{"id":27623,"date":"2019-06-25T11:04:58","date_gmt":"2019-06-25T11:04:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=27623"},"modified":"2020-04-23T04:37:10","modified_gmt":"2020-04-23T04:37:10","slug":"metamaterial-inspired-gain-enhanced-elliptical-curved-cpw-fed-multiband-antenna-for-medical-and-wireless-communication-applications","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol12no2\/metamaterial-inspired-gain-enhanced-elliptical-curved-cpw-fed-multiband-antenna-for-medical-and-wireless-communication-applications\/","title":{"rendered":"Metamaterial Inspired Gain Enhanced Elliptical Curved CPW fed Multiband Antenna for Medical and Wireless Communication Applications"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Design of compact antennas with multiband characteristics and high gain is a challenging job to the antenna engineers. In this aspect, antennas with metamaterial loading providing advantages over traditional antennas with their high gain in compact size, high directivity and omni directional radiation pattern.1-3<\/sup> The metamaterials with negative permittivity and permeability can be used as phase compensator, which will help in design of subwavelength cavity resonators.4-5<\/sup><\/p>\n

The parasitic structures of near field resonance can be obtained with meta-material loading in monopole antennas, but which may lead to narrow bandwidth. To improve the bandwidth, active devices can be used in the antenna structure and a negative permittivity transmission line in the radiating element also can be used.6-10<\/sup> Many printed antennas are designed and fabricated to obtain dual, triple, quad and penta band characteristics in the literature. Split ring resonators are used in the antenna structure to obtain meta-material properties. The SRR will help in the reduction of the antenna size and it also serves as filtering element.11-14<\/sup><\/p>\n

This paper presents a novel elliptical curved coplanar waveguide fed antenna with SRR shaped defected ground structure. In addition, splitring resonator is placed at opposite surface to the CPW feed. The placement of SRR on the opposite side of the printed antenna results in notch band characteristics. At notching frequency, the degradation of the radiation is because of the magnetic coupling of SRR with electromagnetic signal propagation on the feedline. This coupling is filtering the unwanted frequencies in the operating band from 2-20 GHz and reducing the interference within the wide band.<\/p>\n

Antenna Modelling<\/strong><\/p>\n

The current antenna iterations are presented in Figure 1. And the geometry is given in Figure 2. The designed antenna consists of paired elliptical curved radiating elements with slots at the upper portion. A coplanar waveguide feed is used in the structure for simplicity and SRR shaped slots are placed in the ground plane for improving the impedance bandwidth. The split ring resonator slots are in two sizes as shown in the antenna geometry Figures. The final dimensions of antenna is 44 X 40 X 1.6 mm on FR 4 material with permittivity 4.4. The dimensions of the proposed antenna are presented in table 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 1: Elliptical Antenna Iterations, (a) Antenna 1, (b) Antenna 2, Antenna 3, (d) Antenna 4, (e) Antenna 5.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 2: Proposed Elliptical Curved Antenna with SRR, (a) Front View, (b) Bottom View.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Table 1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Antenna Parameter<\/strong><\/td>\nWs<\/sub><\/td>\nLs<\/sub><\/td>\nR1<\/sub><\/td>\nR2<\/sub><\/td>\nLf<\/sub><\/td>\nWf<\/sub><\/td>\nSl<\/sub><\/td>\nh<\/td>\nSL1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dimension<\/strong><\/td>\n40<\/td>\n44<\/td>\n16<\/td>\n15<\/td>\n24<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n3.9<\/td>\n1.6<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Antenna Parameter<\/strong><\/td>\nSL2<\/td>\nSL3<\/td>\nLg1<\/td>\nLg2<\/td>\nLg3<\/td>\nLg4<\/td>\nSr1<\/td>\nSr2<\/td>\nPL<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dimension<\/strong><\/td>\n5<\/td>\n2.75<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n14<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Antenna Parameter<\/strong><\/td>\nSr3<\/td>\nSr4<\/td>\nAll dimensions are in mm only<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dimension<\/strong><\/td>\n5<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

The resonant frequency for square SRR is calculated from<\/p>\n

\"Equation<\/p>\n

Total equivalent capacitance is Ceq<\/sub>.<\/p>\n

Capacitance per unit length<\/p>\n

\"Equation<\/p>\n

Where Zo<\/sub> is the characteristic impedance, Co<\/sub> is 3 x 108<\/sup> m\/s and \u03b5eff<\/sub> is the effective permittivity of the material.<\/p>\n

\"Equation<\/p>\n

An additional split ring resonator is placed beneath the CPW feed line on the other side of the substrate to attain notch bands in the wideband. This SRR structure reduces the interference in the wideband and provides multiband characteristics with notching certain unwanted frequencies. This leads to the surface current circulation in the rings and charges accumulates along the gaps to have high capacitance.<\/p>\n

