{"id":2779,"date":"2015-04-28T07:00:26","date_gmt":"2015-04-28T07:00:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=2779"},"modified":"2016-10-24T08:19:58","modified_gmt":"2016-10-24T08:19:58","slug":"environment-isolates-of-black-yeasts-from-ekant-park","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol6no2\/environment-isolates-of-black-yeasts-from-ekant-park\/","title":{"rendered":"Environment-isolates of Black Yeasts from Ekant park"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Increasing importance of black yeasts in the field of medical sciences, cosmetology and other fields of biotechnology have attracted the mycologists all over the world (de Hoog et al<\/em>., 2005). In view of the photoprotective function of melanin, its preparations are widely used in dermatology and cosmetology. Melanins also possess antioxidant and antiradical activities (Paramonov et al<\/em>., 2002; Brenner et al<\/em>., 2008). Experiments using the crude enzyme were successful in whitening of the skin (U.S. Patent 7291340). Yeasts having affinities with both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes have been found to produce melanin. Some of them have also been associated with human mycoses.\u00a0 Among melanized pathogenic fungi members of Herpotrichiellaceae <\/em>(black yeasts and relatives) and its teleomorphic family chaetothyrialean fungi are associated with recurrent, clearly defined disease entities such as chromoblastomycosis and neurotropic dissemination in immunocompetent individuals ( Zeng et al. <\/em>2007).<\/p>\n

In order to develop a comprehensive management strategy\u00a0 in respect of\u00a0 these melanized yeasts, knowledge of their natural ecology and evolution is essential. Several selective techniques have been developed enabling recovery of these fungi (de Hoog et al. <\/em>2005; Dixon et al. <\/em>1980, Prenafeta-Bold\u00fa et al. <\/em>2006, Satow et al<\/em>. 2008, Zhao et al<\/em>. 2008, Sudhadham et al. <\/em>2008) from various environments such as rock, creosote-treated wood, hydrocarbonpolluted soil, and hyperparasitism of fungi and lichens (Sterflinger et al<\/em>. 1999, Wang & Zabel 1997, Lutzoni et al. <\/em>2001). It is therefore essential to monitor the presence of black in various environment not only to manage their pathogenic potential but also to derive benefit for human beings.<\/p>\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

Study areas and materials<\/strong><\/p>\n

The soil from forests, parks, grasslands, pond and river water, flowers and leaves of locally available trees and wood samples from different localities of Bhopal city (India) were collected in polythene bags using disinfected spoons and forceps and stored at room temperature in the laboratory until processed. About 5 g of each sample was suspended in 50 ml of sterile physiological saline, containing chloramphenicol (0.05 mg ml\u20131). The suspension was shaken for 5 min on a vortex mixer and allowed to settle up to 60 min.<\/p>\n

Fungal isolation<\/strong><\/p>\n

0.5 ml of above suspension was spread on PDA plates supplemented with chloramphenicol and incubated for a weeks at 30\u00baC.\u00a0 The representative dark colonies\u00a0 of different morphotypes were then isolated and purified by single cell isolation method and maintain on PDA slant at 4\u00baC or store as 10% glycerol stock at \u201315\u00baC.<\/p>\n

Results<\/strong><\/p>\n

As indicated in Table 1, black yeasts were isolated from various samples tested.\u00a0 There were altogether 29 black yeasts isolated from various sources; seventeen from leaves, five from flowers, three from date fruit, two from diseased Eucalyptus plant and one each from river bank soil and pond water. These black yeasts were purified by single cell isolation. These were then kept as glycerol stock at -12o<\/sup>C.<\/p>\n

Table 1: Black yeast isolates isolated from various environmental sources and sub-sources.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
S.N.<\/strong><\/td>\nSources<\/strong><\/td>\nSub-sources<\/strong><\/td>\nIsolates<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\nPutranjiva<\/em> roxburghii <\/em><\/td>\nLeaf<\/td>\nPRL21<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nPRL22<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nPRL23<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nPRL31<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\nJatropha <\/em><\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nJL41<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\nGardenia gumifera<\/em>.<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nGGL71<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nGGL72<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nGGL73<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nGGL743<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\nGrevia robusta<\/em><\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nGRL22<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nGRL24<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12<\/td>\nSalix spp<\/em>.<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nSSL53<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nSSL54<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14<\/td>\nButea monosperma<\/em><\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nBML61<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nBML62<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16<\/td>\nCauroptia guianensis<\/em><\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nCGL3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nCGL4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18<\/td>\nBauhinia varigata<\/em><\/td>\nFlower<\/td>\nBVF34<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nBVF38<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nBVF39<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\nAccacia spp<\/em>.<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nFAY5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nFAY6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23<\/td>\nPhoenix sylvestris<\/td>\nFruit<\/td>\nPSFR3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nPSFR4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nPSFR41<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
26<\/td>\nEuclyptus spp<\/em><\/td>\nDiseased wood<\/td>\nEDW51<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nDo<\/td>\nEDW52<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
28<\/td>\nNarmada river<\/td>\nSoil<\/td>\nNS22<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
29<\/td>\nPond (Upper lake)<\/td>\nWater<\/td>\nPW3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

