{"id":33715,"date":"2020-06-25T10:14:08","date_gmt":"2020-06-25T10:14:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=33715"},"modified":"2020-07-06T09:53:10","modified_gmt":"2020-07-06T09:53:10","slug":"arterial-reconstruction-and-bypass-repair-for-diabetic-ischemic-gangrenous-foot-ulcers-long-lasting-implicative-way-for-level-salvage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol13no2\/arterial-reconstruction-and-bypass-repair-for-diabetic-ischemic-gangrenous-foot-ulcers-long-lasting-implicative-way-for-level-salvage\/","title":{"rendered":"Arterial Reconstruction and Bypass Repair for Diabetic Ischemic- Gangrenous Foot Ulcers; Long Lasting Implicative Way for Level Salvage."},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Diabetic wounds are imposed, common, unpredictable refractory lesions which mostly involve the feet in all patients and always lead to amputations. These progressive ulcers need to be attended by an accurate educational planning to protect diabetics from their complications. As postulated by fundamental review of diabetic foot infection and ulceration, multidisciplinary approach directed at controlling hyperglycemia, administration of systemic antibiotics and local wound management to prevent dissemination of infection is mandatory1<\/sup>. These have to be accompanied by surgical debridement with or without minor amputations and\/or drainage as the preliminary step1, 2<\/sup>. Assessment and controlling the limb arterial circulation along with required vascular reconstruction in order to limb protection is an important covering modality that can provide a safe range of assurance in wound management1- 6<\/sup>. This is because of simultaneous existence of arterial disease with diabetic foot ulcers that confer a poor long-term prognosis for the limb and life surveillance. Thus apparently, ischemic diabetic limbs have more amputation rate7<\/sup>. In this circumstance, anticipation and differentiation of ischemia in diabetic feet especially pulseless foot is crucial, because not to miss un-circulated limb. On the other hand, pure neuropathic ulcers even plantar types usually do not need any vascular intervention and tend to heal fairly. Therefore, ischemia should work-up strongly according to available procedures to be focused on circulatory and mapping modalities. Today, a new spectrum of circulation assessment is considered beyond the CT angiography and trans-cutaneous oxygen pressure or toe pressure for ischemic diabetic feet. Angiosome directed perfusion and Radiotracer imaging8<\/sup> are the examples. Although, in spite of progression in para-clinical foot circulatory evaluations still, clinical assessments and approved academic classifications are presumed that work better9<\/sup>. Besides, regarding to the established limb threatening ischemia in diabetic foot, ankle brachial index (ABI) or any preliminary work-up are neither mandatory nor worthy. Conventional angiography is now more accepted for main evaluation while simultaneously provides the possibility of any intra-vascular interventions as angioplasties lead to limb salvage. Apart from reconstruction surgery, long effectiveness of angioplasty is doubtful and usually timely confined and more than 70% recurrence with needed re-PTA is reported10<\/sup>. Having all techniques be performed, presumably justified direct surgical approach provides a long standing and succeeding key remedy to protect limbs for salvage. This paper is reporting our results of surgical approaches for complicated and established ischemic diabetic feet.<\/p>\n

Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

We retrospectively studied all the referred and surgically treated ischemic diabetic patients from the November 2012 until December 2017 (5 years) in our department of Golestan hospital affiliated to Ahwaz Jundishapour University of medical science, Ahwaz-Iran. Our included patients for study were all who had established diabetic limb threatening ischemic, non-healed wound, infected or gangrenous foot and those in whom angioplasty despite the distal runoff was not successful because of hard arterial occlusions. All had been operated surgically and repaired by multiple vascular techniques. Non-ischemic neuropathic diabetic wounds and all patients who were candidate non-surgically and usually had successful angioplasty were not included. Patients are selected depending on mentioned criteria and their file information and other follow up sheets of the vascular clinic. The aim of the study was to find their outcome according to the surgical vascular repairs and following limb salvages and considering survival along with success in treatment of ischemic diabetic feet. Of note, we had invented and institute a routinely considered experimental predictor and conditional foundation based on our internal pilot study for assessment of the clinical degree of ischemia outcome in distal cut-edge of ischemic wounds that toe pressure measurement is not feasible. That is an “observational index” which is institutionalized and has named as \u201cBlood Dropping Time\u201d (BDT). That was defined in seconds and is the duration of cut-edge bleeding for a drop formation to be freely drop from the incision of debrided or amputated peri-gangrene or peri-wound skin while the extremity being held in about 20 degrees up (from the zero point) for interfering of hyperemic venous and ischemic static situations. We believe that this index is directly related to the severity of microangiopathy in diabetic wounds; compatible with Toe pressure and clinically reflects the foot circulatory angiosomes; along with the outcome of the wound which determines necessity of the next approach and also assigns on table. In normal interpretation (two palpable and acceptable pulses), index has found as 1-3 seconds maximum. In mild to moderate reduced circulation (one Palpable pulse),\u00a0\u00a0 about 7-10, and moderate to severe (no pulse, delayed capillary filling of 3-5 seconds) 12-17 seconds and severe (no pulses, no capillary filling, tip of the toes cyanosis), \u226530 seconds or further “no dropping- no circulation” situation (Table,1). The extremities for arterial repair had been explored and possible technical repair such as endartrectomy with vein or ePTFE patches or bypass grafting by Dacron tube in thigh or saphenous vein according to feasibility in calves, had been performed. The sum of reported and achieved BDT seconds pre and post operation was compared and analyzed P value calculated via T test by SSPS software, version 14.<\/p>\n

Table 1: Defined explanation of Blood Dropping Time foundation (BDT) used for determining the wound suggesting outcome<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Foot status<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0 Classification<\/strong><\/td>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Clinical signs <\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0BDT <\/strong>(mean)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0 <\/strong>in seconds <\/strong><\/td>\n

Predicted wound outcome, and approach<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pulses<\/strong><\/td>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0Capillary filling<\/strong><\/td>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Foot appearance<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Normal<\/strong><\/td>\n <\/p>\n

+ DP*, + PT**<\/p>\n

 <\/td>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u22641 second<\/td>\nWarm reddish\u00a0 pink<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1 – 3 s<\/p>\n

maximum<\/td>\n

Complete wound healing. Suturing.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mild to <\/strong>Moderate<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0one Pulse +<\/p>\n

DP or PT<\/td>\n

\u22643 seconds<\/td>\n\u00a0Less warm<\/p>\n

Purple<\/td>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 7 -10 s<\/td>\nDelayed healing,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00b1 dehiscence or\u00a0\u00a0 infection. Open wound.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Moderate to <\/strong>severe<\/strong><\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

No pulses<\/p>\n

 <\/td>\n

Delayed capillary<\/p>\n

filling of \u2265 3-5 seconds<\/td>\n

\u00a0Cool Bluish\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 purple<\/td>\n <\/p>\n

12 -17 s<\/td>\n

Non-healing wound progresses to gangrene. Vascular intervention.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0 Severe<\/strong><\/td>\nNo pulse<\/p>\n

 <\/td>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 No capillary filling<\/td>\nCold Bleach\/pale foot or mottled forefoot with Toes tip cyanosis<\/td>\n <\/p>\n

\u2265 30 s<\/p>\n

 <\/td>\n

\u00a0Gangrenous non-healing wound. Vascular intervention + high amputation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
No circulation<\/strong><\/td>\nNo pulse<\/td>\nNo capillary feeding<\/td>\nDead Gangrene<\/td>\n\u00a0 No bleeding<\/td>\nHigh amputation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

