{"id":35694,"date":"2020-12-30T10:50:06","date_gmt":"2020-12-30T10:50:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=35694"},"modified":"2021-03-04T10:25:33","modified_gmt":"2021-03-04T10:25:33","slug":"gas-chromatography-mass-spectroscopy-gc-ms-analysis-and-phytochemical-screening-for-bioactive-compounds-in-caulerpapeltatagreenalga","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol13no4\/gas-chromatography-mass-spectroscopy-gc-ms-analysis-and-phytochemical-screening-for-bioactive-compounds-in-caulerpapeltatagreenalga\/","title":{"rendered":"Gas Chromatography \u2013 Mass Spectroscopy [ Gc-Ms ] Analysis and Phytochemical Screening for Bioactive Compounds in Caulerpapeltata(Greenalga)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Plant -derived compounds are\u00a0 fascinating\u00a0 the\u00a0 world due\u00a0 to\u00a0 their\u00a0 multifaceted therapeutic\u00a0 use\u00a0 in\u00a0 modern medicine. Medicinal plantsare\u00a0 abundant\u00a0 bio-resource of drugs\u00a0 for\u00a0 traditional system of\u00a0 medicine,nutraceuticals ,food supplements, folk medicines,pharmaceutical in termediates and chemical entities for developing\u00a0 synthetic drugs1<\/sup>.<\/sub><\/p>\n

Sea weed sor marine macroalgaea replants and ecologically, commercially valua bleliving marine resources that belong to the primitive groups of non-flowering plants without trueroot, stemand leaves i n the division Thallophyta of Plant kingdom.Marine\u00a0 macro\u00a0 algae\u00a0 are\u00a0 classified into\u00a0 four groups\u00a0 based\u00a0 on\u00a0 pigments,\u00a0 stored\u00a0 food\u00a0 materials,\u00a0 morphological\u00a0 and\u00a0 anatomical\u00a0 characters\u00a0 into\u00a0Chlorophyta (Green seaweeds), Phaeophyta (Brown seaweeds), Rhodophyta (Redseaweeds) and Cyanophyta (Bluegreenalgae)2<\/sup>. Seaweeds obtained\u00a0 from coastal\u00a0 region\u00a0 are\u00a0 the\u00a0 potential marine\u00a0 resource\u00a0 for\u00a0 many\u00a0 biochemical compounds.Pharmaceutical\u00a0 importance\u00a0 of\u00a0 seaweeds\u00a0 globally\u00a0 has\u00a0 led\u00a0 to\u00a0 ample\u00a0 research to extract\u00a0 out\u00a0 bio active\u00a0 compounds from algae. Marine habitat is an abundant\u00a0 resource of functional materials\u00a0 such\u00a0 as\u00a0 poly unsaturated fatty acids, poly saccha rides,essential minerals and vitamins, antioxidants, enzymes and bio active peptides3<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

The nutritional value of a food depends on its chemical composition such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, sugars and also the minerals present in them. Sea weeds are the rich source of bio active compounds like carotenoids, dietary fiber, protein,essential fatty acids, vitamins and mineral4\u00a0<\/sup>and they contain biologically active substances such\u00a0 as lipids, proteins, poly sacch a rides and poly phenol5<\/sup>.\u00a0 \u00a0The bio chemical composition of sea weeds differs, which are affected by in flow of land sources, geographic areas as on of they ear and temperature of water6\u00a0<\/sup><\/p>\n

Recently, the\u00a0 importance of sea weeds as a source of novel bio active sub stances is growing rapidly and researchers have revealed that their\u00a0 compound sex hibit various biological activities due to the secondary meta bolites7<\/sup>. The\u00a0 bio active\u00a0 compound sex tracted\u00a0 from different\u00a0 Marine\u00a0 algae\u00a0 have antioxidant ,antiviral ,anti fungal and anti microbial activities8<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Caulerpapeltata\u00a0<\/em>is marine green algae with small fleshy\u2018 umbrellas\u2019\u00a0 \u00a0is sometimes seen on our southern shores growing on coral rubble, near reefs. The species shave several benefits for which it is consumed as food\u00a0 and\u00a0 also\u00a0 as\u00a0medicine for its anti fungal properties & its potential to reduce blood pressure.Although,there are no\u00a0 comprehensive studies regarding the active components in this seaweed. Hence,\u00a0 the current research work has focused on the phyto chemical profiling of\u00a0Caulerpapeltata\u00a0<\/em>and the active biochemical compounds were further identified using gas chromato graphic mass spectrometry analysis.<\/p>\n

