{"id":41652,"date":"2021-12-30T11:56:26","date_gmt":"2021-12-30T11:56:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=41652"},"modified":"2022-01-04T06:56:26","modified_gmt":"2022-01-04T06:56:26","slug":"polyphenolic-content-of-musa-acuminata-and-musa-paradisiaca-bracts-chemical-composition-antioxidant-and-antimicrobial-potentials","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol14no4\/polyphenolic-content-of-musa-acuminata-and-musa-paradisiaca-bracts-chemical-composition-antioxidant-and-antimicrobial-potentials\/","title":{"rendered":"Polyphenolic Content of Musa Acuminata and Musa Paradisiaca bracts: Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potentials"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

The herbal chemistry have been observed to exhibit application in the food industries, pharmaceutical, agricultural, cosmetic industries. In the account of all civilizations, the medicinal herbs use for curing disease have been documented1-4<\/sup>. Through the commencement of research in medicine, it has been established that plants are made up of active constituents, responsible for\u00a0the therapeutic action of the herbal plants2,4,5<\/sup>. Amongst higher plant species reported, over 80,000 species are described to possess some pharmaceutical values, while, about 5000 species have definite healing potentials4,6,7<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Known for their bioactive potentials are plant secondary metabolites used as agents and preservatives for decades1,8-11<\/sup>. The production of these metabolites takes place within the plants for several reasons, and some of these metabolites have been reported to play a very significant role in the plant\u2019s defense against various types of stress, which includes climatic stress,\u00a0microbial infestations4,10<\/sup>. Phytochemical deals with the chemical structure of these constituents, their biological function, turnover, metabolism, biosynthesis, and natural distribution. The natural products produced by the plant can either be useful or toxic to the body6,12-14<\/sup>. These include; alkaloids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoid, anthraquinone and glycosides,\u00a0obtained either from synthesized or metabolism products for defense tenacities2,4,15,16<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Previous studies carried out on parts of Musa<\/em> spp byproducts of various varieties showed great antibacterial potential10,17<\/sup>, antioxidants derived from the flowers18<\/sup> and fruit peels10<\/sup> alongside an antifungal10<\/sup>. Any edible part of the plants, be it fruit, flower, or stem, provides energy, vitamins, and minerals. Plantain and banana plants have a lot of medicinal applications.\u00a0The root extracts have been used as herbal remedies for the treatment of fever, restlessness due to heat (root internal), toothache due to wind (root internal), skin infection (sap internal), and diabetes (flower, fruit, root)17<\/sup>. Adepoju et al.19<\/sup> conveyed the chemical composition of diverse peels of banana and plantain at stages of maturation. Banana and plantain peels protein content\u00a0was 8\u201311%. Presence of phenylalanine, leucine, threonine, and valine were in substantial amounts.<\/p>\n

A region referred to as the primary center of diversification of the crop is Southeast Asia and bananas happens to originate from there19<\/sup>. Musa acuminata <\/em>is from Malaysia, while, Musa paradisiaca <\/em>originated from Indonesia. The world\u2019s largest range of genetic diversity in plantains are from the low land areas of West Africa. Conversely, banana and plantain (M.\u00a0acuminata and M. paradisiaca<\/em> spp) are perennial crops growing healthy in a wide variety of environments in many parts of Africa and serves as a source of energy for the populace in West and East Africa19<\/sup>. Banana and plantain bracts are thick purple that covers the cluster of a stalk of\u00a0<\/em>both banana and plantain fruit. The bracts begin to fall a day after opening (Figure 1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol14No4_Pol_Tho_fig1\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 1: Image showing banana bract and plantain bract<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Extensive work has been done on the improvement and sustainability of these crops especially in the areas of crop protection and breeding, elucidation of the vitamins, mineral elements, and nutritional components of the edible part of the plant. Little or no research work has been done on the usefulness of the banana and plantain bracts as a potential industrial raw\u00a0material. The drive of this study is to establish and estimate the usefulness of M. acuminata<\/em> and M. paradisiaca<\/em> bracts as a potential industrial raw material, the phytochemicals, in-vitro antioxidant, and antibacterial potential from Musa<\/em> spp extracts.<\/p>\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

Chemicals and solvents used for this study were of analar grade, and were obtained from British drug House Laboratory, England.<\/p>\n

The Banana bracts (Musa acuminata<\/em>) used for the project work were obtained from Aba Oyo, a village near FUTA while plantain bracts (Musa paradisiaca<\/em>) were collected from the University premises located in Akure, Ondo State. The Plantain and banana bracts were properly washed in cleaned water before air drying so as to eradicate sand, dust, and other impurities,\u00a0followed by drying at room temperature for weeks. The bract samples were later oven-dried at 40\u2103 to allow total dryness for grinding. The dried samples were then pulverized into powder using a blender, sieved, and stored in a dried container, and ready for further analysis.<\/p>\n

250 ml of methanol was added to 50 g of the pulverized sample in a conical flask, while extraction was carried out as described earlier4,12,16<\/sup>. The concoction was agitated and covered. It was allowed to stand for 36 h and sieved using sterile Whatman No 1 filter paper. A light yellow filtrate was obtained. The extracts were then concentrated using a rotatory evaporator to about 50 ml. The procedure was repeated with ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and distilled water. All the concentrated extracts were cooled and store in the refrigerator for additional analysis.<\/p>\n

Proximate analyses were carried out for the banana (Musa acuminata<\/em>) and plantain (Musa paradisiaca<\/em>) bract using standard qualitative tests as described by AOAC20<\/sup>. These tests include Moisture content, crude protein content, crude fat, carbohydrate content, crude fiber, and total ash.<\/p>\n

The powered bract samples were first extracted with ethanol-benzene mixture 1:2 and dried at 103\u2103 in the oven, cool in the desiccator, and weighed. After that, the determination of the lignin content was carried out.<\/p>\n