Results and Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

The designed meta-material inspired antenna is simulated with Ansys HFSS tool and the obtained results are presented in this section. Figure 3 gives the reflection parameter of the antenna related iterations. Antenna 1 to Antenna 5 are resonating at Quad bands with different bandwidth variations between 2 to 20 GHz. The proposed antenna operating in Penta band for PCS, Bluetooth, LTE and Wi-Fi communication (2\u20133.6 GHz), Wireless LAN IEEE 802.11.a \/ h \/ j \/ n (4.5\u20135.825 GHz), satellite system X\u2013band downlink (7.5\u20139 GHz) and satellite communication applications at (12\u201316 GHz) & (17.5\u201318.5 GHz) respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 3: Reflection coefficient of designed antenna models.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Parametric analysis is done on the proposed antenna model to optimize the final dimensions before fabricating. Figure 4 shows the parametric analysis of the radius \u2018R1<\/sub>\u2019 from 14 to 16 mm and obtained the optimized value at 16 mm before fabrication. Another parameter \u2018R2<\/sub>\u2019 of elliptical radiating element is optimized with the dimensions of 15 mm which is witnessed in Figure 5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\n <\/p>\n

Figure 4: Parametric analysis of radius \u2018R1\u2019.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 5: Parametric analysis of radius \u2018R2\u2019.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

The width of the feed line \u2018Wf<\/sub>\u2019 is changed from 2-3 mm and the optimized dimension is fixed at 3 mm as shown in Figure 6. The parametric analysis of slot length \u2018S1<\/sub>\u2019 is presented in Figure 7 and the optimized dimension is 3.9 mm. the optimized dimensions for SRR length \u2018SL1<\/sub>\u2019 and slot \u2018Lg4\u2019<\/sub> are presented in Figure 8 & Figure 9. The best results are obtained at \u2018SL1<\/sub>\u2019 = 6 mm and \u2018Lg4<\/sub>\u2019 = 6 mm are finalized for fabrication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 6: Parametric analysis of feed width \u2018Wf\u2019.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 7: Parametric analysis of slot length \u2018Sl\u2019.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 8: Parametric analysis of SRR on back side \u2018SL1\u2019.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 9: Parametric analysis of ground slot Lg4.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

The designed model three-dimensional radiation is presented in Figure 10 and Figure 11 at 5.8 GHz and 12 GHz respectively. At 5.8 GHz, antenna projecting 5.97 dB gain and at 12 GHz, it is showing 7.18 dB. The radiation pattern in E and H planes is presented in Figure 12 & 13. At 2.5 GHz, the elevation pattern is like monopole radiation and in the azimuthal it is omni directional. At 5.8 GHz, the E\u2013plane radiation is directive and in H\u2013plane it is omni directional with considerable gain. The simulated and measured radiation patterns from antenna measurement setup is matching perfectly for the applicability in the desired operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 10: Simulated 3D-radiation at 5.8 GHz.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 11: Simulated 3D-radiation at 12 GHz.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 12: Polar radiation 2.5 GHz.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 13: Polar radiation at 5.8 GHz.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Figure 14 shows surface current distribution at ISM band 2.5 GHz and WLAN band 5.86 GHz. The surface-current concentration is more at ground plane and edges of the patch at 2.54 GHz, whereas surface-current is a little bit high radiating structure at 5.8 GHz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 14: Surface current distribution at 2.5 and 5.8 GHz.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 15: Manufactured Antenna, (a) Top-view, (b) Bottom-view.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

The prototyped antenna front and back view is presented in Figure. 15. Figure 16 gives the reflection coefficient. At lower operating band, a perfect matching of operating bands can be observed and at higher operating band, a small variation is observed due to dielectric loss and SMA connector poor soldering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 16: Reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 17: Gain plot with respect to Frequency.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Frequency Vs Gain and radiation efficiency is presented in Figure 17 & 18 respectively. Peak realized gain of 7.18 dB at 12 GHz can be observed from the Figureure and an average efficiency of 68% can be observed. Figure 19 shows the TDA result for the model with transmitted signal and the received signal response.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 18: Efficiency with respect to the Frequency.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 19: Time domain analysis of the proposed antenna.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

A novel elliptical curve shaped coplanar waveguide fed metamaterial inspired antenna is analyzed and presented in this work. The current antenna providing excellent impedance-bandwidth at the operating bands with peak-gain of 7.18 dB. Antenna operating in different application bands like PCS, LTE, Bluetooth, ISM Band for medical applications, WLAN and satellite communication with directive radiation in elevation plane and omni directional pattern in azimuthal. The average efficiency is about 68%. The dimensions of the antenna are optimized and prototyped antenna is tested on Aniritsu combinational analyzer for validation and the obtained measurement values are similar with respect to the simulation results.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Acknowledgements<\/strong><\/p>\n

We like to acknowledge ECE of KLU and DST for technical support by ECR\/ 2016\/ 000569 and EEQ \/ 2016\/ 000604.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
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  13. Venkateswara Rao M, Metamaterial inspired quad band circularly polarized antenna for WLAN\/ISM\/Bluetooth\/WiMAX and satellite communication applications, AEU – International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol 97, 2018, pp 229-241.<\/li>\n
  14. B T P Madhav, M Venkateswara Rao, Compact Metamaterial Inspired Periwinkle Shaped Fractal Antenna for Multiband Applications, International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol 7, Issue 1.1, 2018, pp 507-512.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Introduction Design of compact antennas with multiband characteristics and high […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[69],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-27623","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol12no2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27623","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27623"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27623\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32096,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27623\/revisions\/32096"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27623"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27623"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27623"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}