Materials and Methods <\/strong><\/p>\n

Collection\u00a0 of Seaweed <\/strong><\/p>\n

Caulerpapeltata\u00a0<\/em>was collected from the vedalaicoastal area of Rameshwaram, TamilNadu, India and Marine\u00a0 Biologist\u00a0 helped in identifying the sample. The herbarium of the\u00a0Caulerpapeltata\u00a0<\/em>was prepared and stored.<\/p>\n

Preparation of seaweed Material<\/strong><\/p>\n

After collection of the seaweed it was washed many times to remove epiphytes, sand particles, other species parts, etc. The collected sample was soaked in distilled water twice. After thorough washing, seaweed sample was shade dried, till it becomes moisture free.<\/p>\n

Preparation of extracts\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

A dried sample of seaweed was ground into coarse powder in a mechanical grinder. The sample was subjected to maceration at 24- 25\u00b0C in95%\u00a0 methanol for about 72 hours. The methanolic extract was derived after the process of distillation, evaporation, and drying it under reduced pressure9<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n

GC-MS analysis performed by using a Shimadzu QPQP-2010 Plus with Thermal Desorption System TD20.<\/p>\n

Derivatization of plant extracts for GC-MS: In the ratio of 1:4, water and ethyl\u00a0 acetate was added to the separating funnel containing concentrated sample. Small amount of concentrated sample was taken in a separating funnel and shaken by adding in 1:4 ratio. The upper layer was collected and concentrated to 1.5 mlin therotary evaporator, which is taken in funnel to add 100\u00b5l N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl) tri fluoro acetamide and trimethyl chlorosilane(BSTFA+TMCS) & 20\u00b5l of Pyridine and heat it at 60\u00b0Cf or half an hour. To this sample Aceto\u00a0nitrile was added & filtered in to aconical flask to which 50\u00b5l BSTFA+TMCS was added and heated again at 60\u00b0C\u00a0 in a water bath for 30 minutes. The CPME was filtered usin g0. 45\u00b5 membrane filter to avial\u00a010<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Identi fication of phyto constituents<\/strong><\/p>\n

The inter pretation of Mass-Spectrum\u00a0 of\u00a0 GC-MS of the unknown compound was compared with the known components using database stored in National Institute Standard and Technology (NIST).<\/p>\n

Qualitative analysis of phyto chemical substance <\/strong>The sample was subjected to phyto chemical analysis for detection of alkaloids, carbohydrates,\u00a0 glycosides,\u00a0 saponins,\u00a0 phytosterols,\u00a0 phenols,\u00a0 tannins,\u00a0 flavonoids,\u00a0 diterpenes,\u00a0 proteins\u00a0 &\u00a0 amino\u00a0 acid using the standard qualitative procedures 11 -13<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Results and Discussion:<\/strong><\/p>\n

The extract wastested for various phyto chemicals & constituents like alkaloids, saponins, phytosterols, diterpenes & carbohydrates were recorded in\u00a0C.peltata<\/em>\u00a0 are shown in the Table No.1.<\/p>\n

Table 1: Phyto chemicals presenting C.peltata <\/em>methanolic extract<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Phytochemicals<\/strong><\/td>\nChemicalanalysis&results<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Alkaloids<\/td>\nWagner\u2019stest++, Hager\u2019stest++<\/p>\n

Dragendroff\u2019stest++<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Saponins<\/td>\nFrothtest++, Foamtest++<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Phytosterols<\/td>\nLiebermannBurchard\u2019stest++<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Diterpenes<\/td>\nCopperacetatetest++<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Carbohydrates<\/td>\nMolisch\u2019stest++, Benedict\u2019stest++<\/p>\n