The acid-insoluble part of the lignin is designated Klason lignin was estimated as described in the literature with little modifications21,22<\/sup>. 1 gram of ethanol-benzene pre-extracted sample was positioned inside a 100 ml beaker. Fifteen ml of sulphuric acid (72%) was in little\u00a0increment gradually introduced while stirring, and with a glass rod deliquescing the sample. After sample dispersion, the beaker was concealed with a watch glass and retained in a bath at about 20\u2103 for 2 h while stirring to ensure a complete solution. At the end of 2 h, the remainder\u00a0was diluted to a total volume of 575 ml in a volumetric flask, followed by boiling for 4 hours at a perpetual volume (by the recurrent addition of hot water). The obtained mixture was left overnight to settle. A portion of the filtrate was taken aside for acid-soluble lignin determination.<\/p>\n

The lignin (Klason lignin) material was filtered, washed using hot water, and kept in the oven to dry to constant weight at 103\u2103. The acid-insoluble lignin was calculated based on the average of three determinations as to the percentage weight of the lignin to the oven-dry weight of the sample (Eq. 1).<\/p>\n

\"Vol14No4_Pol_Tho_eq1\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Where Y = weight of lignin (insoluble material)<\/p>\n

W = weight of the oven dried test sample<\/p>\n

The Kurschner-Hoffer cellulose method was followed23,24<\/sup>. One gram of air-dried sample was introduced into a round bottom flask (250 ml) fitted with a condenser, 1.5 ml of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3<\/sub>) was added. The resultant mixture was heated for precisely 20\u00a0min, and 95% cold ethanol (20 ml) was added carefully. The subsequent combination was allow to cool, and filtered over Whatman No. 1 filter paper. The residues were washed successively with hot diethyl ether and benzene solution, and followed by overnight drying to a constant\u00a0weight, and ashing in a muffle furnace for 5h at about 500\u2103. The weight loss upon ignition was observed as a measure of the cellulose content expressed in percentage. Results were calculated from the mean of three replicates.<\/p>\n

The method used for evaluating and documentation of bioactive chemical ingredients present in banana (Musa acuminata<\/em>) and plantain (Musa paradisiaca<\/em>) bract extracts was as described previously1,4,11,12,16,25,26<\/sup>. The chemical constituents investigated include: tannin, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycoside, phlobatannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroids<\/p>\n

Alkaloid content was determined following the Harborne method27<\/sup>. The test samples were taken into beakers (250 ml) and acetic acid (10%) in ethanol (200 ml) was added. Beakers were covered and allowed to stand for 4 h. This was sifted and filtrate concentrated to quarter of\u00a0 the initial capacity on a water bath. Conc. NH4<\/sub>OH was dropwisely added to the obtained extract till complete precipitation was achieved. The entire solution was kept to ensure complete separation was attained. The easily collected precipitate from the solution and was washed with dilute NH4<\/sub>OH and sieved. The obtained residue is the alkaloid, and weighed after total dryness. The percentage yield was calculated, and results expressed as mean of three replicates.<\/p>\n

Tannin content was estimated following the Van-Burden and Robinson method28<\/sup>. Banana (Musa acuminata<\/em>) and plantain (Musa paradisiaca<\/em>) bract samples (500 mg) were taken into a plastic bottle, 50 ml of distilled water was added. This was followed by power-driven shaking for 1 h, and sifted into volumetric flask (50 ml) made up. The filtrate (5 ml) was pipetted into\u00a0different test tubes and mixed each with 2 ml of 0.1 M FeCl3<\/sub> in 0.1 N HCl and K4<\/sub>Fe(CN)6<\/sub> (0.008 M). The dissolved tannin alongside the solutions absorption were measured at 120 nm within 10 min. Tannin content was expressed as a percentage. Results were calculated from the mean of three replicates.<\/p>\n

Saponins content was determined following the Obadoni and Ochuko method29<\/sup>. 20 g of each pulverized sample was introduced into a conical flask (250 ml) and 20% aqueous ethanol (100 cm3<\/sup>) added. The flasks were made to boil in a water bath for 4 h with continuous agitation at about 55\u2103. The mixture was sieved and the remainder re-extracted with additional 20%\u00a0ethanol (200 ml). The extracts were pooled together and concentrated to about 40 ml at about 90\u2103 over a hot water bath. The concentrate was conveyed into a separatory funnel (250 ml), 20 ml diethyl ether was added, and vigorous quivering was applied. Separated aqueous layer was recuperated while the ether layer was castoff. The process of purification was reoccurred, and n-butanol (60 ml) was added. The pooled n-butanol extracts were washed twice with 5% aqueous sodium chloride (10 ml). The residual solution was heated in a water bath to cause evaporation, remainder of the samples were dried in the oven into a constant weight, and saponins contents\u00a0calculated as a percentage of the mean of three replicates.<\/p>\n

Total phenols were estimated by spectrophotometric method following the Khan and co-workers method1<\/sup>. 2 g each of M. acuminata<\/em> and M. paradisiaca<\/em> samples were defatted via diethyl ether (100 ml) in a Soxhlet apparatus for two hours. The fat-free samples were cooked for 15 min with ether (50 ml) for proper extraction of phenolic constituent. Extract (5 ml) was\u00a0pipetted into a flask (50 ml) and distilled water (10 ml) was added. Then, 2 ml of NH4<\/sub>OH solution and concentrated amyl alcohol (5 ml) added to the separated solutions. The samples were topped to mark and allowed to interact for 30 min. The developed colour was measured at\u00a0an absorbance of 505 nm. The amount of total phenol present was expressed as a percentage and the results were calculated from the mean of three replicates.<\/p>\n

Flavonoid contents were determined following the Bohm and Kocipai-Abyazan method30<\/sup>. 10 g of each banana (Musa acuminata<\/em>) and plantain (Musa paradisiaca<\/em>) bract extracts were extracted with 80% methanol solution (100 ml) recurrently at room temperature. The total\u00a0solution was sieved via # 42 Whatman filter paper (125 mm). The collected filtrate was transferred later into a crucible, and evaporated into dryness, the weight of the residue material and percentage amount was estimated from the mean of three replicates.<\/p>\n

Stock solution for the various extracts was prepared by liquefying 2 g of the bract extracts in 20 ml of ethanol to make a concentration of 1 g\/ml. Six concentrations of 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00 mg\/ml were made ready from the stock solution to provide the working standards.\u00a0 Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid were utilized as the standard antioxidants.<\/p>\n

