{"id":2652,"date":"2015-04-28T10:10:46","date_gmt":"2015-04-28T10:10:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=2652"},"modified":"2020-04-26T07:06:31","modified_gmt":"2020-04-26T07:06:31","slug":"antibacterial-effect-of-hydro-extract-of-pistacia-atlantica-on-bacteria-in-in-vitro","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol6no2\/antibacterial-effect-of-hydro-extract-of-pistacia-atlantica-on-bacteria-in-in-vitro\/","title":{"rendered":"Antibacterial Effect of Hydro-extract of Pistacia atlantica on Bacteria in In vitro"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Herbal remedy as an ancient cure has been exploited for centuries. Recently, nearly to 1\/3 of industrial drugs produced from herbal sources or modified after extraction(1). During last forty years scientists have been had huge effort to introduce novel antibiotics which have appropriate bactericidal effect and low toxicity therefore more than thousand ones had produced(2). Approximately 75% of world population administrate herbal remedy to deal with complaints(3). Hospital acquired infection could be very slight poisoning or life minatory infection(4, 5). Pseudomonas aeruginosa known as a minatory factor of life specially among patients with burn wound and Cystic fibrosis patients. Prevalence of H.pylori among adults in developing countries arise up to 80% that is contributed to gastrointestinal disorders such as Gastritis, Peptic ulcer and gastric adenocarsinoma(6-9). In the western of Iran, native people use herbal drugs to treat superficial, interior and deep infections. Pistacia antalica<\/em> belongs to Anacardiaceae<\/em> and as native herb used for herbal remedy. The aim of current study focused on the effect of hydro-extract of Pistacia atlantica <\/em>on bacteria (10-12).<\/p>\n

Matherial and\u00a0Method<\/strong><\/p>\n

Extraction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pistacia stlantica <\/em>collected from Zagros mountains and after cleaning, drying and powdering. 1mg of powder added to 10ml DW and boiled for 15minutes then paper filter was used to filteration. Finally, Ben Murry 30\u010b recruited to elimination process.<\/p>\n

Sampling<\/strong><\/p>\n

30 clinical isolates for each bacteria isolated from hospitals and health publics of Ilam. Biochemical differential test exploited to determine bacteria. Biopsy samples cultured on clima agar with selective supplement at presence of CO2. <\/sub>48hours culture of H.pylori prepared in peptone water. Antibiogram test done based on Kirby-bauer for all strains, Muller Hinton agar with 10% Sheep Blood used to antibiotic susceptibility test of H.pylori. Serial dilution of extract added to embedded well on media and also routine antibiotic disk used. Culture incubated 3 days at 37\u010b in 5%-7% Co2 .<\/sub><\/p>\n

Antimicrobial Susceptibility determination<\/strong><\/p>\n

Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) for all of four isolates done based on E-test for 10 antibiotics. 0.5 \u00b5F suspension of each isolates prepared and cultured on Muller Hinton agar then E-test strips laid on media. Diameter of no growth zone evaluated after 18 hours incubation at 35\u010b. Standards of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute<\/em> (CLSI<\/em>) were used to determine susceptibility. E-test is a special strip that saturated by serial dilution of certain antibiotic. In this test bacteria cultured on media same as disk diffusion method and strips are laid on the media.\u00a0 Susceptible strain shown an oval shape zone of no growth that can be observed by naked eyes. Confluence of this oval shaped zone with strip indicates MIC.<\/p>\n

To determine MIC of extract, 0.5 \u00b5F suspension of bacteria added to TSB and serial dilution of extracti then MIC read after 16-20 hours incubation. Inhibition effect of extract evaluated by agar diffusion method. Wells embedded on Muller Hinton agar and serial dilutions of extract pour into them after 20 hours incubation at 35\u010b, zone of no growth evaluated. To analysis obtained data of MIC and E-test, Square Chi test, t independent test, t-test and fisher test\u00a0 done.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>Result<\/strong><\/p>\n

Antibiogram result of E.coli<\/em> indicates the lowest resistant to Imipenem<\/em> whereas the highest resistant is shown to Amoxicillin <\/em>by 83.3%. Pistacia atlantica<\/em> extract shown inhibition effect against E.coli<\/em> growth by MIC: 163\u00b5g\/ml (Fig.1). Hydro-extract of Pistacia atlantica <\/em>dose not indicate any effect on H.pylori<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 1: E.coli; E-test and well embedding test of Pistacia atlantica<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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The lowest resistant were to Mropenem <\/em>and Amikacin <\/em>while Pseudomonas aerugionsa<\/em> has highest resistant for\u00a0 Trimethoprim\/Sulfamethoxazole<\/em> (TMP\/SMX) by 6.6%.\u00a0 Pastacia atlantica<\/em> extract has MIC: 104.16 \u00b5g\/ml for P.aeruginosa<\/em>. Diameter of no growth zone is investigated by various dilution that highest zone was 20mm by 100\u00b5l\/ml<\/em> \u00a0<\/em>of extract (Fig.2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 2: P.aeruginosa; E-test and well embedding test of Pistacia atlantica<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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Staphylococcus aureus shown lowest and highest resistant to Vancomicin, Amoxicillin and Tetracycline (36.7%), respectively.<\/p>\n