Fehling\u2019stest++<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Alkaloids in seaweeds have anti microbial, anti diarrheal & anthelminticaction3<\/sup>. In present study\u00a0Caulerpapeltata\u00a0<\/em>methanolic extract contains alkaloids, which suggests that it can be used as medicinal drug.<\/p>\n

Saponinsare integral component of Chinese medicine because it has discrete properties responsible for most of the biological actions.\u00a0 Hence,\u00a0 seaweeds use dinhyper cholesterolemia, hyperglycemia,\u00a0 to reduce weight & as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory\u00a0agents14<\/sup>. Our study confirms presence of Saponins in methanol extract of\u00a0C.peltata,\u00a0<\/em>suggesting that its benefit in suppressing infections& inflammation caused due to bacteria\u00a0 &\u00a0 fungi.<\/p>\n

The extract of\u00a0C. peltata<\/em>, can be used as antimicrobial\u00a0 & anti diarrhoeal agents as it consists of both phytosterols &\u00a0 diterpenes3<\/sup>. As Steroids have been reported to have anti bacterial properties\u00a015<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Bio active compound sextensively researched in carbohydrate are sulfated polysaccha rides which possess good antibacterial, anti-viral activity\u00a016<\/sup>. In our study\u00a0C.peltata\u00a0<\/em>extract tested positive for carbohydrates suggesting that it can be used in medical field as anti bacterial & anti viral agents.The algaldietary fiber consists soluble poly saccharides having salient action s such as antioxidant, anticoagulant, anti mutagenic and anti tumour effect and have an key role in the modification of lipid metabolism in human body 17<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

The results observed\u00a0 by Raja sulochana\u00a0 Petal,\u00a0<\/em>Venkatesh\u00a0 R.\u00a0Petal,\u00a0<\/em>Jayasree\u00a0 NB Petal,\u00a0<\/em>on phyto chemical compounds\u00a018-20\u00a0<\/sup>help our study on the usefulness of marine algae in traditional medicine and added anoteonthephy to chemical history.Due the presence of phyto constituents in the seaweeds, they are beneficial in obtaining drugs for\u00a0 treating various ailments in humans. The sephyto constituents possess anti bacterial\u00a021<\/sup>, antiviral 22<\/sup>,anti fungal 23<\/sup>,anticoagulant,anti-tumor 24\u00a0<\/sup>and anti-inflam matory activities 25<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

GC-MS analysis was conducted in crude extract of\u00a0Caulerpapeltata.<\/em>The current study 28 different biochemical compounds have been identified from methanolic extract of the algae\u00a0Caulerpapeltata<\/em>.The compounds exhibited a wide range in their nature. Largest peak area was observed for the compound Dibutyl phthalate & other phyto chemicals liken-hexadecanoic acid&1,2-Benzene dicarboxylic acid also have alargearea.The compound with highest molecular weight was Hexacosyl penta fluoropro pionate (Figure No.1 & table No.2).Major phyto chemical\u2019s with their chemical structures mentioned in table 3.<\/p>\n

The most abundant phyto compounds,Dibutylphth alateactsas anti metabolic agent\u00a026<\/sup>,n-hexadecanoic acid has various bio logical activities like antioxidant, hypolipidaemic, nematocide, lubricant\u00a0\u00a0& haemolytic\u00a0 inhibitor\u00a027<\/sup>,where as 1,2-Benzene dicarboxylic acid has anti microbial & anti fouling activity 28<\/sup>.Hence\u00a0C.peltata\u00a0<\/em>should be extensively studieds otat it can be used in pharmaceutical industry for their medicinal value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\n\n