DPPH scavenging activity of the banana (Musa acuminata<\/em>) and plantain (Musa paradisiaca<\/em>) bract extracts was carried out in line with methods described previously2,4,16,25<\/sup>. About 1,l-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy (0.3 mM) was prepared in MeOH. For all the different\u00a0working concentrations, extract (2 ml) was mixed with DPPH solution (1 ml); the blank was obtained by using ethanol (1 ml) instead of DPPH, while for the control, ethanol was used in place of extract. Solutions were prepared in triplicates. The reaction mixtures were kept for 30\u00a0min in the dark and the absorbance read at 517 nm. The equation below (Eq. 2) was used to compute the percentage scavenging actions (%RSA) of each extract.<\/p>\n

\"Vol14No4_Pol_Tho_eq2\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Abs (sample)<\/sub> = absorbance of the sample, Abs (blank)<\/sub> = blank absorbance, and Abs (control)<\/sub> = control absorbance.<\/p>\n

The reducing power assay of the bract extracts was investigated following a described method with slight adjustments31,32<\/sup>. 1 ml of the bract extract samples was mixed with phosphate buffer (0.2 M, 2.5 ml) at pH 6.6 and 2.5 m1 (1%) (K3<\/sub>(Fe(CN}). The blend was hatched for 20\u00a0min at 50\u2103, then after 2.5 ml (10%), trichloroacetic acid was introduced. The entire mixture was then centrifuged (650 rpm at room temperature) for 10 mins. The clear supernatant (2.5 ml) was taken into a test tube and 2.5 ml H2<\/sub>O and (0.1%, 0.5 ml) FeCl were added. Solutions were\u00a0prepared in triplicates, and allowed to interact for 30 min; the absorbance was collected at 700 nm.<\/p>\n

The chelating outcome on ferrous ions of the prepared banana (Musa acuminata<\/em>) and plantain (Musa paradisiaca<\/em>) bract extracts was assessed by reported methods with slight modifications31,33,34<\/sup>. To 0.5 ml of extracts, of deionized water (1.6 ml), and FeCl (2 mM, 0.05 m1) were added. Subsequently in about 30 s, ferrozine (5 mM, 0.1 ml) was introduce. The\u00a0combination was agitated vigorously and allowed to interact for 10 min at room temperature. Solutions were prepared in triplicates. The absorbance of Fe2+<\/sup>\u2500Ferrozine complex was measured at 562 nm, and chelating power of the extracts for Fe2+ <\/sup>calculated as (Eq. 3):<\/p>\n

\"Vol14No4_Pol_Tho_eq3\"<\/a><\/p>\n

An = absorbance of the blank (in the absence of extract) and At = absorbance in the presence of extract.<\/p>\n

Antimicrobial activities of the banana (Musa acuminata<\/em>) and plantain (Musa paradisiaca<\/em>) bract extracts were measured according to previous reports3,<\/sup>15,16<\/sup>. The microorganisms of choice used for this investigation are B. cereus<\/em>, P. syringae<\/em>, E. coli<\/em>,\u00a0Xanthomonas axonopodis<\/em>: PV. vignicola<\/em>, PV. manihotis<\/em>, C. albicans<\/em>, B. subtilis<\/em>, and streptomycin sulphate was utilized as standard. The isolates were collected from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan and Department of Microbiology, Federal\u00a0University of Technology, Akure. The isolates were separately culture over each nutrient agar plate. Sterile cork bores of 8 mm diameter were used to make well on the solidified agar into which 0.5 ml diluted extracts (0.5 mg\/ml) were aseptically introduced. The plates were incubated\u00a0for 24 h at 37\u2103. Zone of inhibition around the wells was measured by the use of a Vernier caliper. Results were quoted as the radii (mm) of the zone of inhibition around the well (subtracting the radius of the negative control well). A negative control plate was also set up\u00a0using distilled water, standard antibiotics (streptomycin at 0.01 mg\/ml) served as the positive control.<\/p>\n

Data obtained from the analysis of the Musa<\/em> spp. bract samples were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS 17 software package, and expressed as mean \u00b1 SD for triplicate experiments. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for the analysis and means\u00a0comparison was done using Duncan test to determine the significant differences at 5% probability level of significance (p<\/em> < .05).<\/p>\n

Results and Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

The results of the proximate analysis of M. acuminata<\/em> and M. paradisiaca<\/em> bracts presenting the main ash content, moisture content, crude fat, crude protein, crude fiber, and available carbohydrate are itemized in Table 1. Moisture content varies from (8.45\u00b10.43%) for\u00a0M. acuminata<\/em> bracts which is higher compared to (7.83\u00b10.68%) in M. paradisiaca<\/em> bracts. This is within the described range (0.83 to 90.30%) for green leafy vegetables in Nigeria14<\/sup>. The outcomes of the ash content showed that the M. acuminata<\/em> bracts have a higher value (16.60%)\u00a0than the M. paradisiaca<\/em> bracts. A measure of the mineral content of the food samples is referred to as ash content19,<\/sup>35<\/sup>. The results of the crude fiber content showed that the bracts of M. acuminata<\/em> revealed a higher value of (21.20\u00b10.70%) compared to M. paradisiaca<\/em> bracts of\u00a0(16.50\u00b10.72%). This is an indication that the fiber (celluloses) composition of these bracts are high and could stimulate digestion and avert constipation whenever it is consumed14<\/sup>. The proximate analysis of the Musa<\/em> spp. varied significantly (P<\/em><0.005) among the different bracts and this variations could be ascribed to factors such as soil factors, geographical location,\u00a0mineral composition, and general environmental conditions.
\nTable 1: Proximate composition of M. acuminata<\/em> and M. paradisiaca<\/em> bracts
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Analysis<\/strong><\/td>\nMusa acuminate <\/em>(%)<\/strong><\/td>\nMusa paradisiaca <\/em>(%)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Moisture content<\/td>\n8.45\u00b10.43b<\/sup><\/td>\n7.83\u00b10.68a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ash content<\/td>\n16.6\u00b10.56b<\/sup><\/td>\n15.10\u00b10.70a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Crude fibre<\/td>\n21.2\u00b10.70b<\/sup><\/td>\n16.5\u00b10.72a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Crude Protein<\/td>\n1.53\u00b10.32a<\/sup><\/td>\n1.57\u00b10.67a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fat content<\/td>\n2.01\u00b10.57a<\/sup><\/td>\n2.25\u00b10.14b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Carbohydrate<\/td>\n52.6\u00b10.04a<\/sup><\/td>\n56.8\u00b10.04b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Data articulated as mean \u00b1 standard deviation of triplicate determination (n = 3, X \u00b1 SD). Data with different superscript alphabet along the same row are significantly different (p<\/em><0.05). Data with superscript alphabet \u201ca\u201d are significantly lower than data with superscript alphabet \u201cb\u201d at p<\/em>< 0.05.<\/p>\n

