{"id":27279,"date":"2019-06-25T11:40:41","date_gmt":"2019-06-25T11:40:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=27279"},"modified":"2020-04-23T03:50:44","modified_gmt":"2020-04-23T03:50:44","slug":"assessment-of-serum-cotinine-and-oxidative-stress-markers-in-tobacco-users","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol12no2\/assessment-of-serum-cotinine-and-oxidative-stress-markers-in-tobacco-users\/","title":{"rendered":"Assessment of Serum Cotinine and Oxidative Stress Markers in Tobacco Users"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>According to WHO report, tobacco is responsible for an extensive amount of morbidity and mortality among middle-aged adults worldwide and for causing more than 5 million deaths every year.<sup>1<\/sup> Smoking and smokeless tobacco products are the two main forms of tobacco use.<sup>2 <\/sup>India is one of the largest producer and second highest consumer of tobacco in the world with 229 million tobacco users, mainly in the form of smokeless tobacco (SLT).<sup>2,3<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Global Adult Tobacco Survey India (GATS-India) 2009-2010 observed that prevalence of smokeless tobacco use (26%) is significantly more than that of smoking (14%).<sup>4<\/sup> Smoking is available as cigarettes, beedis, cigars, cheroots etc. SLT is available as gutkha, khaini, pan masala, mawa or snuff or mishri, gul, bajjar, gudakhu (used for application to the teeth and gums).<sup>2<\/sup> The use of SLT in India is escalating as they are cheap, socially acceptable and easily available with addictive habit.<sup>2<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>After absorption of tobacco constituents in the blood circulation, it affects almost all organs causing increased risk of atherosclerosis, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancers etc.<sup>5<\/sup>\u00a0 Adverse effects of tobacco use have been associated to the different effects of chemical constituents of it on biological systems. Although the underlying mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of diseases associated with tobacco use are not exactly known, free radical induced damage has been suggested to play a major role.<sup>6<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Tobacco contains 5,000 compounds, most of which are well known sources of free radicals,<sup>7<\/sup> when they get absorbed in blood circulation, causes changes in cells resulting in incre<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction According to WHO report, tobacco is responsible for an  [&#8230;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[69],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-27279","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol12no2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27279","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27279"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27279\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32063,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27279\/revisions\/32063"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27279"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27279"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27279"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}