*Dorsalis Pedis pulse.\u00a0 **Posterior Tibialis pulse<\/p>\n

Results<\/strong><\/p>\n

From our files there were 158 cases of diabetic foot ulcers had been referred for treatment. From all, 96 cases had treated with out-patient medical and some supporting interventional therapy. 49 patients had been admitted for debridement and amputation with good capillary filling but severe infectious gangrene wounds that were excluded from the study. 41 cases (28 male, mean age=56 and 13 female, mean age= 62.4) who had been admitted (4 -22, mean= 8.5 days) for ischemic non-neuropathic diabetic ulcers were eligible and considered for study that all had Doppler reports had revealed very low damped distal circulation, some with ABI \u22640.5 and toe pressure in 11 cases <30 mmHg and Toe \u2013Brachial indexes were <0.6. Conventional or CT angiography reports had revealed occlusion and good or relative runoff as the indication for surgery. Arterial repair was performed in all while all had more than 10 years diabetic involvement (9 cases >20). All the patients had angiography which revealed main arterial (iliac, femoral, popliteal and distal anterior\/ posterior tibial) occlusions. The most complain was infected gangrenous toes with or without ischemic forefoot or plantar gangrene. Mean BDT was about 71 seconds before repair and salvaging amputation while, its average became 8.46 seconds after vascular repair (paired T test, t=3.836 for 95% confidence) (P=00.002). There were eleven cases of femoro-popliteal bypass, had repaired by saphenous vein conduit in 9, one composite graft (Dacron – vein) and one Dacron graft repair. Seven femoro-popliteal endartrectomy and patch, four popliteo-tibial reconstruction bypass by autogenous vein, five ilio-femoral endartrectomy and patch, eleven popliteal endartrectomy with vein patch repair and three non-reparable femoral-popliteal-distal explore due to severe arterial calcification (Table, 2). Annual patency of Dacron was 13 months versus autogenous vein bypasses for femoro-popliteal were 22-61 months and for popliteo-tibial were 9-16 months. Result for control of the mean time of complete improvement of ulcers was 34.53 days after surgery and mean granulation tissue coverage was 11 days. Complete recovery was ended to different feet amputations (single toe\/ transmetatarsal forefoot\/ Chopart technique) in all cases and ischemia was controlled. Two previous counterpart amputations, one chronic renal failure and one death after reconstruction due to hypotension and MI had mentioned in our cases. Antibiotic protocol was intravenous Ciprofloxacin+Clindamycin, Levofloxacin+Meropenem or combination of ceftizoxim or ceftazidim and amikacin had followed by oral administration. All the patients had supported by intravenous heparin (FH) for 3-5 days and oral administration of aspirin+warfarin or Aspirin+Clopidogrel tablets at least for three months. All the patients with circulated limbs and pretty good to good capillary filling had been able to walk on their feet with or without supports and walkers with acceptable complete healing after discharge.<\/p>\n

Table 2: Vascular reconstruction procedures and used kinds of conduits<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Type of vascular repair<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0Synthetic<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0 Vein<\/strong><\/td>\nCompound*\u00a0 Prosthesis<\/strong><\/td>\nNo,<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
prosthesis<\/strong><\/td>\nAutogenous\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/td>\nTotal\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0Ilio-femoral Endartrectomy + Patch\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/td>\n3\u00a0 (ePTFE)<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Femoro-Popliteal Endartrectomy + Patch<\/strong><\/td>\n2\u00a0 (ePTFE)<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Femoro-Popliteal Bypass<\/strong><\/td>\n1\u00a0 (Dacron)<\/td>\n9<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Popliteal- Tibial Endartrectomy + Patch<\/strong><\/td>\n0<\/td>\n11<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Popliteal-Tibial Bypass<\/strong><\/td>\n0<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Non \u2013 repairable Explore<\/strong><\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

* Dacron-vein compound grafting.<\/p>\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