Satisfactory consumption of dietary fiber can reduce the serum cholesterol level, hypertension, colon, constipation, diabetes, risk of coronary heart disease, and breast cancer14,19<\/sup>. The results of the crude protein content revealed that it was higher in M. paradisiaca<\/em> bracts (1.57\u00b10.67%) than that of M. acuminata<\/em> bracts (1.53\u00b10.32%). It has been conveyed that protein\u00a0(calorie malnutrition deficiencies) is a foremost factor accountable for nutritional pathology. The results of the fat content showed no significant difference in values obtained for M. paradisiaca <\/em>and M. acuminata<\/em> bracts (2.25\u00b10.14 and 2.01\u00b10.57%). This is an indication that the bracts of M. <\/em>paradisiaca<\/em> and M. acuminata<\/em> had low-fat content. Low-fat foods have been reported to reduce levels of cholesterol and also enhance product storage life by reducing the probabilities of rancidity development35-37<\/sup>. The values available for carbohydrate showed that the M. paradisiaca<\/em> bracts have a higher value (56.8\u00b10.04%) than M. acuminata<\/em> bract (52.6\u00b10.04%). The value obtained for carbohydrates is high because most plants store glucose as starch which is a source of energy. The occurrence of these significant nutrients like carbohydrate, low crude fat (2.01\u00b10.57 \u2500 2.25\u00b10.14%) means M. acuminata <\/em>and M. paradisiaca <\/em>bracts attested to the fact\u00a0that they can be utilized as a nutritionally treasured ingredient to advance poultry health and development performance14,<\/sup>19<\/sup>. The ash content and crude fiber content of the samples was reasonably higher than those reported by previous researchers for M. paradisiaca<\/em> bracts19,<\/sup>36<\/sup>.\u00a0Statistical analysis of data showed that these variations amongst the bract samples were significant at P<\/em><0.05.<\/p>\n

The percentage of cellulose and lignin content of Musa acuminata<\/em> and Musa paradisiaca<\/em> bracts as shown in Table 2 revealed that there is no significant difference in the value obtained for the result. Cellulose and lignin have a high value (34.61\u00b11.06 \u2500 35.68\u00b10.31 %) and\u00a0(9.13\u00b10.31 \u2500 11.68\u00b10.75%) respectively, indicating that M. acuminata<\/em> and M. paradisiaca<\/em> bracts are rich in dietary fiber. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin constitute the principal constituent of dietary fiber which is closely associated with the digestibility of a feed; lignin is\u00a0indigestible even by ruminal microorganism24<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Table 2:\u00a0Cellulose and lignin content of banana and plantain bracts<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Samples<\/strong><\/td>\nCellulosic\u00a0\u00a0 Content (%)<\/strong><\/td>\nLignin Content (%)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Musa Acuminate<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n34.61 + 1.06a<\/sup><\/td>\n9.13 + 0.31a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Musa Paradisiaca<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n35.68 + 0.31b<\/sup><\/td>\n11.68 + 0.75b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Data articulated as mean \u00b1 standard deviation of triplicate determination (n = 3, X \u00b1 SD). Data with different superscript alphabet along the same column are significantly different (p<\/em><0.05). Data with superscript alphabet \u201ca\u201d are significantly lower than data with superscript alphabet \u201cb\u201d at p<\/em><0.05.<\/p>\n

In contrast, fibers in cell walls are water-insoluble, and include cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose. This types of fibers escalate fecal bulk and rapidly enhance the passage of food via the digestive tract. One of the profits of a high-fiber diet include but no limited to hemorrhoid, prevention and treatment of constipation, and diverticulosis. In support, certain\u00a0types of fiber such as crude fiber possess a range of health benefits, this includes decreased risk of type 2 diabetes, reduce inflammation, decrease blood cholesterol levels, improved digestive health, and immune system boost37,38<\/sup>. The result of the analysis of variation of cellulose and\u00a0lignin content for banana and plantain bracts showed no significant difference for cellulose composition.<\/p>\n

Table 3:\u00a0Qualitative phytochemical contents of M. acuminata<\/em> and M. paradisiaca<\/em> bracts.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Phytochemicals<\/strong><\/td>\nMusa acuminata<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nMusa paradisiaca<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nextract<\/strong><\/td>\nextract<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Alkaloids<\/strong><\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Saponins<\/strong><\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tannins<\/strong><\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Flavonoids<\/strong><\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Steroids<\/strong><\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Terpenes<\/strong><\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Phlobatannin<\/strong><\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cardiac Glycosides<\/strong><\/td>\n+<\/td>\n\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

+ = present; – = absent<\/p>\n

Table 3 showed the phytochemical screening of different chemical constituents of M. acuminata and M. paradisiaca<\/em> bracts. Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals is very significant in herbal medicine and pharmacological studies1,4,8,1<\/sup>1,37<\/sup>. This method of phytochemical screening\u00a0with the bract extracts presented different colour or precipitation look, thus demonstrating the existence of various secondary compound like alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannin, and saponins 2,12,25,39<\/sup>. Alkaloids, saponins, tannin, flavonoids, phlobatannins and phenol were present\u00a0in both M. acuminata and M. paradisiaca<\/em> bracts but steroids and terpenoids were found absent. Flavonoids are acknowledged to retain biochemical and pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antidiuretic, antispasmodic, anti-tumor, anti-allergic, antimicrobial, and\u00a0antiviral4,16,<\/sup>37<\/sup>. The presence of phenolic compounds in extracts could be accountable for the antioxidant activity of plant extracts3,<\/sup>4,11<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Phytochemicals such as saponins and tannins have allelopathic, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory potentials1,4,16<\/sup>. Saponins are reported to exhibit an inhibitory activity on inflammation, and tannins do complex to proline-rich protein, thus interfering with the synthesis\u00a0of protein2,<\/sup>25<\/sup>. According to Sodipo et al.40<\/sup>, saponins possess the capability to lower the cholesterol level, and can also act as an immune modulation agent, regulation of cell proliferation, and anticarcinogenic agent37<\/sup>. The current study concerning the qualitative analysis of the bract extracts agrees with the aforementioned findings from different researchers.<\/p>\n

