{"id":26359,"date":"2019-03-25T10:36:57","date_gmt":"2019-03-25T10:36:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=26359"},"modified":"2020-04-23T10:27:15","modified_gmt":"2020-04-23T10:27:15","slug":"in-vitro-studies-on-antitumour-and-antimicrobial-activities-of-methanolic-kernel-extract-of-mangifera-indica-l-cultivar-banganapalli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol12no1\/in-vitro-studies-on-antitumour-and-antimicrobial-activities-of-methanolic-kernel-extract-of-mangifera-indica-l-cultivar-banganapalli\/","title":{"rendered":"In-Vitro Studies on Antitumour and Antimicrobial Activities of Methanolic Kernel Extract of Mangifera Indica L. Cultivar Banganapalli"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

From the time immemorial, herbal plants and their by-products have been used widely for treatment of several diseases.1<\/sup> In the recent years, herbal medicine is gaining much importance all over the world because of its natural origin and less side effects.2<\/sup>\u00a0<\/strong>As per WHO reports, 80% of the world\u2019s population depends mostly on traditional remedies which mostly include active ingredients of plants.3<\/sup> Similarly, high intake of vegetables and fruits lower the degenerative diseases like cardiovascular diseases and cancer.4<\/sup><\/p>\n

Cancer is considered as one of the deadly diseases in the world which is characterized by continues proliferation of abnormal cells which is indicated by damage of the surrounding tissues.5<\/sup> Synthetic medicines used for curing the diseases have toxic and dreadful effects due to which much attention has been drawn towards the herbal medicines.6<\/sup> Research reports show nearly 1400 genera of herbal plants with a potential to treat cancer.7<\/sup><\/p>\n

Mangifera indica<\/em> L. belongs to the family Anacardiaceae that includes above 70 genera. Annually, 1 million tones of mango seeds are being wasted. Beneficial utilization of these seeds to produce commercially valuable products may eliminate some of the hazardous compounds.8<\/sup>\u00a0As per the historical records, it is originated from India and has been cultivated as fruit tree from the last 4000 years and it is also considered as \u201cKing of all fruits\u201d.9,10<\/sup> Mango is a abundant source of anti \u2013 oxidants, phenolic compounds and carotenoids.11<\/sup> Poly phenols and carotenoides present in Mangifera indica<\/em> L. may protect from cancer. Characterization of polyphenolic compounds shows flavonoids like quercetin, kaempferol, phenolic acids, galloyl glycosides, abundant amounts gallic acid and mangiferin.12<\/sup> Quercetin which is a common flavonoid acts against different cancers by several cell signaling mechanisms and its capacity to inhibit enzymes which are majorly responsible for activation of carcinogens. Quercetin also binds to cellular receptors and proteins and thus inhibiting the cancer.13,14<\/sup> Antioxidants present in mango reduce clinical toxicity induced by the cancer drugs in patients.15<\/sup><\/p>\n

Mango seed kernel weigh 15-20% of total fruit weight which is abundant source of polyphenols, antioxidants, flavonoids etc,.<\/em>16<\/sup> Large amount of mango seed kernels are discarded as waste after industrial processing.17<\/sup> But historic reports show usage of mango kernels as a traditional medicine in almost all parts of the world. In India dry powder of kernel is applied to treat dandruff of hair and also used as to treat diarrhea. Similarly, traditional practice in Fiji includes consumption of fresh kernel for treatment of asthma and dysentery.18<\/sup> Extract of kernel has been studied for its anticancer activity and showed positive results.19<\/sup> In Andhra Pradesh, more than 34 local varieties of mango were identified and characterized.20<\/sup><\/p>\n

Potato disc bioassay is mostly used for testing the antitumour property which was developed based on tumour inducing property of Agrobacterium tumifaciens<\/em> on potato disc. This test was mostly employed as the tumourogenic mechanism of animals and A.tumifaciens<\/em> is similar.5,21<\/sup><\/p>\n

In the current study different local cultivars of mangoes were collected and its Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) were estimated in the methanolic kernel extract. Further, cultivar showing high TPC and TFC in the methanolic kernel extract was tested for antitumour and antimicrobial activities.<\/p>\n

Materials and Mehods<\/strong><\/p>\n

Chemicals and Reagents<\/strong><\/p>\n

All the chemicals and reagents required for the experiment were procured from Merck, Bengaluru, India. Deionized water and methanol were procured from Fisher scientific, Mumbai, India.<\/p>\n

