n1.84\u00b10.11b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n14.85\u00b10.34b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/em><\/td>\nAnthocyanin free Extract(AfE) (100mg AfE\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n10.30\u00b10.34b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n3.31\u00b10.1b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n27.27\u00b10.77b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.<\/em><\/td>\nAfE +Cd<\/em><\/p>\n

(100mg AfE\/kg bd wt +3mg Cd\/kg bd wt)<\/em><\/td>\n

7.19\u00b10.19b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n2.89\u00b10.06b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n18.00\u00b10.76b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Values on the same row with different superscript from Cd only group differ significantly (P <0.05). <\/em><\/p>\n

a= values are significantly(P<0.05) different from Cd only group.<\/em><\/p>\n

b= values are not significantly (P>0.5) different from Cd only group<\/em><\/p>\n

values are expressed as Mean\u00b1 SEM for n=8 rats per group.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The effects of the extracts on tissue catalase activity are presented in Table 7.The catalase activity of the group administered Hibiscus sabdariffa <\/em>whole extract was observed to increase significantly (P<0.05) relative to the control (deionized water) group, in the kidney, prostate and testis of the male rats.\u00a0 There was a slight increase in catalase activity of the groups given the extracts prior to cadmium exposure when compared with cadmium group.<\/p>\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Alteration in body weight gain (Table1) and organ: body weight ratio (Table 2) is usually used as \u00a0\u00a0indices of toxicity, (Timbrell, 1991). The significant decrease in body weight of rats given cadmium only, could be due to cadmium toxicity. These\u00a0 findings agree with previous reports (Asagba, et al., <\/em>2007; Horiguchi, et al.<\/em>, 1996) .There was no significant decrease in weight gain of rats given the whole extract only when compared with the control.\u00a0 The anthocyanin free extract did not alter the body weight gain of the rats significantly .Also prior administration of either the whole or anthocyanin free extract to the rats before exposure to Cd did not prevent the cadmium induced significant loss in body weight (Table 1),and this is in accordance with an earlier report (Asagba,et al<\/em>., 2007).<\/p>\n

Thus, the ability of the whole extract to ameliorate cadmium toxicity may not be due to the presence or absence of anthocyanin.<\/p>\n

Examination of Table 2, reveals that rats exposed to cadmium alone had significantly (P<0.05) reduced kidney, prostate and testes body weight ratios, when compared with corresponding organ-body weight ratios obtained from \u00a0the control rats. This effect was reversed when rats were exposed to whole aqueous extract (WE) prior to Cd intoxication, but the anthocyanin-free extract (AfE) did not prevent Cd-induced reduction in the organ-body weight ratios. It does appear therefore that anthocyanin is an essential component of the whole aqueous extract of H. Sabdariffa L<\/em> necessary for the impairment of this particular effect of Cd in the selected rat organs examined in this study.<\/p>\n

Cadmium impaired acid phosphatase activity.\u00a0 This is evident from its action on plasma total and plasma prostatic acid phosphatase activities (Table 3); This, however, is not in consonance with earlier report (Asagba, et al<\/em>., 2007), in which the workers found no difference in the activity of plasma prostatic acid phosphatase when the mean activity values of the Cd \u2013 exposed rats were compared with those of water treated controls.\u00a0 In this study, as in that of Asagba, et al,<\/em> (2007), WE of H. sabdariffa <\/em>L. petals did not alter the activity of prostatic acid phosphatase when administered to the rats prior to Cd intoxication, but unlike WE, AfE when given to rats before Cd-exposure caused statistically significant (P < 0.05) increased in both plasma total and plasma prostatic acid phosphatase activities, though to levels that were not significantly (P > 0.05) different from that of water-treated control.\u00a0 Evidently, the ability of Cd to inhibit those enzymes was prevented by the AfE.\u00a0 This implies that anthocyanin contributes markedly well to what mechanism Cd uses in the inhibition of the isoforms of plasma acid phosphatase.<\/p>\n

Prostate prostatic acid phosphatase activity was inhibited by Cd alone (Table 4).\u00a0 Prior exposure of separate rats to WE and AfE respectively prevented this action of Cd.<\/p>\n

Again, AfE had profound effect on the ability of CD to inhibit prostatic acid phosphatase.<\/p>\n

In the kidney, prostate and testes, Cd significantly increased (P < 0.05) SOD activity when compared with water treated control (Table 5).\u00a0 Unlike its effect on SOD activity such Cd significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the activity of catalase in the kidney, prostatic and testes of Cd-only treated rats (Table 6).\u00a0 In response to oxidative stress cells increase their production of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase and SOD (Gapta, et al<\/em>, 1991).\u00a0 However, it has been abundantly demonstrated that the early effects of Cd exposure is the inhibition of SOD (Bagahi ,et al<\/em>., 1996; Gupta, 1991; Jakar, et al<\/em>., 1995).<\/p>\n

In this study, Cd did not inhibit SOD activity, but rather it inhibited catalase activity.\u00a0 It is interesting though to observe that WE and AfE counteracted Cd-induced increase in SOD activity in the prostate and testes. These extracts (WE and AfE) also counteracted the Cd \u2013 induced reduction in kidney, prostate and testis catalase activity (Tables 5 and 6).\u00a0 This observation is in agreement with the fact that kidney, prostate and testes from Cd-only treated rats had elevated lipid peroxidation (Table 7), whereas in rats pre-treated with WE and AfE before Cd administration, there was reduced SOD activity, increased catalase activity and corresponding low MDA level, a lipoperoxidation index (Table 5, 6 and 7).\u00a0 These observations indicate that the extract from H. sabdariff<\/em> L. possesses bioactive agents that protected these organs from the effect of cadmium.<\/p>\n

