{"id":2771,"date":"2015-04-28T07:10:21","date_gmt":"2015-04-28T07:10:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=2771"},"modified":"2016-12-08T08:51:09","modified_gmt":"2016-12-08T08:51:09","slug":"non-neoplastic-salivary-gland-diseases","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol6no2\/non-neoplastic-salivary-gland-diseases\/","title":{"rendered":"Non-neoplastic Salivary Gland Diseases"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tumours of salivary glands constitute a heterogeneous group of lesions of great morphologic variation. Tumours of salivary glands have a annual incidence of around 1-6.5 cases per 100,000 people. Non-neoplastic salivary gland lesions are classified as:<\/p>\n

WHO Classfication10<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

Tumour like lesions<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sialadenosis<\/p>\n

Oncocytosis<\/p>\n

Necrotising Sialometaplasia<\/p>\n

Benign lymphoepithelial lesion<\/p>\n

Salivary gland cysts<\/p>\n

Chronic sclerosingsialadenitis<\/p>\n

Non-neoplastic salivary gland diseases are classified as below7<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Disease<\/strong><\/td>\nFeatures<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Viral<\/td>\nAcute onset; associated symptoms<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Acute suppurativesialadenitis<\/td>\nAcute onset; postoperative or debilitated patient; diffusely swollen and painful gland<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chronic sialadenitis<\/td>\nMiddle painful recurrent swelling; decreased saliva production<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tuberculosis<\/td>\nAcute inflammatory lesion or chronic swelling<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Actinomycosis<\/td>\nPainless swelling often with drainage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sarcoidosis<\/td>\nUsually asymptomatic swelling<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sjogren syndrome<\/td>\nPainless swelling of multiple salivary glands<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sialolithiasis<\/td>\nPainful swelling, usually associated with eating<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
First branchial cleft cyst<\/td>\nRepeated acute suppurative swelling<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Penetrating injury<\/td>\nObvious defect with appropriate history<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sialadenosis<\/td>\nAsymptomatic swelling<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Some of the common non-neoplastic diseases are explained as below<\/p>\n

Review<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sialadenosis<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sialadenosis refers to non-neoplastic, non-inflammatory enlargement of salivary glands mainly the parotid gland. The enlargement is bilateral and may be associated with the recurrence of pain or both Sialadenosis is a non-inflammatory non-neoplastic enlargement of salivary gland with no symptoms. The disease is due to increased weight, improper nutrition, alcoholic cirrhosis, in hypothyroid patients, myxedema..<\/p>\n

Classification of Sialadenosis10<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

Hormonal Sialadenosis<\/p>\n

Sex hormonal<\/p>\n

Diabetic<\/p>\n

Thyroid<\/p>\n

NeurohormonalSialadenosis<\/p>\n

MalnutritionalSialadenosis<\/p>\n

Mucoviscidosis<\/p>\n

Drug-induced Sialadenosis<\/p>\n

Clinical Feature<\/strong><\/p>\n

Characterized mainly by the presence of chronic, afebrile salivary gland enlargement usually of parotid gland. The enlargement is slowly evolving, indolent, undulating and recurrent. Decreased salivary secretion occurs and sialo chemistry demonstrates the increased levels of potassium and decreased levels of sodium. Hypertrophy of acinar cells crowd and compresses the finer terminal ducts forming \u201cleafless tree\u201d pattern.<\/p>\n

Histopathological Features<\/strong><\/p>\n

Reveals hypertrophy of the acinar cells, sometimes two or three times greater than normal size. The nuclei are displaced to the cell base and the cyptoplasm is engorged with zymogen granules. In cases associated with long standing diabetes there may be acinar atrophy and fatty infiltration3.<\/sup><\/p>\n

Treatment: Sub-total parotidectomy<\/p>\n

Necrotising sialometaplasia<\/strong><\/p>\n

necrotising sialometaplasia is a benign self limiting and rare inflammatory disease which mimics malignant neoplasms1<\/sup>.\u00a0 <\/em>Other name is salivary gland infarction. The clinical and histopathological features sometimes simulate those of squamous cell carcinoma or mucoepidermoid carcinoma.<\/p>\n

Etiology<\/strong><\/p>\n

Associated with the history of trauma, radiation therapy or surgerey<\/p>\n

Mostly, etiology is related to vascular ischemia<\/p>\n

Tobacco use is suggested a risk factor for necrotising sialometaplasia<\/p>\n

Clinical Features<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lesions of Necrotising sialometaplasia are painless, less frequently they cause pain and numbness. This is characterised by swelling with or without ulceration in anatomic sites with or without ulceration in anatomic sites that have mucous or serous glandular tissue. Typical clinical presentation shows crateriform ulcer of the palate that simulate a malignant process. The ulcerated lesions are about 1-3 cm unilateral, bilateral lesion can occur. Extra nodal lymphoma is also considered in the clinical differential diagnosis of palatal swelling10<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Histopathological features<\/strong><\/p>\n