The quantitative assessment of the % crude yields of chemical components of the studied plants indicated that the extracts of the bracts were rich in flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins, and displayed in Table 4. Alkaloids were observed in higher quantity in M.\u00a0paradisiaca (3.74\u00b10.01%) than in M. acuminata <\/em>(3.30\u00b10.15%). Tannin and Saponins contents were found to have a higher concentration in M. acuminata <\/em>(29.01\u00b10.06%) and (26.03\u00b10.23%) than in M. paradisiaca <\/em>(24.21\u00b10.10%) and (25.08\u00b10.30%), these concentrations are higher than\u00a0the alkaloids and flavonoids concentrations. Alkaloids and flavonoids values in these bract samples were observed to have low concentration as compared to those of tannin and saponins constituents. The higher quantity of flavonoid was detected in M. acuminata <\/em>(8.35\u00b10.14%) than\u00a0<\/em>(6.33\u00b10.22%) in M. paradisiaca.<\/em> The quantitative assessment of the bracts differed significantly (P<\/em><0.05).<\/p>\n

Table 4:\u00a0Quantitative phytochemical contents of M. acuminata<\/em> and M. paradisiaca <\/em>bracts<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Phytochemicals<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Musa acuminate\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>(%)<\/strong><\/td>\n\n

Musa paradisiaca\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>(%)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Alkaloids<\/strong><\/td>\n3.30 +0.15a<\/sup><\/td>\n3.74 +0.01b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Phenols<\/strong><\/td>\n0.56\u00b10.03b<\/sup><\/td>\n0.34\u00b10.04a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tannin<\/strong><\/td>\n29.01\u00b10.06b<\/sup><\/td>\n24.21\u00b10.10a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Flavonoids<\/strong><\/td>\n8.35+0.14b<\/sup><\/td>\n6.33 +0.22a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Saponins<\/strong><\/td>\n26.02+0.23b<\/sup><\/td>\n25.08+0.30a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Data articulated as mean \u00b1 standard deviation of triplicate determination (n = 3, X \u00b1 SD). Data with different superscript alphabet along the same row are significantly different (p<\/em><0.05). Data with superscript alphabet \u201ca\u201d are significantly lower than data with superscript alphabet \u201cb\u201d at p<\/em>< 0.05.<\/p>\n

The percentage yields of phenols obtained for both bracts were low (0.56\u00b10.03 and 0.34\u00b10.04%) for M. acuminata<\/em> and M. paradisiaca<\/em> respectively. One of the prevalent and most pervasive groups of plant metabolites are the phenolic compounds1,8,9,11<\/sup>. Motsumi et al.4<\/sup> and\u00a0Ntshanka et al.16<\/sup> considered the total phenolic content in certain plant types and confirmed that antioxidant activity is closely associated with phenolic composition referred to as polar secondary metabolites. In the present work, it was detected that the samples exhibited high\u00a0antioxidant activity concerning phenolic content.<\/p>\n

Consequently, it can be recommended that the flavonoids and phenolic constituents significantly contributed to the antiradical activities of the M. acuminata<\/em> and M. paradisiaca<\/em> bracts. The results obtained agrees with the aforementioned findings of other researchers having\u00a0Consequently, it can be recommended that the flavonoids and phenolic constituents significantly contributed to the antiradical activities of the M. acuminata<\/em> and M. paradisiaca<\/em> bracts. The results obtained agrees with the aforementioned findings of other researchers having reported a positive relationship between phenolic constituents and antioxidant potential4,6,<\/sup>12,13,16<\/sup>.\u00a0These compounds possess biochemical properties such as anti-inflammation, anticarcinogenic, anti-atherosclerosis, antiapoptosis, cardiovascular defense, antiaging, endothelial function enhancement, alongside angiogenesis inhibition4,8,9,16,<\/sup>37<\/sup>. Hydroxylated phenolic materials\u00a0produced by plants in answer to microbial contamination are referred to as flavonoids, hence, they institute effective antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities1,8,16,39<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

The plant extracts also disclosed the existence of tannin and saponins known to cause an inhibitory effects on inflammation. Tannins can bind to proline-rich protein and obstruct the protein preparation29,<\/sup>37<\/sup>. Mtunzi et al.2<\/sup> have reported the antibacterial activities of tannins and saponins obtained from Rhus leptodictya<\/em> leaves extracts. They reported the correlation between\u00a0the tannins and saponins contents, and antimicrobial activity. In the present study, higher saponins content for Musa acuminate<\/em> correlated to the higher antimicrobial activity. Saponins possess the precipitating property and red blood cells coagulation. Characteristics of saponins\u00a0include foams in aqueous solutions formation, bitterness, hemolytic activity, anti-carcinogenic properties, immune modulation activities, and cholesterol-lowering activities1,37,39,40<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Alkaloids are connected with therapeutic uses for decades and potentials for disease resistance and stress, much of the biological properties include analgesic, antispasmodic, antibacterial, cytotoxicity, antiradical, antifungal, anti-inflammatory properties1,27,39<\/sup>. Khan and\u00a0co-workers1<\/sup> in 2011 reported that tannins and alkaloids were not present in T. officinale<\/em> methanolic extract, however, higher amounts of saponins were observed. Nevertheless, saponins were absent in U. dioca<\/em> extract but higher quantities of tannins were present. The results\u00a0achieved in this research advocate the identified phytochemical constituents, thus, demonstrating to be an increasingly appreciated reservoir of bioactive materials of substantial medicinal merit. Furthermore, the studied samples possess phytochemicals in appreciable amounts indicating they are of health benefits to humans following their antibacterial and anti-oxidative properties,\u00a0hence, they could be advanced as bactericidal agent acting as a therapeutic agents against microbial infections and anti-stress agents.<\/p>\n