Plant Mmaterial\u00a0Collection<\/strong><\/p>\n

Plant materials of different local mango cultivars of Andhra Pradesh were collected from the Chiruvolu Lanka village, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh (16\u00b002\u201954.3\u201dN and 800<\/sup>57\u201908.3\u201dE) in the month of May, 2018.<\/p>\n

Bacterial Cultures<\/strong><\/p>\n

Agrobacterium tumifaciens<\/em> MTCC 609, Staphylococcus aureus<\/em> MTCC 737 and Escherichia coli<\/em> MTCC 46 were procured from Microbial Type Culture Collection, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India. Similarly, Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis<\/em> DSM 10 was procured from Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Germany. Bacterial cultures were grown on Luria Bertani agar medium with composition g\/L: Peptone \u2013 10g, Yeast extract \u2013 10g, NaCl \u2013 5g, Agar – 20g.Pure cultures were grown in Luria Bertani broth and used for further studies.21<\/sup><\/p>\n

Methanolic Extraction of Mango Kernels<\/strong><\/p>\n

Collected mango kernels were washed with water to remove the pulp attached to it and dried in hot air oven at 45\u00b0C for 2 days. Dried kernels were powdered and mixed in methanol in the ratio 1:5 and kept on orbital shaker at 150 rpm for 2 days. Mixture was filtered by using Whatman No.1 filter paper and filtrate was dried in water bath at 45\u00b0C till aqueous slurry is obtained. The extract was stored at 4\u00b0C for further studies to be carried out.22<\/sup><\/p>\n

Estimation of Total Phenolic Content<\/strong><\/p>\n

Phenolic content was estimated by using modified procedure of Folin-Ciocalteu.23<\/sup> 0.5 ml of methanolic kernel extract was mixed in 0.5 ml of Folin\u2013Ciocalteu reagent and 7.5 ml deionized water. Mixture was kept at room temperature for 10 min which was followed by addition of 1.5 ml of 20% sodium carbonate (w\/v). The mixture was heated in water bath at 40\u00b0C for 20 min followed by rapid cooling. Absorbance was recorded at 755 nm using UV \u2013 Vis Spectrophotometer (Elico SL 244). Gallic acid was taken as the standard for estimation of total phenolic content and values were noted as milligrams of Gallic acid equivalents per 1 g.<\/p>\n

Estimation of Flavonoid Content<\/strong><\/p>\n

Flavonoid content was estimated by taking 0.25 ml of mango kernel extract and was mixed with 1.25 ml of deionized water. 75 \u00b5L of 5% NaNO2<\/sub> solution and 150 \u00b5L of 10% AlCl3<\/sub>.6H2<\/sub>O solution were added to the mixture and kept aside for 5 min followed by addition of 0.5 ml of 1 M NaOH. The reaction mixture was made to 2.5 ml by using deionized water. Absorbance was noted at 510 nm by using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer (Elico SL 244).Quercetin was taken as standard for estimation of flavonoid content.24<\/sup><\/p>\n

Testing of Antitumour activity by Potato Disc Assay <\/strong><\/p>\n

Antitumour properties of methanolic Kernel extract of mango was assessed by using potato disc assay. Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum<\/em> L.) were purchase from local market, cleaned with tap water and sterilized distilled water. Cleaned potatoes were surface sterilized with 0.1% HgCl2<\/sub>). From the center of surface sterilized potatoes small pieces of 5mm x 8mm size were cut by using sterilized cork borer. <\/strong>Pieces were washed with sterilized double distilled water and transferred to water agar plates (15 g\/L). Sterilized potato pieces were inoculated with 50 \u00b5L of Agrobacterium tumefaciens<\/em> (1.0×109<\/sup> CFU\/ml). Camptothecin was used as positive control to test the antitumour activity. Petri plates were sealed with parafilm and incubated at 28\u00b0C in dark for 21 days. After incubation the pieces were stained with Lugol\u2019s Iodine i.e. 10% KI and 5% I2<\/sub>.21,25<\/sup> Lugol\u2019s reagent reacts with the starch content of potato and turns to dark blue to dark brown colour, whereas tumours will not stain and appear creamy to orange5<\/sup>. Percentage of inhibition was calculated based on the formula:<\/p>\n

\"formula<\/p>\n

Experiment was carried out in triplicates and the average values were taken. For testing antitumour property of plant extracts, 20% of tumour inhibition was considered as significant.1<\/sup><\/p>\n

