{"id":39929,"date":"2021-09-30T11:58:56","date_gmt":"2021-09-30T11:58:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=39929"},"modified":"2021-10-11T07:02:30","modified_gmt":"2021-10-11T07:02:30","slug":"pcos-modulatory-activity-of-tinospora-cordifolia-leaves-an-insilico-approach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol14no3\/pcos-modulatory-activity-of-tinospora-cordifolia-leaves-an-insilico-approach\/","title":{"rendered":"PCOS Modulatory Activity of Tinospora Cordifolia leaves \u2013 An Insilico Approach"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ovaries of human are functionally active organs which produce steroids, release eggs, and consume energy cyclically in women of reproductive age1<\/sup>. The gonadotropin-driven event is also characterized by sudden enhancement of ovarian glucose uptake during ovulation\u00a02<\/sup>. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is characterized byanovulation and ovarian hyperandrogenemia. This occurs not only due the overproduction of insulin but also resistance to the action of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake in classic target tissues, such as muscle and fat 3<\/sup>. Hoarding\u00a0evidence suggests that in polycystic ovaries, the androgen-stimulating effect of insulin in thecal cells occurs through the classic insulin receptor 4<\/sup>, whereas insulin-mediated glucose uptake in granulosa-lutein cells is substantially impaired compared with that in cells obtained from\u00a0persons with normal ovulation 5<\/sup>. It can be clearly seen that the metabolic and steroidogenic actions of insulin differ from one another in the polycystic ovary. Insulin has various numerous actions in target tissues, such as stimulation of glucose uptake, steroidogenesis, gene\u00a0transcription, DNA synthesis, and lipogenesis. The action of insulin is initiated when it binds to its cell surface receptor. The insulin receptor belongs to a family of protein tyrosine kinase receptors that include insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), epidermal growth factor, fibroblast\u00a0growth factor, and cytokine receptors 6<\/sup>. Signal transduction is initiated by the activated insulin-receptor which phosphorylates tyrosine residues in intracellular substrates.Among these substrates Insulin-receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and IRS-2 were recently characterized 7,8<\/sup>.\u00a0Different Insulin-receptor substrates appear to specify diverse signal cascades and subsequent insulin actions, which makesitreasonable to hypothesize that the altered expression of IRSs serves as the basis of the altered signalling pathways and also responsible for insulin action imbalance and abnormal ovarian functionality in PCOS.<\/p>\n

Diverse of phytochemicals accumulated in plants accounts for their constitutive activities. The worldwide trend of using botanical drugs and strategies for developing global drugs has been discussed by Kyungseop Ahn9<\/sup>. The drug discovery and development need not always be limited\u00a0to new molecular entities. It can also be designed rationally by carefully standardizing botanical drug products with robust scientific evidence.Synergistic formulations of traditional herbs can also be the alternatives as suggested by Patwardhan and\u00a0 Mashelkar10<\/sup>. This study performed the\u00a0molecular docking for the phytochemicals of the medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia<\/em> to identify the phyto constituent that fits well with IRS 1 and IRS 2 as potent inhibitor.<\/p>\n

Materials and methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ligand and Receptor preparation was carried out for Patch Docking.<\/p>\n

Receptor protein preparation.<\/strong><\/p>\n

In the present study the target protein molecule is the Insulin Receptor Substrate (IRS1 and IRS2).The protein structure were retrieved separately in the PDB format from the Protein Data Bank (http:\/\/www.rcsb.org\/)(PDB ID: P35668, PDB ID: Q9Y4H2) The 3D structures of the receptors IRS1 and IRS2 were obtained from SWISS-MODEL which was evaluated by the RAMPAGE online server (Lovell et al.)11<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Ligand preparation<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)studies conducted by Singh et al., 12<\/sup>and Sinha et al., 13\u00a0<\/sup>in Tinospora cordifolia\u00a0<\/em>leaves \u00a0revealed the presence of alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoid, phenolics compounds \u00a0From them the\u00a0phytochemicals belonging to alkaloid and terpenoidcategory such as Berberine, Palmatine, Magnoflorine, Tembeterine, Ecdysterone, Makisterone A, Tinocordiside, Rumphioside 1, Syringin, and Octacosanolwere selected for the docking analysis with the IRS1 and IRS2 receptor using patch dock type of molecular docking. The two-dimensional structures of the\u00a0above mentioned phyto components from the Tinospora cordifolia\u00a0<\/em>were obtained from PUB chem site and their 3D structures were drawn using Corina 3D converter.<\/p>\n

Docking Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n

In the field of drug discovery in recent years computer aided drug design minimises the complexity and time. The receptor interaction with the ligand was obtained as docking score using the patch dock server.The docking score of ligand and receptor interaction were\u00a0calculated based on their binding energies in kJ mol-1<\/sup>.The ligands which show the low binding energy with that of the receptor were selected as the best ligands. The antagonistic nature of the ligand towards the particular receptor was studied in terms of the intermolecular interactions\u00a0with the active site amino acid residues present in the receptor through the visualization by LIGPLOT analysis.<\/p>\n