The capability of the samples to scavenge DPPH free radicals was evaluated following the standard method with little modifications2,4,6,<\/sup>12,16,25<\/sup>. DPPH is an unchanging free radical and receives electron or hydrogen radical to develop into a stable diamagnetic molecule. The degree\u00a0of discoloration of DPPH radical was contributed by the capability of the samples acting as a hydrogen contributor2,4,25<\/sup>. The methanol M. acuminata<\/em> extract was able to scavenge more than 47%, methanol M. paradisiaca<\/em> extract 43%, while aqueous extract scavenged 35% for M.\u00a0acuminata <\/em>and 32% for M. paradisiaca <\/em>of the DPPH radicals at a level of 2.0 mg\/ml. Methanolic extract of the bracts exhibited potent DPPH radical scavenging activity even at the lowest stock solution. Table 5 showed that the methanolic extracts of M. acuminata <\/em>had a higher DPPH scavenging activity (IC50<\/sub> = 2.14\u00b14.17 mg\/ml) than M. paradisiaca<\/em> (IC50<\/sub> = 2.52\u00b13.24 mg\/ml),\u00a0attributable to the polar nature of methanol, and has been used for the extraction of polar bioactive constituents2,10,12,<\/sup>18<\/sup>; while aqueous extracts of M. acuminata <\/em>exhibited DPPH scavenging activities (IC50<\/sub> = 3.33\u00b11.81 mg\/ml) and M. paradisiaca<\/em> (IC50<\/sub> = 3.71\u00b11.18 mg\/ml).<\/p>\n

However, the prospective demonstrated by the bract extracts in the current study was low as equated to the standard representatives: ascorbic acid (IC50<\/sub> = 0.75\u00b10.01 mg\/ml). The antioxidant action of the DPPH assay is connected with the amount of the phenolic constituents present in the bract fractions4,25,31<\/sup>. Roobha et al.18<\/sup> conveyed that the bract of M. acuminata\u00a0displayed a notable quantity of cynanidrin rutinoside, a significant antioxidant. The bract extracts are potent DPPH radical scavengers suggesting that they could act as chain-breaking agents. The DPPH scavenging activities (IC50<\/sub>) for the bract samples are low as compared activity of methanolic extract of M. paradisiaca <\/em>cv. Mysore Inflorescences reported by Padam et al.10<\/sup>. Methanol,\u00a0<\/em>chloroform, ethanol and acetone extracts of Combretum Molle <\/em>and Acacia Mearnsii<\/em> exhibited DPPH scavenging activities (IC50<\/sub>, mg\/ml) displayed lower activities as compared to the M. acuminata<\/em> and M. paradisiaca<\/em> bract samples16<\/sup>. The antioxidant capabilities of the bract samples differed significantly (P<\/em><0.05).<\/p>\n

Iron chelation power test was evaluated to judge the chelating ability of the bract extracts, and demonstrated that the methanolic extracts of M. acuminata <\/em>and M. paradisiaca<\/em> possessed notable Fe2+ <\/sup>chelation power (IC50<\/sub>) at 2.0 mg\/ml (Table 5). A prevalent remedy for the controlling of Fe(II)-connected oxidative anxiety in the brain is the iron chelation procedure. The\u00a0iron-chelating capability of bracts is an indication of the neuroprotective power of the M. acuminata <\/em>and M. paradisiaca<\/em> plant samples as iron possess a property to catalyze oxidative variations in lipids and other cellular constituents (mechanisms) and is equally intricate in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s ailment31,33,34<\/sup>. The methanolic extracts of the bracts moderately\u00a0chelated Fe2+<\/sup>at 2.0 mg\/ml stock solution. M. acuminata<\/em> had the highest chelating potential of 47% when compared with M. paradisiaca <\/em>45%. The M. acuminata<\/em> methanol extract (2.03\u00b11.48 mg\/ml), and aqueous extracts (2.58\u00b11.25 mg\/ml) showed a higher chelating potential than methanolic extracts of M. paradisiaca<\/em> (2.14\u00b11.46 mg\/ml), and aqueous extracts of M.\u00a0paradisiaca (2.74\u00b11.19 mg\/ml).\u00a0<\/em>In addition, the ability of an agent to chelate or deactivate transition metals that are inherently associated with the crucial stages of free radical-induced macromolecular damage has been regarded as the antioxidant mechanism. In this regard, M. acuminata and M. paradisiaca showed marked metal chelating ability but lower activities as\u00a0equated to the standard mediators: ascorbic acid (IC50<\/sub> = 0.75\u00b10.03 mg\/ml). Metal chelating ability alongside the free-radical quenching potentials of M. acuminata<\/em> and M. paradisiaca<\/em> extracts could be accredited to the occurrence of phytochemical contents such as flavonoids,\u00a0tannins, polyphenols, and phenones31<\/sup>. Iron-chelating capability of Vitellaria paradoxa<\/em>, Ocimum gratissimum<\/em> and Milletia aboensis<\/em> as reported by Nwalo et al.41<\/sup> was comparable to the free-radical quenching potentials of M. acuminata<\/em> and M. paradisiaca<\/em> extracts.<\/p>\n

Table 5:\u00a0Antioxidant activity of M. acuminata and M. paradisiaca<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Names of plant<\/strong><\/td>\nSolvent for<\/strong><\/p>\n