Figure 1: Chromatogram analysis of C.peltata<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Table 2: Phyto components in methanolic extract of Caulerpapeltata<\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Sl.No.<\/strong><\/td>\nReactionTime<\/strong><\/td>\nArea%<\/strong><\/td>\nMol.weight<\/strong><\/td>\nCompoundname<\/strong><\/td>\nMolecularFormula<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\n7.163<\/td>\n1.33<\/td>\n115<\/td>\nAcetamide,N,N-diethyl-<\/td>\nC6<\/sub>H13<\/sub>NO<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\n7.382<\/td>\n1.57<\/td>\n87<\/td>\nAcetamide,N-Ethyl-<\/td>\nC4<\/sub>H9<\/sub>NO<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\n13.563<\/td>\n0.58<\/td>\n204<\/td>\nCaryophyllene<\/td>\nC15<\/sub>H24<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\n14.543<\/td>\n0.67<\/td>\n206<\/td>\nPhenol,3,5-bis(1,1dimethylethyl)-<\/td>\nC14<\/sub>H22<\/sub>O<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\n15.533<\/td>\n2.52<\/td>\n222<\/td>\nDiethylPhthalate<\/td>\nC12<\/sub>H14<\/sub>O4<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\n16.482<\/td>\n0.48<\/td>\n226<\/td>\n8-Pentadecanone<\/td>\nC15<\/sub>H30<\/sub>O<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\n17.444<\/td>\n0.78<\/td>\n228<\/td>\nTetradecanoicacid<\/td>\nC14<\/sub>H28<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\n17.819<\/td>\n1.23<\/td>\n238<\/td>\n1-Heptadecene<\/td>\nC17<\/sub>H34<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\n18.278<\/td>\n0.91<\/td>\n278<\/td>\nNeophytadiene<\/td>\nC20<\/sub>H38<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\n18.542<\/td>\n0.62<\/td>\n278<\/td>\n1,2-benzenedicarboxylicacid,bis(2-methylp<\/td>\nC16<\/sub>H22<\/sub>O4<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\n18.666<\/td>\n1.33<\/td>\n226<\/td>\n8-Pentadecanone<\/td>\nC15<\/sub>H30<\/sub>O<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12<\/td>\n19.175<\/td>\n2.73<\/td>\n270<\/td>\nHexadecanoic acid, methylester<\/td>\nC17<\/sub>H34<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/td>\n19.519<\/td>\n42.02<\/td>\n278<\/td>\nDibutylphthalate<\/td>\nC16<\/sub>H22<\/sub>O4<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14<\/td>\n19.552<\/td>\n17.24<\/td>\n256<\/td>\nn-Hexadecanoic acid<\/td>\nC16<\/sub>H32<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/td>\n19.865<\/td>\n1.65<\/td>\n266<\/td>\n1-Nonadecene<\/td>\nC19<\/sub>H38<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16<\/td>\n19.986<\/td>\n0.84<\/td>\n340<\/td>\nEicosylacetate<\/td>\nC22<\/sub>H44<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17<\/td>\n20.646<\/td>\n0.58<\/td>\n282<\/td>\n10-Nonadecanone<\/td>\nC19<\/sub>H38<\/sub>O<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18<\/td>\n20.813<\/td>\n1.33<\/td>\n268<\/td>\nOxirane,hexadecyl-<\/td>\nC18<\/sub>H36<\/sub>O<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\n20.872<\/td>\n0.41<\/td>\n296<\/td>\nMethylDihydromalValate<\/td>\nC19<\/sub>H36<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\n21.225<\/td>\n0.96<\/td>\n282<\/td>\nHeptadecene-(8)-CarbonicAcid-(1)<\/td>\nC18<\/sub>H34<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\n21.438<\/td>\n3.36<\/td>\n284<\/td>\nOctadecanoicacid<\/td>\nC18<\/sub>H34<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22<\/td>\n21.733<\/td>\n1.49<\/td>\n410<\/td>\nOctacosanol<\/td>\nC28<\/sub>H58<\/sub>O<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23<\/td>\n21.843<\/td>\n1.16<\/td>\n340<\/td>\nEicosylacetate<\/td>\nC22<\/sub>H44<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24<\/td>\n23.446<\/td>\n1.00<\/td>\n354<\/td>\nn-Tetracosanol-1<\/td>\nC24<\/sub>H50<\/sub>O<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\n24.562<\/td>\n10.22<\/td>\n390<\/td>\n1,2-Benzenedicarboxylicacid<\/td>\nC24<\/sub>H38<\/sub>O4<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
26<\/td>\n25.030<\/td>\n0.51<\/td>\n396<\/td>\n1-Heptacosanol<\/td>\nC27<\/sub>H56<\/sub>O<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27<\/td>\n27.861<\/td>\n0.92<\/td>\n528<\/td>\nHexacosylpentafluoropropionate<\/td>\nC29<\/sub>H53<\/sub>F5<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
28<\/td>\n31.520<\/td>\n1.55<\/td>\n386<\/td>\nCholesterol<\/td>\nC27<\/sub>H46<\/sub>0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Table<\/td>\nTable 3: Major phytochemical compounds in the methanolic extract of\u00a0<\/strong>Caulerpapeltata\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>&\u00a0<\/strong>their chemical structure.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to View table<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