Results and Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

The selective insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism in PCOS pathology triggers the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade in the cells of the ovary\u00a0 in response to insulin where as the metabolic actions of insulin will be impaired 14<\/sup>.The insulin action in the\u00a0theca cells of ovary is initiated through\u00a0 its binding to the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) IRS1and IRS2.This leads to the tyrosine kinase phosphorylation and production of the secondary messenger\u00a0 phosphatidyl inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) from phosphatidyl\u00a0\u00a0inositol-4,5-diphosphate (PIP2) which in turn activates\u00a0 the \u00a0mitogenic pathway favouring the uncontrolled folliculogenesis as observed in PCOS ovary. Arresting the mitogenic pathway through the binding of insulin to IRS receptor will be a therapeutic intervention in correcting\u00a0 PCOS condition. So to select a best antagonistic ligand for the receptor IRS1 and IRS 2 from the phyto molecules of Tinospora cordifolia In<\/em>silico<\/em> molecular docking analysis was performed using \u201cPatch dock\u201d serverIn the present investigation based on the docking score and glide\u00a0energy (Table 1) out of the 10 ligands, 3 ligands namely Rumphioside 1, Syringin and Berberine were selected as they showed lowest binding energy.<\/p>\n

Table 1: Molecular docking of IRS1 and IRS2 for phytochemicals of Tinospora cordifolia.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
S.NO<\/strong><\/td>\nCOMPOUND NAME<\/strong><\/td>\nBinding energy expressed in <\/strong>(kJ mol-1<\/sup>)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
IRS 1<\/strong><\/td>\nIRS 2<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\nBerberine<\/td>\n– 0.17<\/td>\n-0.29<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nPalmatine<\/td>\n-0.22<\/td>\n-1.35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nMagnoflorine<\/td>\n-0.70<\/td>\n-0.67<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nTembeterine<\/td>\n-0.33<\/td>\n-0.57<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\nEcdysterone<\/td>\n-0.29<\/td>\n-0.71<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\nMakisterone A<\/td>\n-1.09<\/td>\n-1.56<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\nTinocordiside<\/td>\n-0.39<\/td>\n-0.95<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\nRumphiosideI<\/td>\n-0.09<\/td>\n-0.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\nSyringin<\/td>\n-0.11<\/td>\n-0.14<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\nOctacosanol<\/td>\n-0.59<\/td>\n-0.93<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

These three ligands namely Berberine,Rumphioside I and Syringin are further investigated for their antagonistic potential in terms of inhibiting the IRS1 and IRS 2 receptor through their binding to specific amino acid residues present in the active site. The intermolecular interaction between the IRS1\u00a0\u00a0 and IRS2 receptor and the phyto ligands were explained in the Table 2 and Figures 1 and Figure 2.<\/p>\n

Table 2: Intraction of IRS 1 and IRS 2 receptor with the phyto chemicals of Tinospora cordifolia.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
S.No<\/strong><\/td>\nCompound<\/strong><\/td>\nInsulin Receptor Substrate 1 (IRS1) receptor amino acid binding site<\/strong><\/td>\nInsulin Receptor Substrate 2 (IRS2) receptor amino acid binding site<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
H bonding sites<\/strong><\/td>\nHydrophobic contact sites<\/strong><\/td>\nH bonding sites<\/strong><\/td>\nHydrophobic contact sites<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\nRumphiosideI<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n88<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n90<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
–<\/td>\nArg 62 (A), Ser 63 (A),\u00a0\u00a0 Ile 64 (A), Pro 65 (A),\u00a0 Thr 88 (A), Arg 89 (A), Asp 90 (A), Glu 91 (A), Asn 198 (A)<\/td>\nArg 261 (A)<\/td>\nMet 243 (A), Asn 244 (A), Ile 245 (A), Arg 246 (A), Gly 260 (A), Arg 261 (A)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nSyringin<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n63<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n39<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lys 21 (A),\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ser 24 (A),\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 His 26 (A),\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tyr 46 (A)<\/td>\nLys 21 (A), Lys 23(A),\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ser 24 (A), His 26 (A), Arg 28 (A), Tyr 46 (A), Arg 62 (A), Phe 93<\/td>\nArg 195 (A)<\/td>\nArg 195 (A), Glu 289 (A), Lys 292 (A), Glu 296 (A), Leu 297<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nBerberine<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n90<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n74<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tyr 46 (A)<\/p>\n