Extraction<\/strong><\/td>\n

IC50<\/sub> (mg\/ml)<\/u><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
DPPH<\/strong><\/td>\nFRAP<\/strong><\/td>\nIron chelating<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Musa acuminata<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nAqueous<\/td>\n3.33\u00b11.81c<\/sup><\/td>\n25.15\u00b10.16c<\/sup><\/td>\n2.58\u00b11.25c<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Methanol<\/td>\n2.14\u00b14.17b<\/sup><\/td>\n15.36\u00b10.25b<\/sup><\/td>\n2.03\u00b11.48 b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Musa paradisiaca<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nAqueous<\/td>\n3.71\u00b11.18c<\/sup><\/td>\n26.87\u00b10.15c<\/sup><\/td>\n2.74\u00b11.19c<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Methanol<\/td>\n2.52\u00b13.24b<\/sup><\/td>\n23.09\u00b10.17b<\/sup><\/td>\n2.14\u00b11.46b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Ascorbic acid<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

–<\/td>\n0.75\u00b10.01a<\/sup><\/td>\n–<\/td>\n0.75\u00b10.03a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Data articulated as mean \u00b1 standard deviation of triplicate determination (n = 3, X \u00b1 SD). Data with different superscript alphabet along the same column are significantly different (p<\/em><0.05). Data with superscript alphabet \u201ca\u201d are significantly lower than data with superscript alphabet \u201cb\u201d while data with superscript \u201cb\u201d are lower than data with superscript alphabet \u201cc\u201d at p<\/em><0.05. IC50<\/sub> – Inhibitory concentration, QE = Quercetin equivalent; DPPH = 2,2\u2011Diphenyl\u20111\u2011picrylhydrazyl; FRAP = Ferric reducing antioxidant power.<\/p>\n

The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of M. acuminata<\/em> and M. paradisiaca<\/em> as presented in Table 1 revealed that the bract extracts are rich in free electron and readily supplies such electron to Fe3+<\/sup>, thereby reducing ferric tripyridyl triazine (Fe3+<\/sup>\u2500TPTZ) compound to ferrous form (Fe2+<\/sup>\u2500TPTZ) owning an strong dark blue colour which could be checked through\u00a0the variation in absorption at 700 nm31,32,34<\/sup>. FRAP values of bracts methanol and aqueous extracts showed modest decrease of Fe3+<\/sup> to Fe2+<\/sup> with methanolic extract having the highest FRAP value of 15.36\u00b10.25 mgml-1<\/sup> Fe2+<\/sup>g-1<\/sup> extract for M. acuminata<\/em> and 23.09\u00b10.17 mgml-1<\/sup>\u00a0Fe2+<\/sup>g-1<\/sup> extract for M. paradisiaca<\/em> at concentrations: 0.25 \u2500 2.00 mg\/ml solution. Aqueous extracts of the bracts were lower 25.15\u00b10.16 and 26.87\u00b10.15 mgml-1<\/sup> Fe2+<\/sup>g-1<\/sup> for M. acuminata<\/em> and M. paradisiaca<\/em> respectively. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) test was utilized to appraise the antioxidant capability of the bract extracts built on its capability to decrease the\u00a0ferric ion (Fe3+<\/sup>) to ferrous ion (Fe2+<\/sup>), as compared to a known standard Fe2+<\/sup> concentration utilized in the assay investigation. Based on this fact, the greater the decrease of Fe3+<\/sup> ion by a reducing mediator (plant extracts), the enhanced the antiradical ability of that certain extract, and\u00a0this is often associated with the flavonoids, polyphenols, and phenones present10,31<\/sup>. Thus, the bracts of M. acuminata<\/em> and M. paradisiaca<\/em> exhibited moderate reductive power for the conversion of Fe3+<\/sup> to Fe2+ <\/sup>which may be considered as the antioxidant mechanism. The\u00a0phytochemical compounds present in the samples may have contributed to this antioxidant capacity10,32<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

The antimicrobial potentials of the M. acuminata<\/em> and M. paradisiaca<\/em> methanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate extracts were investigated against pathogen strains. Table 5 showed that the antimicrobial activity of M. acuminata<\/em> and M. paradisiaca<\/em> bracts were critically affected\u00a0by polarity of the solvent. Extracts originating from organic solvents with greater polarity like methanol and ethyl acetate presented a substantial inhibitory action against B. cereus, P syringe, C. albicans, B. subtilis, PV. vignicola, PV. Manihoti and E. coli.<\/em> The methanolic extract of M. <\/em>acuminata<\/em> bracts indicated good inhibitory activity against B. cereus<\/em> (7 mm), P. syringe<\/em> (10 mm), E. coli<\/em> (5 mm), PV. manihoti<\/em> (6.5 mm), C. albicans<\/em> (6 mm) and B. subtilis<\/em> (7 mm) than M. paradisiaca<\/em> bracts with B. cereus<\/em> (6 mm), P. syringe<\/em> (4 mm), C. albicans<\/em> (5.5 mm) and B. <\/em>subtilis<\/em> (2 mm).\u00a0 However, no inhibitory activity was observed against PV. vignicola<\/em> for the M.<\/em> acuminata<\/em> and M<\/em>. paradisiaca<\/em> bracts, E. coli<\/em> and PV.<\/em> manihoti<\/em> for M. paradisiaca<\/em> bracts. Earlier reports have established that plant extracts possessing notable antioxidant activity also\u00a0demonstrate antimicrobial activity following the phenol and flavonoids constituent in the various extracts4,6,<\/sup>12,13,16,26<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

The order of increased inhibitory activity against the strains for the methanolic extract of M. acuminata<\/em> bract were P. syringe > B. cereus = B. subtilis > PV. manihoti > C. albicans > E. coli.<\/em> Again, the Ethyl acetate extracts of M. acuminata<\/em> bracts showed better antimicrobial activity\u00a0against B. cereus<\/em> (7 mm) P. syringe<\/em> (6 mm), E. coli<\/em> (4.5 mm), PV. (vignicola and manihoti)<\/em> (3 mm), C albicans<\/em> (5 mm), and B subtilis<\/em> (2.5 mm) than M. paradisiaca<\/em> bracts which only showed activity against E. coli<\/em> (2 mm), no inhibitory activities were observed for B. cereus,\u00a0P. syringe, PV. vignicola, PV. manihoti, C. albicans, and B. subtilis. The order of increase in inhibitory activity for ethyl acetate extracts in M. acuminata <\/em>bract extract was B. cereus > P. syringe > C. albicans > E. coli > PV. manihoti = PV vignicola > B. subtilis.<\/em> The low activities\u00a0<\/em>of M. paradisiaca<\/em> bract extract against the surveyed strains could be attributed to the bacterial high resistance and thickness of the cell wall owing to the extra peripheral membrane in their cell wall acting as resistance to the antimicrobial agent2,4,13,16<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