Characterized by acinar necrosis in early lesion\u2019s, followed by associated squamous, metaplasia of salivary ducts. The lobular architecture of the involved gland is preserved which is a histologic clue8<\/sup>. The squamous metaplasia of salivary ducts is a striking feature.Histopathological examination is mandatory for diagnosis of necrotising sialometaplasia, as the clinical features of this condition can resemble other diseases particularly malignant neoplasms11.<\/sup><\/p>\n

Treatment<\/strong><\/p>\n

Biopsy is only indicated to rule out malignancy. The lesion usually resolves on its own, with healing time of 5 to 6 weeks<\/p>\n

Sjogren\u2019s syndrome<\/strong><\/p>\n

is the second most common auto immune disease6.<\/sup><\/p>\n

Sjogren\u2019s Syndrome is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disorder that principally involves salivary and lacrimal glands, resulting\u00a0 inxerostomia (dry month ) and xeropsthalmia (dry eyes). The effect on the eye often called keratoconjunctivitis\u00a0 sicca . Two forms of the disease are:-<\/p>\n

Primary Sjogren Syndrome \u2013 only the sicca syndrome.<\/p>\n

Secondary Sjogren Syndrome \u2013 In addition to Sicca Syndrome, autoimmune diseases seen.<\/p>\n

HLA antigens are found with great frequency in patients with Sjogren\u2019s Syndrome .HLA \u2013 DRW52\u00a0 is associated with both forms of\u00a0 Sjogren\u2019s Syndrome. HLA \u2013 B8 and HLA \u2013 DR3\u00a0 are seen in increased frequency in the primary form of the disease 10<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Clinical features<\/strong><\/p>\n

The prevalance rate is 0 .5 % of the population and 9:1 female to male ratio. Secondary Sjogren\u2019s most commonly associated with rheumatoid arthritis and patients with systemic lupus erythematous.<\/p>\n

The principal oral symptom is xerostomia Affected patents may complain of difficulty in swallowing, altered taste, difficulty in wearing dentures. The tongue becomes fissured with atroply of papillae. Firm enlargement of major salivary glands during the course of the disease. The swelling may be unilateral or bi-lateral, non-painful or intermittent in nature. Sialographic examination reveals punctate sialectesia\u00a0 and lack of normal arborization of ductal system showing\u201d fruit\u2013laden\u201d , \u201cbranch-less tree\u201d\u00a0\u00a0 pattern .<\/p>\n

Kerato conjunctivitis sicca, a prominent feature is not only reduced tear production by lacrimal glands but also the pathologic effect on epithelial cells of ocular surface. Decrease tear secretion is confirmed by schirmer test.<\/p>\n

Histopathologic features<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lymphocytic infiltration of salivary glands with destruction of acinar units., on histology labial gland biopsy reveals predominate lymphocytic infiltration should contain greater than 50 lymphocytes with normal appearing acini per 4 sq.mm of glandular tissue. Sjogrensyndrome focus score = number of lymphocyte aggregates x 4 \u00f7 area of salivary gland parenchyma2<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Treatment<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dry eyes are managed by periodic use of artificial tears. Conservation of the tear film through use of sealed glass to prevent evaporation. Artificial saliva, sugarless candy or gum helps to keep the mouth moist . Symptoms often revealed by use of oral\u2013hygiene\u00a0 products that contain lactoperoxidase and lactoferrin. Sialogogue medications such as pilocarpine\u00a0 andcevimeline\u00a0 can be used to increase salivary flow . The detection of immunoglobulin gene arrangement in labial salivary gland biopsies is a useful marker for predicting the development of lymphoma, (Hodykin\u2019s B\u2013cell lymphoma) for which the patients with Sjogren\u2019s syndrome are prone to develop3<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Mikulicz Disease<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mikulicz disease otherwise called benign lympho-epithelial lesion, in which patients have bilateral painless swelling of lacrimal glands and all of salivary glands. Mikulicz syndrome represents salivary and lacrimal involvement of other diseases,\u00a0 namely tuberculosis, sarcoidosis\u00a0 and lymphoma . Many of mikulicz disease are examples of sjogren syndrome. increased level of IgG4 is associated with MIKULICZ DISEASE. Hence called as IgG4-related plasmacytic disease12.<\/sup><\/p>\n