 <\/td>\n

Lys 21 (A), Ser 24 (A), His 26 (A), Arg 28 (A), Tyr 46 (A), Ala 59 (A), Pro 60 (A),Lys 61(A)<\/td>\n–<\/td>\nLys 292 (A), Lys 295 (A), Glu 296 (A)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol14No3_Mod_Sri_fig1\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 1: Amino acid interactions of IRS 1 receptor with specific Ligands.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure\u00a0<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Vol14No3_Mod_Sri_fig2\"<\/a><\/td>\nFigure 2: Amino acid interactions of IRS 2 receptor with specific<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In the present investigation based on the docking score Syringin, also showed the inhibitory activity of IRS1 and IRS 2 receptors in terms of the amino acid interaction. Syringin is aeleutheroside derivative belongs phenyl propanoid glycoside group of secondary metabolite\u00a0 which is reported by Mahadeva Rao et. al., 23<\/sup>to possesses several pharmacological properties including anti-diabetic, antiproliferative, anti-nociceptive and anti-allergic effect. The anti-diabetic activity reported by him may be due to either decrease in insulin resistance or increase\u00a0in glucose uptake by cells. These two possibilities are further confirmed by Bobae Kim et. al., 24<\/sup>who studied the insulin resistance lowering activity of Syringin.Niu\u00a0 et.al., 25<\/sup>with his research stated the ability of syringin to enhance glucose utilization and lower plasma glucose level in\u00a0rats suffering from insulin deficiency. Added to these findings Ko Yu Liu et. al., 26<\/sup>also proved that syringin can augment the insulin release which result in plasma glucose lowering action. The same mechanism can be expected in the ovarian theca cells in the ovaries to reduce the\u00a0androgen production in response to insulin so that the complications of PCOS can be minimized.Based on the docking studies RumphiosideI, Syringin and Berberine showed better inhibitory actions against IRS 1 and IRS 2. Berberine is anisoquinoline plant alkaloid which has multiple pharmacological activities including hyperglycaemic, dyslipedemic, anti-microbial, anti- tumoral and immune modulating activities 15<\/sup>.X.Wu16<\/sup> and L.Zhao, et. al.,17<\/sup>in their In vitro<\/em> studies have shown that berberine can increase glucose uptake and thereby reduce insulin resistance which accounts for its hyperglycemic activity. The insulin resistance lowering\u00a0activity of berberine can be considered as a key property for the potential treatment of PCOS, since hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance plays a prime role in the pathology of PCOS.A significant number of clinical studies 18,19<\/sup> has called on for attention of berberine in the role for treating PCOS.\u00a0The peptide hormone insulin binds to its receptor and executes its multiple functions by amplifying the different signal cascade reactions. Since insulin activates the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway specific to ovarian theca cells as stated bySaltiel20<\/sup> in PCOS, hyperinsulinemia could be\u00a0responsible for the altered signalling pathways leading to abnormal ovarian functionality. Burghenet. al.,21<\/sup> also suggested the involvement of insulin in the ovarian function and confirmed that\u00a0\u00a0 hyperinsulinemia is associated with hyperandrogenaemia in PCOS women. Poretskyet. al.,22\u00a0<\/sup>in\u00a0his studies using cultured polycystic ovary theca cells indicated that insulin increased production of androstenedione and progesterone. Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are the key components in the pathophysiology of PCOS. So, a potential drug is expected either to sensitize the insulin\u00a0thereby reducing the hyperinsulinemia or directly act as an antagonistic ligand for the IRS1 and IRS 2 receptorsand prevent their binding of insulin to control the signalling cascade in the ovarian theca cells. In the present investigation we have shown through the inhibition of amino acid interactions\u00a0berberine can be considered as an antagonistic ligand for the IRS1 and IRS 2 receptors to halt the down streaming reactions of insulin by binding through these receptors.<\/p>\n

Among the three ligands selected for docking with IRS1 and IRS 2 receptors RumphiosideI also showed a best antagonistic potential in inhibiting these receptors. According to Martin et.al.,27<\/sup>RumphiosideI is a new furanoidditerpenoid predominantly present in the Tinospora\u00a0<\/em>species. WaqasAhmad28<\/sup> in his studies using T. crispa<\/em>have shown that diterpenoid glycosides are potential anti diabetic agents. Being a new compound the invivo<\/em> or invitro<\/em> hyperglycaemic activity has to be studied to confirm the mechanism of action of this ligand.<\/p>\n

Conclusion <\/strong><\/p>\n

In our present investigation considerable inhibition of IRS1 and IRS 2 receptors by the antagonistic ligand RumphiosideI, Syringin and Berberine was observed through the\u00a0Insilico\u00a0<\/em>studies. It can be concluded that these compounds can be used for the treatment of PCOS condition after proper preclinical and clinical evaluation.<\/p>\n

Acknowledgement\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

I thank Dr M.G.R Educational and Research Institute for \u00a0helpingme to \u00a0do this project.<\/p>\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n

All the authors enlisted in the manuscript have no conflict of interest.<\/p>\n

Funding source<\/strong><\/p>\n

There is no funding source for this project.<\/p>\n

Reference<\/strong><\/p>\n

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