However, n-hexane extracts of both M. acuminata<\/em> and M. paradisiaca<\/em> bracts show no inhibition against any of the studied strains in this study. This result showed that non-polar solvent might not be an excellent solvent for the extraction of bioactive metabolites, owing to the fact that most of the beleaguered metabolites from herbal plants are found at the polar end of the\u00a0spectrum. The analysis of the two plants experimented against standard streptomycin sulphate showed that M. acuminata<\/em> and M. paradisiaca<\/em> bracts activities were lower as compared to the standard agents, but the antimicrobial potency of M. acuminata<\/em> extracts gave better activities than M. paradisiaca<\/em> extracts. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts amplified as the polarity\u00a0of the extracting solvent improved. M. acuminata<\/em> and M. paradisiaca<\/em> bracts obtained from polar organic solvents such as methanol and ethyl acetate showed distinct antibacterial activities on selected bacteria.<\/p>\n

Table 6:\u00a0Antimicrobial capacity of M. acuminata <\/em>and M. paradisiaca <\/em>by agar diffusion method.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Extracts<\/strong><\/td>\nSolvent of<\/strong><\/p>\n

Extraction<\/strong><\/td>\n

B<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nP<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nE<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nPV<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nPV<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nC<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nB<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
cereus<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nsyringea<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nColi<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nvignicola<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nmanihotis<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nalbicans<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nsubtilis<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Zone of Inhibition (mm)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
M. acuminata<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nethyl\u00a0acetate<\/td>\n7b<\/sup><\/td>\n6a<\/sup><\/td>\n4.5b<\/sup><\/td>\n3a<\/sup><\/td>\n3a<\/sup><\/td>\n5a<\/sup><\/td>\n2.5b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
M. paradisiaca<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nethyl\u00a0acetate<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n2a<\/sup><\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
M. acuminata<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nmethanol<\/td>\n7b<\/sup><\/td>\n10b<\/sup><\/td>\n5b<\/sup><\/td>\n–<\/td>\n6.5b<\/sup><\/td>\n6b<\/sup><\/td>\n7b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
M. paradisiaca<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nmethanol<\/td>\n6a<\/sup><\/td>\n4a<\/sup><\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n5.5a<\/sup><\/td>\n2a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
M. acuminata<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nn-hexane<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
M. paradisiaca<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nn-hexane<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
*Streptomycin<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0 Sulphate\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/td>\n14c<\/sup><\/td>\n14c<\/sup><\/td>\n16c<\/sup><\/td>\n13.5b<\/sup><\/td>\n15c<\/sup><\/td>\n11c<\/sup><\/td>\n15c<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

* = Standard drug; – = resistant. Data with different superscript alphabet along the same column are significantly different (p<\/em><0.05). Data with superscript alphabet \u201ca\u201d are significantly lower than data with superscript alphabet \u201cb\u201d while data with superscript \u201cb\u201d are lower than data with superscript alphabet \u201cc\u201d at p<\/em><0.05.<\/p>\n

Methanol possess distinctive physical possessions than other organic solvents, since the molecule consists of a negatively charged hydroxyl ion group attached to a very short hydrocarbon, thus, supporting its better range of extracting capability centered on high polarity, high\u00a0 diffusion constant, and low viscosity4,8,10<\/sup>. Padam et al.10<\/sup> reported that methanolic extract of the Musa paradisiacal<\/em> cv. Mysore (buds) presented intensely discrete antibacterial potentials with noticeable inhibition ranging from 12.02 to 13.23 mm against gram-positive and gram-negative\u00a0bacteria, while extracts from the bract had no inhibitory action against gram-negative bacteria (Vibrio parahaemolyticus<\/em> (VP)). Similarly, methanol has been used for the extraction of polar bioactive constituents such as flavonoids, anthocyanins, phlobatannins, tannins, phenones,\u00a0saponins, polyphenols, and xanthoxyllines exhibiting diverse pharmacological and biochemical activities2,3,8,10,<\/sup>12,13,16<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Management and usage of herbal plants has received a considerable amount of attention in recent years. Musa acuminata<\/em> and Musa balbsiana<\/em> are common fruits consumed in Nigeria, this two are popular because of their nutritive, energy-giving and medicinal values. The result of this\u00a0study showed that M. acuminata<\/em> and M. balbsiana<\/em> bracts, one of the agricultural byproducts contain appreciable amounts of nutrient (carbohydrate, fat protein, crude fiber, ash, moisture, and minerals), and this are nutritional necessities for poultries, and exhibits antioxidant and\u00a0antimicrobial potentials. It was shown that the bracts are rich in fiber; consequently, their ingestion can aid lowering of cholesterol levels in the body. Possibly, the bracts from these plants could be useful as a feed supplements in poultry to advance health and development\u00a0performance. Since the results of the phytochemical composition have shown that the extract of the bracts contained alkaloids, tannin, saponins, phlobatannins, flavonoid, cardiac glycoside, and phenol. Hence, the plant samples possess potential in the area of pharmacology as a prospective\u00a0basis of useful medicines. The result of the antioxidant revealed that the scavenging action of methanolic extract owing to phenolic in the bracts could serve as a protective agent against oxidative stress and provides a healthy life. The results of the antimicrobial of the bracts studies\u00a0also revealed that the plant might be established as bactericidal drugs useful as a therapeutic agent against bacteriological contaminations. The study, thus, has delivered some biochemical source for ethnopharmacological uses of these plants part in the treatment and prevention of\u00a0various diseases and disorders.<\/p>\n

Acknowledgment<\/strong><\/p>\n

The authors wish to express their gratitude to the Directorate of Research, University of South Africa, Florida campus, South Africa for the support received.<\/p>\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n

The authors announce that they have no conflict of interest.<\/p>\n

Funding Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n

Funding source (Grant Number): Grant No: 120790<\/p>\n

Reference<\/strong><\/p>\n

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