{"id":30831,"date":"2020-03-28T10:04:45","date_gmt":"2020-03-28T10:04:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=30831"},"modified":"2020-04-22T12:48:27","modified_gmt":"2020-04-22T12:48:27","slug":"efectivity-of-low-intensity-pulsed-ultrasound-on-rabbit-femur-post-orif-plate-and-screw","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol13no1\/efectivity-of-low-intensity-pulsed-ultrasound-on-rabbit-femur-post-orif-plate-and-screw\/","title":{"rendered":"Effectivity of Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound on Rabbit Femur Post Orif Plate and Screw"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

A femoral fracture is a trauma with a high mortality rate. The incidence of femoral fractures in America is approximately 13 cases per 100,000 people per year.1,2 <\/sup>In Indonesia, it is reported that the incidence of fractures every year is 11.10 cases per 1,000 people per year, with an incidence of 11.67 cases per 1,000 people per year in men and 10.65 cases per 1,000 people per year in women. In children and adults, femoral fracture events are associated with low energy mechanisms, whereas in the young adult the mechanism is high energy.1-3<\/sup> Long bone fractures are often accompanied by bone defects, this can interact with the healing process. If internal fixation is done to this fracture, then the defect will interrupt the healing process. The incidence of long bone fractures with defects is 13.9%.4,5<\/sup><\/p>\n

Fracture healing is a complex process. Clinically, it is necessary to reduce and stabilize shifting fractures.4<\/sup>\u00a0The biological process of fracture healing consists of several different phases. This phase includes the inflammatory phase with cell proliferation, the chondrogenic phase with cartilage hypertrophy and angiogenesis, and the osteogenic phase with cartilage replacement with woven bone and remodeling.4<\/sup>\u00a0Fracture healing is influenced by external (biomechanical) and internal (biological) stimuli. Biological interventions such as the use of allogenic bone graft, substitute substances for a bone graft, medical, while external stimuli in the form of mechanical and physical interventions, such as static and dynamic methods for stabilization in operative actions, and the use of noninvasive actions such as electromagnetic and ultrasound.6-8<\/sup><\/p>\n

Ultrasound is a source of mechanical energy delivered as acoustic pressure waves outside the range of human hearing.5<\/sup> Ultrasound has a variety of medical applications, ranging from diagnostic tools to therapeutic agents.5<\/sup> Usually, at low intensities (0.5-50 mW\/cm2<\/sup>), ultrasound acts as a diagnostic modality, whereas at higher intensities (0.2-100 mW\/cm2<\/sup>), ultrasound has a therapeutic effect by producing heat energy.5<\/sup> Although preliminary studies have found high-intensity ultrasound (0.2-100 mW\/cm2<\/sup>) inhibits bone healing, several recent studies studying low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) in the range of diagnostic intensity have shown more beneficial effects.5,6<\/sup><\/p>\n

Clinical studies have shown a significant positive effect of LIPUS in the treatment of fracture cases that fail to connect.4<\/sup> Other studies investigating the application of LIPUS in conservative tibia fractures and distal radius fractures both show a 38% acceleration in fracture repair. Gebauer reported an accelerated rate of fracture healing by 85% after 5 months, while Nolte et al reported the effect of LIPUS on accelerating fracture healing by 86% in an average time of 5.5 months.6-10<\/sup><\/p>\n

Long bone fractures, especially the femur, are a fracture that needs peculiar treatment, so that the healing process of the bone is not disrupted which causes the bones to not attach. The bone healing process requires sufficient internal and external stimuli. External stimulation (biomechanics) can accelerate the fracture healing process, one of which is using low-intensity ultrasound. Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound has been known to accelerate the fracture healing process. What is the role of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound as an alternative measure to the formation of hard callus in rabbit femur defects after ORIF plate and screw-based on radiographic measurements? In this study, we will examine the effects of ultrasound stimulation on hard callus formation in rabbit femur defects post ORIF plate and screw-based on radiographic measurements.<\/p>\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

This study is an experimental laboratory test in animals with a simple randomized sampling method. The object of this study used subjects in the form of experimental animals, namely New Zealand white rabbits that met the inclusion criteria. Research samples in the case and control groups were taken by completely randomized design methods that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The sample size of experimental animals in this study was a minimum of 9 animals for each group based on the Federer formula. The addition may be done<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Introduction A femoral fracture is a trauma with a high […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[75],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30831","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol13no1"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30831","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30831"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30831\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32051,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30831\/revisions\/32051"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30831"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30831"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30831"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}