It is now well accepted that diabetic feet management is not pure medical. In fact, diabetes involving team especially physicians require potential cognition for on time primary applications of interventional or surgical remedy based on the prompt decision making, followed and supported by simultaneous medical and antibiotic therapy. Believe in the strategy of surgical intervention as the first plan for infection control and then assessment of the limb ischemia have to be settled for diabetic feet to achieve sustained healing and maximum limb salvage.2- 4,6<\/sup> Apart from standard clinical evaluations, two points are addressed crucial for this high risk population. First, timely diagnosis and being assured of arterial perfusion to the foot by an expert and if be needed, an angiography4,6,7,11<\/sup>; second, possible revascularization simultaneously, otherwise in the beginning of the treatment.5,6,11 -13<\/sup> Literary, the knowledge in presence of arterial disease confers an overall poor prognosis in diabetics for both life and limbs. 7<\/sup> But, in spite of low cumulative limb salvage rate, high neuropathy score, raise in the thought of unsuccessful distal limb vascular repair for handling of diabetic feet; usually, all the applicable arterial reconstructive procedures towards aorto-tibial direction can be effective as compared to non-diabetics, especially in pedal bypass repair which is a safe method with good long term outcome.4,5,11,13-18<\/sup> Therefore, diabetic foot ischemia and wounds knowledge ought to be enough understood and be well directed towards promising outcome by fulfilling a cost-effective and efficient vascular interventional or surgical treatment whenever is feasible. Of course, based on a long time admission of diabetics beside multiple successive procedures pertained to their healing prospect with ischemia, individual cost accounting of limb preservation may not be usually economical. Especially with vascular interventions and surgery expenses are being issued. Nevertheless now, even in spite of expensive vascular surgery on diabetics compared to the last decade; believing in Panayiotopoulos et al.19<\/sup> who had claimed in the year 1970 that femoro-distal reconstruction surgery in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients may be cheaper option than multiple primary amputation and admissions, seems to be justified. In regards, overall now, it was also the same as before in our patients. Exceptionally, in recruited patients for non-surgical-interventional modalities, based on their financial issues and their recovery expenses; we have found them being considered neither economical nor acceptable due to tandem vascular interventions based on their established ischemia and delay for surgery and country economical situation. In support, since it has been found that if autogenous vein has being utilized, because of its good patency, the age, sex, diabetes and the condition of the out flow artery do not influence outcome in arterial reconstruction of distal foot; even if, we do not know how good the off-loading is or in the absence of pedal arteries on angiogram. 4,15, 20<\/sup> Therefore, the trend has been persuaded toward vascular surgery reconstruction by venous conduits in order to achieve long relief in comparison with angioplasty and non-surgical interventions. In this regards, sum of annual patency in our bypassed cases considering accompanied interfering clinical complexes of diabetes, confirm preferred utilizing of autogenous vein tubes. Meanwhile, our results also have shown 92.3% success with vascular repair based on obtained statistic index for BDT which was implicative for a lot of vascular reconstruction control in our ischemic diabetic patients and could be impressive for feasible healing results with aimed salvaging extremities; \u201cthe fact that encourages the surgeons to use economical arterial reconstruction strategy for threatening ischemia that superimpose diabetic feet\u201d and conclusively before any attempt for decision making in diabetic foot.21<\/sup> Otherwise then, should switch to essential medical managements with consecutive amputations. In this relation, some complementary medical therapy such as iloprost infusion in selected cases has been shown that provide high distal flow with complete healing of wounds.22<\/sup> Besides now, iloprost have shown to be a predictor of successful surgical revascularization 23<\/sup> that can be used bi-directional in order to treat the foot medically or evaluate possibility of surgical successes for future applying. Consequently, we claim that total advantages of ilio-distal vascular repairs as the most required procedures suggested in resistant limb threatening ischemia in diabetic feet ulcers are provided as:<\/p>\n

Very better infection control.<\/p>\n

Suitable ground for fast granulation coverage.<\/p>\n

Shorten and limiting healing tim.<\/p>\n

Limits amputation levels and spare the ideal length of limb salvage.<\/p>\n

Better reconstructive skin coverage (grafts, flaps).<\/p>\n

Possible and certain walking by patient\u2019s own feet.<\/p>\n

Therefore, it also seems determining of the circulatory status of diabetic feet as the first consideration has to be professionally legislated, considering the probable preference of economical acceptance of revascularization in compare to angioplasty or stentings.<\/p>\n

Acknowledgement\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

None<\/p>\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n

The authors do not have any conflict of interest.<\/p>\n

Financial Support\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

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