The current study confirmed\u00a0 28 distinct phytochemical substances present in\u00a0 the extract of\u00a0 Caulerpapeltata<\/em>\u00a0 which could be the bio active constituents.\u00a0 ThealgaC.peltata\u00a0<\/em>are valuable reservoir of bio active compounds of medicinal interest which needs detailed studies so that it may beusedindrug for mulation by the pharmaceutical industries.<\/p>\n

Acknowledgment<\/strong><\/p>\n

We acknowledge Dr S Bragdeeswaran, Associate\u00a0 Professor CAS in Marine biology,\u00a0 Annamalai University, who really gave invaluable support\u00a0 & contribution in the study.<\/p>\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n

Authors declare there is no conflict of interest<\/p>\n

Funding Source<\/strong><\/p>\n

There is no funding source<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Ncube NS,Afolayan AJ,OkohAI. Assessment techniques of antimicrobial properties of natural compounds of plant origin: current methods and future trends .J.Biotechnol .<\/em>7(12):1797-1806. (2008)
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  2. RajakumarR and SinghAPY .Bio chemical investigation and GC-MS analysis of Gracilariaedulis.\u00a0World JPharmRes.<\/em> 6(7):1812-1820. (2017)
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  3. TiwariP, KumarB, KaurM, Petal.,Phyto chemical screening and Extraction: AReview.\u00a0International epharmaceutic asciencia<\/em>.1(1):98-106.(2011)<\/li>\n
  4. BhaskarN & MiyashitaK. Lipid composition of Padinate tratomatica (Dictyotales, Phaeophyta), brown seaweed of the west coast of India.\u00a0Fish<\/em>.52(5):263-268. (2005)<\/li>\n
  5. Chandini, SK, Ganesan, P & Bhaskar, N. Invitro activities of three selected brown seaweeds of India.\u00a0Food Chem<\/em>.107:707-713. (2008)
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  6. Present and future Needs for Alga and Algal products.\u00a0Hydrobiologia.\u00a0<\/em>260(1):15-23. (1993)
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  7. Kim,SK, WijesekaraI. Development and biological activities of marine derived bioactive peptides: Areview.\u00a0JFunct Foods<\/em>.2:1-9. (2010)
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  8. Chew,YL, LimYY, OmarM & KhooKS. Anti oxidant activity of three edible seaweeds from two areas in South East Asia.\u00a0LWT<\/em>. 41(6):1067-1072. (2008)
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  9. VasudevaraoB, Sravanthi DJ. GC\/MS analysis and In-vitro Antioxidant activity of methanol extract of Ulothrixflacca and its main constituent Dimethyl Sulfone.\u00a0IOSRJ Pharm Biol Sci<\/em>.12(1):93-104. (2017)
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  10. Aneesh TP, ElizabethT, DellaGT & AnandanR. GC-MS analysis of Phyto chemical compounds presentin the Rhizomes of Nervilia aragoana GAUD. 6(3):68-74. (2013)<\/li>\n
  11. Roopa shree TS, Dang R, Rani S R H & Narendra C. Anti bacterial activity of anti-psoriaticherbs : Cassiatora, Momordica charantia and Calendula of ficinalis.\u00a0J.Appl. Res. Nat. Prod<\/em>.1(3):20-28. (2008)<\/li>\n
  12. Obasi NL, Egbuonu ACC, Ukoha PO & EjikemePM. Comparative phyto chemical and antimicrobial screening of some solven text racts of Samanea samanpods.\u00a0J . PureAppl. Chem.<\/em>4(9):206-212. (2010)<\/li>\n
  13. Audu SA, Mohammed I, Kaita H A . Phyto chemical screening of the leaves of Lophiral anceolata (Ochanaceae). 4(4):75-79. (2007)<\/li>\n
  14. RajA R, Mala K & Prakasam A .Phyto chemical analysis of marine macroalga Cauler para cemosa (J . agardh)[Chlorophyta\u2013 Caulerpales] from Tirunelveli district, Tamilnadu, India. 4(8):3055-3067. (2015)<\/li>\n
