{"id":30871,"date":"2020-03-28T11:28:50","date_gmt":"2020-03-28T11:28:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=30871"},"modified":"2020-04-22T11:07:56","modified_gmt":"2020-04-22T11:07:56","slug":"monitoring-of-carcinogenic-environmental-pollutants-in-womens-breast-milk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol13no1\/monitoring-of-carcinogenic-environmental-pollutants-in-womens-breast-milk\/","title":{"rendered":"Monitoring of Carcinogenic Environmental Pollutants in Women’s Breast Milk"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

In recent years, the amount of environmental pollutants has increased in all industrialized countries. The majority of these pollutants in food originate from precipitated particulate materials. The first report on the presence of the toxic chemical; dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was published in the 1950s [1]. Breastfeeding is considered to be a defence factor that provides nutrients for appropriate growth and for physical, emotional and immunological development [2].<\/p>\n

Human breast milk may contain many lipophilic persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as heavy metals, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polybromide, hexachlorocyclohexane, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticides [3]. \u00a0Serious effects may be associated with the presence of POPs in human breast milk that are readily transferred to infants and are easily absorbed [1].<\/p>\n

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) originate from the incomplete combustion of fuel or from the high-temperature pyrolysis of oils and fats [4]. \u00a0PAHs are environmentally persistent due to their chemical stability and resistance to biodegradation. Reports have shown that the exposure of humans to environments containing PAHs may induce lung and skin cancers [5]. PAHs can cause the development of arteriosclerosis [6], intrauterine growth retardation [7], and newly born\u2019s neurological development [8]. In addition, PAHs can bioaccumulate in adipose tissues and are magnified through the food chain due to their lipophilic properties [9].<\/p>\n

Lead (Pb) is one of the most dangerous pollutants due to its extensive distribution throughout the environment [10]. Lead is stored mainly in the bone matrix. Lactation increases bone turnover and increases the amount of lead in the plasma and, consequently, in human milk [11]. Chronic intrauterine exposure to lead may lead to growth retardation, neurological defects, attention deficits, and behavioural changes in later stages of life [12].<\/p>\n

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic substance that is released into the atmosphere by coal burning [13]. Cadmium is used in certain industrial products, such as nickel-Cd batteries, paint materials, and stabilizers; it provides heat and light resistance to polyvinyl chloride and metal alloys [14]. Smoking tobacco is an important source of exposure because the tobacco plant naturally absorbs high amounts of Cd in its leaves. Higher concentrations of Cd have been detected in many foods [15]. The main organs that are affected by chronic Cd toxicity are the kidneys, bones and lungs. However, Cd has toxic effects in almost all body systems.<\/p>\n

In previously study, we detected some environmental pollutants in raw cow’s milk, but the measurement of such pollutants in the breast milk reflects both the prenatal and postnatal exposure to these chemicals [16].<\/p>\n

Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, lead and cadmium residues in the milk samples collected from lactating women who live around the industrial areas of Petrochemical and Sugar Cane factories.<\/p>\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Aswan University Hospital. All mothers involved in this study were informed about the purpose of the study, and the informed consent agreement declares that these samples will not be used in future research or other studies.<\/p>\n

Locality<\/strong><\/p>\n

The study areas were Kema Zone, Kom-Ombo, and Edfu, Aswan Governorate, Upper Egypt. The Sugar Cane Factory is located in Kom-Ombo, and the other Petrochemical Factories are located in Kema Zone in Aswan City.<\/p>\n

Data Collection and Sampling <\/strong><\/p>\n

In this current study, all participants are healthy, lactating mothers who were living in Kema Zone, Kom-ombo, Edfu, in Aswan Governorate for at least 3 years before sample collection. The mothers gave birth to healthy newborns without complicated pregnancies or deliveries. The data collections are illustrated in Table 1. The participating mothers were aged from 26.27\u00b15.53 to 30.76\u00b14.71 years old, and weighted from (55.06\u00b17.32 to 69.36\u00b17.95 kg). The following criteria were collected: education (college\/high school), occupation (working\/housewife) and smoking (yes\/no) and were (15\/25, 17\/23 and 18\/22), (12\/28, 13\/27 and 12\/28) and (4\/36, 6\/24 and 3\/37), respectively in the cities of Kema Zone, Kom-ombo, Edfu.<\/p>\n

Table 1: <\/strong>C<\/strong>haracters of the mothers living in <\/strong>different localities in Aswan governorate (Mean \u00b1 SE)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Items<\/strong><\/td>\nKema zone<\/strong><\/td>\nKom-ombo<\/strong><\/td>\nEdfo<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mother’s age<\/td>\n30.761\u00b14.711a<\/sup><\/td>\n26.683\u00b14.632a<\/sup><\/td>\n26.267\u00b15.532a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Body weight<\/td>\n55.061 \u00b17.323a<\/sup><\/td>\n64.543\u00b16.611a<\/sup><\/td>\n69.360\u00b17.951a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Educational level<\/p>\n

(College \/ High school)<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

15 \/ 25<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

17 \/ 23<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

18 \/ 22<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Occupation<\/p>\n

(Working \/ Housewife)<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

12 \/ 28<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

13 \/ 27<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

12 \/ 28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Residues in a risk area<\/p>\n

(Yes or No)<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

yes<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

Yes<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Smoking (Yes or No)<\/td>\n4 \/ 36<\/td>\n6 \/ 34<\/td>\n3 \/ 37<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Means with different letters in the same row are significantly different at P<\/em><0.05.<\/p>\n

One hundred and twenty samples\u00a0of\u00a0women’s breast milk were collected (40 samples from each locality). The samples were collected from March 2015 to February 2016. Sampling collection was carried out in the early morning to the first feeding of the day during the first 6 months of lactation. Approximately 15 ml of milk was collected from each woman into cleaned, sterilized Falcon polypropylene tubes, which had been washed with diluted nitric acid and then rinsed with double distilled water. The milk samples were stored at -20 \u00b0C until the analytical process.<\/p>\n

Analytical Determination<\/strong><\/p>\n

All procedures were carried out in the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University.<\/p>\n

The Institutional Ethics Committee approved all experimental protocols (No. 133 at October 2015) that were conducted by the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Egypt.<\/p>\n

Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Detection of PAH residue in milk was performed according to Hegazy et al. [16] using standard curve of PAHs which included naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, and benzo(g,h,i)perylene.<\/p>\n

Detection of PAH Residue in Milk<\/strong><\/p>\n

A gas chromatograph (Hewlett-Packard HP 5890 series II Plus) equipped with a flame ionization detector and an HP-1 analytical capillary column (30 m\u00d70.53 mm), a film thickness (0.88 \u00b5m), and a cross-linked methyl silicone gum for the separation of PAHs. The operational conditions of gas chromatography were as follows: detector temperature (280 \u00b0C), injection port temperature (200 \u00b0C), co<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Introduction In recent years, the amount of environmental pollutants has […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[75],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30871","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol13no1"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30871","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30871"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30871\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31985,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30871\/revisions\/31985"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30871"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30871"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30871"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}