Testing of Antibacterial Activity <\/strong><\/p>\n

Antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of mango kernels was tested against Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 737, Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis<\/em> DSM 10 and Escherichia coli<\/em> MTCC 46 by agar diffusion method. Muller Hinton agar medium was poured in 90 mm petri dishes and allowed to solidify. 100 \u03bcL of specific bacterial culture was spread uniformly on the agar surface. Wells were made by using sterile cylinder of 6mm diameter. 200 \u03bcL of fillter sterilized methanolic extract of mango kernels was added into the agar wells. Streptomycin was used as positive control and saline as negative control.Agar plates were incubated at 37\u00b0C for 24 h and zone of inhibition was measured.26<\/sup><\/p>\n

Results and Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

In the current research work attempts have been made to study the antitumour and antimicrobial properties of mango kernels which are generally disposed after the industrial processing. Kernel extract of Mangifera indica<\/em> L. showed cytotoxicity towards the carcinogenic breast cancer cell lines.19,28,29<\/sup><\/p>\n

15 local varieties of mango viz.<\/em> Cherukurasam, Chinnarasam, Hyder, Imampasand, Nalla rasalu, Nalla Andrews, Suvarnarekha, Paparao Goa, Peddarasam, Royal special, Tella Gulabi, Banganapalli, Jalal, Panchadara kalasam, Jahangir were collected from the mango gardens in Chiruvolu Lanka Village, Krishna District, India. Kernel methanolic extraction was done for all the collected local cultivars with an aim to assess the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antitumour and antimicrobial properties.<\/p>\n

Total phenolic content was assessed in all the Mangifera indica<\/em> L. varieties. Reports indicate total phenolic content in Mangifera pajang<\/em> kernels as 103.30 \u00b1 0.63 mg GAE\/g which was also equal to Mangifera indica.<\/em>4<\/sup> Similarly, the total phenolic content in Langra mango and Chonsa mango were recorded to be 63.89\u00b10.72 and 69.24\u00b10.54 respectively.27<\/sup> All the local varieties of Mangifera indica<\/em> L. were tested for total phenolic content among which Banganapalli showed highest total phenolic content with 63.5\u00b11.1 mg GAE\/g followed by Royal special (58.7\u00b10.6 mg GAE\/g) and Tella Gulabi (56.5\u00b10.7 mg GAE\/g) (Fig.1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 1: Total phenolic content of various mango cultivars.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Quercetin was taken as reference standard for estimation of total flavonoid content as it has the anticancer property to inhibit the breast cancer cells13<\/sup>.When total flavonoid content was estimated, Banganapalli recorded highest value 16.7\u00b10.5 mg quercetin\/g followed by Royal special (16.2\u00b10.6 mg quercetin\/g) and Paparao Goa (15.1\u00b10.5 mg quercetin\/g) respectively (Fig 2). Banganapalli variety of mango that showed highest total phenolic content and total flavonoid content was tested for its antitumour and antibacterial properties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 2: Total flavonoid content of various mango cultivars.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Antitumour property of methanolic kernel extract was assessed by potato disc assay in which camptothecin was taken as positive control. Results recorded were satisfactory with 40.12% of tumour inhibition whereas in positive 100% tumour inhibition was noticed. Above 20% of tumour inhibition was considered as significant.1<\/sup><\/p>\n

Antimicrobial activity of Mangifera indica L. methanolic kernel extract was done and the results obtained were encouraging. Among all the tested microorganisms, highest zone of inhibition was recorded in Staphylococcus aureus<\/em> MTCC 737 with 8.5\u00b10.3 mm followed by E.coli<\/em> MTCC 46 (8.2\u00b10.3 mm) and Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis<\/em> DSM 10 (6.6\u00b10.5 mm) (Fig.3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 3: Antimicrobial activity of Mangifera indica<\/em> L.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mangifera indica<\/em> L. cultivar Banganapalli kernels which were generally considered as waste showed encouraging results of antitumour and antimicrobial activities. This study is an attempt to test the antitumour and antimicrobial activities of kernel extracts and further in depth research studies needs to be carried out for testing the anticarcinogenic activity.<\/p>\n

Acknowledgements<\/strong><\/p>\n

We wish to express our gratitude to Vignan\u2019s Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Vadlamudi, Guntur, 522213, India for supporting the research work.<\/p>\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n

There is no conflict of interest.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

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