Fig.3 show the inhibitory effect of Pistacia atlantica <\/em>on S.aureus <\/em>by MIC: 204.67 \u00b5g\/ml.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 3: S.aureus; E-test and Well embedding test of Pistacia atlantica<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Salehi et al indicate the effect of methanol-extract of Pistacia vera<\/em> on E.coli.<\/em> Obtained MIC of methanol-extract is higher than hydro-extract that demonstrate better efficiency of hydro-extract than methanol-extract(13). Masherghi et al shown that Rosmarinus<\/em> \u00a0extract have better efficiency than Pistacia atlantica<\/em> extract on E.coli<\/em> while Alcoholic extract of hypericum perforatum, carthamus tinctorius<\/em> dose not have effect on it(12). Torabi et al funding demonstrate that essence of Eucalyptus<\/em> kingsmillii<\/em> and Eucalyptus<\/em> salubris <\/em>have less inhibitory effect than Pistacia atlantica<\/em> extract on E.coli.<\/em>(10)<\/em><\/p>\n

Ramezani et al prove inhibitory potential of Pistacia atlantica <\/em>extract for H.pylori by MIC: 1.55 mg\/ml<\/em>(11)<\/em>. Nakhaie et al indicate the methanol-extract of Citrus sinensis and both aqueous and methanolic extract of Cuminum cyminum <\/em>and Artemisia dracunculus<\/em> have strong affect on H.pylori<\/em> growth and is better than Pistacia atlantica <\/em>extract(14, 15). Current study shown that the hydro-extract of Pistacia atlantica <\/em>fruit has inhibitory affect on P.aeruginosa <\/em>by MIC:104\/16 \u00b5g\/ml and its peel extract has same potential. Among investigated bacteria, hydro-extract of Pistacia atlantica <\/em>has more efficiency for S.aureus<\/em> and regarding to comparison of antibacterial potential of this extract by routine antibiotics indicates that Cotrimoxazole has more inhibitory effect than studied extract on S.aureus<\/em>. Hence, according to Salehi and Ramezani studies there is need to more investigate specially on methanol-extract or other kind of extract of this herb. (11)<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Eisenberg DM DR, Apple S, et al. Trend in alternative medicine use in the united states ,1990-1997, Result of a follow \u2013up national survey. JAMA. 1998;280:1569-75.<\/em><\/li>\n
  2. Bosze S. Medicinal plants in the Rainforest : Effects on biodiversity and indigenous people. Tropical ecosystem of Costa Rica. 2000:23-5.<\/em><\/li>\n
  3. Wikipedia. Infectious disease Wikimedia foundation Inc. 2004.<\/em><\/li>\n
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  9. Karaman S.Digrak M RUIA. Antimicrobial and antifungal activity of essential oils of thymus revolutus celak from Turky Ethnopharmacol. 2001;76:183-6.<\/em><\/li>\n
  10. Torabi.S.B NHBKM, Sadeghzadeh.L,. Investigation of components and antimicrobial effect of 10\u00a0 Eucalyptus species on\u00a0 Micrococcus loteus and Escherichia coli, . Iranian Journal of Medical and Aromatic Plants. 2011;27(3):440-9.<\/em><\/li>\n
  11. Ramezani M K-KM, Karimi-Fard V. Chemical composition and anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of the essential oil of Pistacia vera. Pharamaceutical Biology. 2004;42(7):488-90.<\/em><\/li>\n
  12. Mashreghi.M MF. Comparison of antibacterial effect of Rosmarinus officinalis, hypericum perforatum, carthamus tinctorius on E.coli O157. J of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2012;11(2):103.<\/em><\/li>\n
  13. Salehi.M MS, Rais Nia. N, . Evaluation of antibacterial effect of methanol-extract of external peel of Pistacia vera. Microbial Biotechnology J of Qods Azad Uni. 2011;3(10):53-9.<\/em><\/li>\n
  14. Nakhaie M.M RM, Karam Aldini.M.KH, Malekzadeh.F. Antimicrobial effetc of aqueous and methanolic extract of Cuminum cyminum L and Artemisia dracunculus L on H.pylori in in vitro. Iran University of Medical Sciences Journal. 2007;9(3):193-200.<\/em><\/li>\n
  15. Nakhaie M.M. Antimicrobila effect of Citrus sinensis on H.pylori in in vitro. Microbial Biotechnology J of Qods Azad Uni. 2009;1(2):37-43.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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