Clinical features<\/strong><\/p>\n

Most benign\u2013lymphoepithelial disease are associated with sjogren\u2019s features .Most common in females than males and affects middle adult years. Mikulicz disease is characterized by sudden onset of xerostomia that may lead to difficulty in swallowing and result in tooth decay. Other symptoms include enlarged lacrimal glands , leading to decreased or absent tears. Painless swelling of parotid\u00a0 & sub-maxillary glands are noticed. Fever accompanied by dry eyes, diminished lacrimation and uveitis are the classical signs.<\/p>\n

Histological features<\/strong><\/p>\n

Reveals lymphocytic infiltration of salivary gland tissue destroying or replacing the acini with the persistence of islands of epithelial cells.<\/p>\n

The epithelium may consist of ducts showing cellular proliferation and loss of polarity, solid nests or dumps of poorly defined epithelial cells called epimyoepthelial is lands3.<\/sup><\/p>\n

Treatment<\/strong><\/p>\n

Biopsy of one of swollen glands is the key to diagnosis of Mikulicz disease. Treatment is symptomatic artificial tears may be used to maintain moisture in the eyes, artificial saliva may be used to treat oral symptoms<\/p>\n

Sialolithiasis<\/strong><\/p>\n

Salivary duct stone, Salivary duct calculus.<\/p>\n

They are formed by deposition of calcium salts around a central nidus which may consist of altered salivary mucins, desquamated epithelial cells, bacteria, foreign bodies or production of bacterial decomposition9<\/sup>. Sialolithiasis is the most common disease of salivary gland which is mostly symptomless, the obstruction of salivary gland or its excretory duct due to presence of sialolith is a characteristics of sialolithiasis4.<\/sup><\/p>\n

Clinical features<\/strong><\/p>\n

Patients with sialolithasis involving duct of major salivary gland. Complains of moderate to severe pain particularly just before and after meals, owing to psychic stimulation of salivary flow, associated with swelling of salivary gland. Sometimes swelling is diffuse and simulates a cellulitis. Sialolithasis may occur at\u00a0 any age , but is most common in middle \u2013aged adults. Distribution of Sialolilthasis\u00a0 is as follows 20 % parotid, sub\u2013mandibular gland 64 %, sublingual gland 16 %. The majority of these sialoliths are found in the upper lip, with only slightly fever in the buccal mucosa.<\/p>\n

Histological features<\/strong><\/p>\n

Microscopically Calcified mass exhibits concentric laminations around a central nidus of amorphous debris. The lamellated structure of the calculi is result of successive deposition of inorganic and organic material. Periductal inflammation is also seen.<\/p>\n

Treatment<\/strong><\/p>\n

Small calculi may sometimes be removed by manipulation or increasing the salivation by sucking a lemon, leading to the expulsion of the stone. An intravenous antibiotic like nafcillin is given for bacterial infection due to persistent obstruction of duct. The larger stones require surgical exposure for removal. Piezoelectric shock wave lithotropsy is an alternate to surgical removal.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

There are a wide variety of malignant neoplasms occurring in our oral cavity. The non-malignant neoplasms do tend to occur more diversely than many malignant neoplasms. Here Tumour like lesions which are mainly discussed may resemble the malignant tumours clinically. Symptoms like dry mouth, ulcers, growth seen in the malignant neoplasms are also seen in the non-neoplastic lesions. Histological examinations and biopsy may rule out malignancy from non-neoplastic lesions.<\/p>\n

Reference<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. 1 .Abrams et al, journal of medical case report 2011<\/li>\n
  2. American European Consensus criteria for sjogren\u2019s syndrome, ARUP consult<\/li>\n
  3. Allen, Neville,Damn, Bouquot- oral and maxillofacial pathology-third edition<\/li>\n
  4. Daniel Torres Lagares, Med. Oral Patol Oral cirBucal 2006, 11:E80-4,<\/li>\n
  5. Franz P, Swoboda H, Quint C. Universit\u00e4ts-HNO-Klinik, Wien. 1994 May;34(5):225-31. Non-neoplastic changes in the salivary glands<\/li>\n
  6. Frederick S. Rosen Non-neoplastic Diseases of the Salivary Glands (2001<\/li>\n
  7. Dr.F.Ling\u2019s Notes- OTOLARYNGOLOGY Head and Neck Surgerys<\/li>\n
  8. OliveriaAlves et al, in the journal of medical case report 2011<\/li>\n
  9. S SPagareVol-II 2008, sialolithiasis<\/li>\n
  10. shafer- oral and maxillofacial pathology-sixth edition<\/li>\n
  11. Turk J Med Sciences, 32 (2002) 355-359 in necrotizing sialometaplasia (report of five cases including uncommon localizations<\/li>\n
  12. M Yamamoto in \u201cA case of Mikulicz\u2019s disease (IgG4-related plasmacytic diseases.)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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