The WE of H. Sabdariffa,<\/em> L.<\/em> contains anthocyanin, a flavonoids, vitamin C and E (Christie, 1984).\u00a0 These are established antioxidants.\u00a0 Flavonoids decrease Cd concentration in tissues (Kowalczy, et al<\/em>., 2003).\u00a0 It is therefore likely that this is one mechanism by which the whole extract counters the biochemical effect of Cd.<\/p>\n

Overall, this study indicates that the extracts from H. sabdariff<\/em> L<\/em>. calyces offered protection against cadmium\u2013induced toxicity in some organs and tissues of male rats.<\/p>\n

Thus, the intake of \u00a0whole extract popularly known as \u201cZobo\u201d could confer additional measure of protection to cadmium- induced toxicity especially among workers exposed to the risk of such toxicity. Nevertheless, the active ingredients should be isolated, purified and characterized for possible therapeutic applications.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Asagba, S.O. Eriyamremu, G. E. Adaikpoh, M.A. Ezeoma, A. (2004). Levels of lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase and Na+<\/sup>\/ K+<\/sup>-ATPase in some tissue of rats exposed to a Nigerian – like diet and cadmium, Biol. Trace Element Res. 100 (1), 75 – 86.<\/li>\n
  2. Adaikpoh,M.A. Orhue,N.E. and Igbe,I.(2007). The protective role of Scoparia dulcis<\/em> on tissue antioxidant defence system of rats exposed to cadmium. Afr J.Biotechnol<\/em> 6 (10):1192-1196.<\/li>\n
  3. Bagchi D., Bagchi,M., Hassoun,E.A. and Stobs, S.J. (1996). Cadmium induced excretion of urinary lipid metabolites, DNA damages, glutathione depletion and hepatic lipid peroxidation in Sprague dawley rats.Biol Trace Elements Res. 52 (2): 143- 154.<\/li>\n
  4. Beuge, J. A., Aust, S .D. (1978). Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol. 52, 302 \u2013 310.<\/li>\n
  5. Christie,B.R.(1984). The Handbook of Plant Science in Agriculture, CRC, Boca Raton, Florida.<\/li>\n
  6. Fishman, W.H., Lerner(1953). F. A method for estimating serum acid phosphatase of prostatic origin.\u00a0 J. Biol. Chem.. 200:89 – ? .<\/li>\n
  7. \u00a0Gonzalez \u2013Villalva, A., Fortoul, T.I., Avila \u2013 Costa, M.R. et\u00a0 at.(2006) Thrombocytosis induced in mice after subacute and subchronic v250 inhalation.Toxicol Ind Health<\/em> 22: (3): 113-116.<\/li>\n
  8. Gupta,S. Arhar,M. Behari,J.R. and Srivastava,R.C.(1991) Cadmium mediated induction of cellular defense mechanism: a novel example for the development of adaptive response against a toxicant. \u00a0Ind. Health 29, 1-9.<\/li>\n
  9. Horiguchi, H., Sato, M., Konno, N. and Fukushima, M. (1996): Long term cadmium exposure induces anaemia in rats through hypo induction of erythropoietin in the kidneys. Arch. Toxicol.71: 11-19.<\/li>\n
  10. Kowalczyk, E.,Kopff,A., and Fijalkowski,P.(2003). Effect of anthocyanins on selected biochemical parameters in rats exposed to cadmium, Acta Biochem. Polon. 50(2), 543-548.<\/li>\n
  11. Lall, S.B., Das,N., Rama,R., Peshin, S. S., Khatta, S., Gulati and Seth, S. D. (1997). Cadmium induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Indian\u00a0 J Exp Biol 35(2): 151- 154.<\/li>\n
  12. Misra, H.P., Fridovich,I. (1972). The role of superoxide anion in the \u00a0auto oxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. J. Biol. Chem..247 (10), 3170 – 3175..<\/li>\n
  13. Ryan, P.B., Huet,N., and D. L. (2000). Macintosh, Longitudinal investigation of \u00a0exposure to arsenic, cadmium and lead in drinking water. Environ. Health Perspect. 108, 731 \u2013 735.<\/li>\n
  14. Sinha, K.A. (1971). Colorimetric assay of catalase. Anal. Biochem. 47: 389-394.<\/li>\n
  15. \u00a0Telisma, S., Coi \u2013 kovic, P., Jurasovic,J., Pizent, A., Gavella, M., and\u00a0 Roac, B. (2000): Semen quality and reproduction endocrine functions in relations\u00a0 to biomarkers of lead, cadmium, zinc and copper in men. Environ . Health Perspect. 108, 45-53.<\/li>\n
  16. Timbrell, J.A (1991): Principles of Biochemical Toxicology, 2nd<\/sup> ed., Taylor & Francis, London.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Introduction Due to the high oil exploration and exploitation activities […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-420","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol1no2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/420","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=420"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/420\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10446,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/420\/revisions\/10446"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=420"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=420"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=420"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}