This is clear that the frequency of occurrence of black yeasts on leaf of the plant is more. The other plant parts stand nest as their favourite niche. Probably the availability of monosaccharides on young leaves and other plant parts attract these fungi.<\/p>\n

Black yeasts have been isolated from various ecosystem earlier (Dixon et al<\/em>., 1980; de Hoog et al<\/em>. 2005; Satow et al.,<\/em> 2008). The most important aspect is of its association with disease lesion (deHoog et al<\/em>., 2005; Sudhdham et al<\/em>., 2008). Hence a concerted study on their occurrence role in various ecosystem is required.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. deHoog, G.S., Matos, T., Sudhadham, M., Luijsterburg, K.F., Haase, G. Intestinal prevalence of the neurotropic black yeast Exophiala (Wangiella) dermatitidis<\/em> in healthy and impaired individuals. Mycoses<\/em>, 48: 142\u2013145 (2005).<\/li>\n
  2. Paramonov, B., Turkovski, I., Potokin, I., Chebotarev, V. Photoprotective Activity of Melanin Preparations from Black Yeast-Like Fungus during Uvirradiation of Human Skin: Dependence on the oncentration . Bul. Exp. Biol. Med<\/em>.,133: 4 (2002).<\/li>\n
  3. Mammone, T., Muizzuddin, N., Scnittager, S.F. Extracts from black yaest from whitening skin (Patent no. 7291340) (2002).<\/li>\n
  4. Zeng ,J.S., Sutton, D.A., Fothergill, W.A., Rinaldi, M.R., Harrak, M.J., de Hoog, G.S.\u00a0 Spectrum of clinically relevant Exophiala<\/em> species in the U.S.A. J. Clin. Microbiol<\/em>., 45: 3713\u20133720 (2007).<\/li>\n
  5. Dixon, D.M., Shadomy, H.J., Shadomy, S. Dematiaceous fungal pathogens isolated from nature. Mycopathologia<\/em> 70: 153\u2013161 (1980).<\/li>\n
  6. Prenafeta-Bold\u00fa ,F.X., Summerbell, R.C., deHoog, G.S.\u00a0 Fungi growing on aromatic hydrocarbons: biotechnology’s unexpected encounter with biohazard. FEMS Microbiol. Rev<\/em>., 30: 109\u2013130 (2006)..<\/li>\n
  7. Satow, M.M., Attili-Angelis, D., deHoog, G.S., Angelis, D.F., Vicente, V.A. Selective factors involved in oil flotation isolation of black yeasts from the environment Studies in<\/em> Mycology<\/em> 61: 157\u2013163 (2008).<\/li>\n
  8. Sudhadham , M., Dorrestein, G., Prakitsin, S., Sivichai, S., Chaiwat, R., de Hoog, G.S. Two genotypes of the human-brain-infecting black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis<\/em> indicate a possible origin of in the tropical rain forest. Studies in Mycology<\/em> , 61: 145\u2013156 (2008)..<\/li>\n
  9. Sterflinger, K., deHoog, G.S., Haase, G. Phylogeny and ecology of meristematic Ascomycetes. Studies in Mycology<\/em> 43: 5\u201322 (1999).<\/li>\n
  10. Wang, C.J.K., Zabel, R.A. Identification manual for fungi from utility poles in the Eastern United States. Allen Press, Lawrence, U.S.A (1990).<\/li>\n
  11. Lutzoni ,F., Pagel, M., Reeb, V. Major fungal lineages are derived from lichen symbiotic ancestors. Nature<\/em>, 411: 937\u2013940 (2001).<\/li>\n
  12. Brenner, M. Hearing V.J. The Protective Role of Melanin Against UV Damage in Human Skin. <\/em>Photochem Photobiol, \u00a084: 539-549 (2008).<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Introduction Increasing importance of black yeasts in the field of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2779","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol6no2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2779","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2779"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2779\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9268,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2779\/revisions\/9268"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2779"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2779"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2779"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}