  15. Epand R F , Savage P B, Epand R M. Bacterial lipid composition and anti microbial efficacy of cationic steroid compounds (Ceragenins).\u00a0Biochim BiophysActa<\/em>. 1768(10):2500-2509. (2007)
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  16. Gupta S& Ghannam, AN. Recent developments in the application of sea weeds orseaweed extract sasame ans for enhancing the safety and quality attributes of foods.\u00a0Food Sci. Emerg. Technol<\/em>.12(4):600-609. (2011)
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  17. Kolanji nathan,K, Ganesh P & Saranraj P. Pharmacological Importance of Seaweeds :A Review.\u00a0Fish & Marine Sci.<\/em>6(1):01-15. (2014)<\/li>\n
  18. Raja sulochana P, Dhamotharan R, Krishna moorthyP . Primary Phyto chemical Analysis of Kappa phycus Sp. 5(2):91-96. (2009)<\/li>\n
  19. Shanthi S ,Rajapandian\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 petal,. Preliminary Study on Anti xantho monas Activity, Phyto chemical analysis ,and Characterization of antimicrobial compounds from Kappa phycusalvarezii.\u00a0Asian JPharm Clin Res<\/em>.4(3):46-51. (2011)<\/li>\n
  20. Jaya sree N B,Aneesh T P, Prabhakar V and Anandan R.GC-MS, HPLC and A ASanalysis of Fatty Acids,Amino Acids and Minerals in Red Algae Amphiroaanceps. 4(1):187-190. (2012)<\/li>\n
  21. Richards J, Kern E, Glasgow Letal ,Antiviral Activity of Extracts from Marine Algae.\u00a0Antimicrob Agents and Chemother<\/em>. 14(1):24-30. (1978)<\/li>\n
  22. Oumas kour K, Boujaber N, Etahiri S and Assobhei O. Screening of antibacterial and antifungal activities ingreen and brown algae from the coast of Sidi Bouzid (El Jadida, Morocco).J.Biotechnol<\/em>. 11(104):16831-16837. (2012)<\/li>\n
  23. Athukorala, Y, Lee K, Kim Sand Jeon. Anticoagulant activity of marin egreen and brown algae collected from JejuIsland in Korea. 98(9):1711-1716.(2007)
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  24. Abirami, R G, Kowsalya S. Anticancer Activity of Methanolic and Aqueous Extract of Ulva Fasciatain albinomice. 4(2):681-684. (2012)<\/li>\n
  25. Boonchum W, Peerapornpisa lY, Kanjanapothi Detal,. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of various seaweeds from the Gulf of Thailand.\u00a0J. Agric. Biol.\u00a0<\/em>13:100-104. (2011)<\/li>\n
  26. Roy R N, Laskar S, Sen S K. Dibutylphthalate, the bioactive compound produced by Streptomy cesalbido flavus 321.2.161(2):121-126. (2006)
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  27. Krishna moorthy K,\u00a0 Subramaniam P.\u00a0 Phytochemical profiling of Leaf, Stemand Tuber parts of Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi using GC-MS .2:1-13. (2014)
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  28. Maruthupandian A, Mohan V R. GC-MS analysis of some bioactive constituents of Pterocarpusmarsupium Roxb .J. ChemtechRes<\/em>. 3(3):1652-1657. (2011)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

     <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Introduction Plant -derived compounds are\u00a0 fascinating\u00a0 the\u00a0 world due\u00a0 to\u00a0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[80],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35694","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol13no4"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35694","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35694"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35694\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":37619,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35694\/revisions\/37619"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35694"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35694"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35694"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}