{"id":2572,"date":"2015-04-26T06:05:29","date_gmt":"2015-04-26T06:05:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=2572"},"modified":"2020-04-26T08:59:51","modified_gmt":"2020-04-26T08:59:51","slug":"local-anesthetic-activity-of-jatropha-gossypifolia-l-on-frogs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol5no2\/local-anesthetic-activity-of-jatropha-gossypifolia-l-on-frogs\/","title":{"rendered":"Local Anesthetic Activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L. on Frogs"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jatropha gossypifolia L. belongs to the family Eurphorbiaceae The common name for J.gossypifolia L. is pignut or fignut, and in Yoruba land it is commonly known as \u201cLapalapa\u201d [1].<\/sup> The leaf decoction of \u00a0J.gossypifolia <\/em>L. is used for bathing wounds [2]. It was reported that the leaf bark used for sores, sprains, rash and bewitchment in Latin America and the Caribbean; the poultices are used for sores and pain in Trinidad [3,4]. The stem sap stops bleeding and itching of cuts and scratches. In Southern Nigeria, the extract from fresh leaf applied with crushed leaf is routinely used by herbalists and local people to stop bleeding from the skin and nose[5]. The coagulant activity of the leaf extract of J.gossypifolia <\/em>was detected while trying to examine its coagulant properties[6]. This study was under taken to evaluate the local anaesthetic activity of the aqueous extract and methanolic extract of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0J. gossypifolia<\/em> by plexus anaesthesia in frogs.<\/p>\n

Materials and Method<\/strong><\/p>\n

Preparation of the Extract<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fresh leaf parts are collected, identified and authenticated by. Dr.Raghu Ram, professor, Department of Botany and Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna nagar, Guntur and the specimen was deposited in the department for future reference. They were cleaned, dried under shade, and powdered by mechanical grinder. Leaves are extracted with polar to non-polar solvents. Aqueous and methanolic extracts were collected. The yield was calculated as 0.05 and 0.16 g.<\/p>\n

Phytochemical Studies\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Freshly prepared J.gossypifolia <\/em>extract was subjected to phytochemical screening test by using standard protocol.<\/p>\n

Animal <\/strong><\/p>\n

Frogs were procured from the central animal house of the Vignan pharmacy college. The animals were grouped into three, containing three animals in each (i.e., n=3) and they were housed at controlled room temperature. The experimental study was approved by the Institutional animal ethics committee. (IAEC).<\/p>\n

Drugs<\/strong><\/p>\n

Xylocaine, sodium chloride, Hydrochloric acid were purchased from (S.D.fine chemicals, Mumbai) and are of analytical grade.<\/p>\n

Acute Oral Toxicity Studies<\/strong><\/p>\n

The acute oral toxicity study was performed as per OECD 420 guidelines[7].<\/p>\n

Local Anaesthetic Activity\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Plexus anaesthesia in frogs <\/strong><\/p>\n

The frogs were divided into three groups. They were decerebrated and upper parts of their spinal cord were destroyed using pithing needle. The abdominal viscera were excised and removed through a transverse incision made just below the sternum there by forming a pouch. The lumbar plexus was exposed carefully without damaging it. The frogs were pinned to vertical with their legs hanging down. The drugs were administered into the abdominal pouch in sufficient volumes to submerge the lumbar plexus. The left and right limbs of the frogs were immersed every minute for maximum period of 10 sec in beaker containing 0.1 N HCL and normal saline (0.9%Nacl) respectively. Afterwards the feet were rinsed in water. The time taken by the animals falling to withdraw their feet was recorded as the \u201conset of local anesthetic action\u201d [8,9].<\/p>\n

Statistical Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n

The results were analyzed for statistical significance by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnet\u2019s\u00a0 \u2019t\u2019 test \u2018P\u2019 value of < 0.001 was considered significant.<\/p>\n

Results<\/strong><\/p>\n

The phytochemical studies reveals that the presence of alkaloids, steroids, tannins and vitamin c. The oral acute toxicity study paves, there was no lethal effect up to 2000mg\/b.wt. The mean onset of anaesthesia with the test drug were observed as 5.33 \u00b1 0.33 and 9.33 \u00b1 0.33min compared to 2.75 \u00b1 0.33min for the standard drug xylocaine (2%). The onset of local anaesthetic activity in the test and standard groups was significantly different from the control group (Table 1). The anaesthetic action of the standard and test drugs continued till 30min of our observation period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Table<\/td>\n\n

Table 1: Local anesthetic activity of\u00a0 J.gossypifolia L. <\/em>leaves\u00a0 on plexus anaesthesia in frog .<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to View\u00a0table<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

The local anaesthetic activity of J.gossypifolia<\/em> L. <\/em>was studied by the method plexus anesthesia in frogs [10]. In the present study, 2% xylocaine was used as the standard drug. The wheal model is suitable for estimating the degree of anaesthesia and its duration simultaneously, where as the plexus anaesthesia determines the onset of anaesthesia [11]. The mean onset of local anaesthetic action with J.gossypifolia <\/em>L.<\/em> in concentration of 20% were 9.33 \u00b1 0.33 and 5.33 \u00b1 0.33 min (p<0.001) the anaesthetic action till 30 min of the observation period. The finding suggests that J.gossypifolia <\/em>L. possess significant local anaesthetic property. The local anesthetic property of J.gossypifolia L<\/em>. observed in the study could be attributed with the presence of alkaloids, tannins and resins.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

The present study concluded that the local anesthetic activity of selected species of J.gossypifolia L. <\/em>leaves were showing significant comparable activity with the standard and control which was used in the study. Further this study suggests isolating the responsible biomarker for the activity.<\/p>\n

Acknowledgement<\/strong><\/p>\n

The authors are indebted to Elamaren Tamil Jyothi, Department of Pharmacology, Vignan Pharmacy College<\/p>\n

Abbreviations<\/strong><\/p>\n

IAEC; Institutional Animal Ethics Committee.<\/p>\n

OECD; Oraganisation of Economical Cooperation and Development<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Odebiyi O, Sofowora EA. Phytochemical screening of Nigerian Medicinal plants II, Lloyd. 41(3); 1998: 234 \u2013 236.<\/li>\n
  2. Morton JF.A survey of medicinal plants of Curacao. Econ. Bot. 22; 1968.: 87 \u2013 102.<\/li>\n
  3. Morton JF. Atlas of medicinal plants of middle America: Bahamas to Yucatan. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, USA. 1981:1420<\/li>\n
  4. Omoregbe RE, Ikuebe OM, Ihimire IG. Antimicrobial activity of Some medicinal\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0plants extracts on Eschericia coli<\/em>, Salmonella.paratyphi<\/em> and Shigella dysentriae<\/em>. Afr. J. Med Sci. 25; 1996: 373 \u2013375.<\/li>\n
  5. Chakraborty A, Devi BRK, Sanjebam R, Khumbong S, Thokcham I.S. Preliminary studies on local anesthetic and anti-pyretic activities of Spilanthes acmella<\/em> in experimental animal model. Indian j pharmacol. 42 (5); 2010: 277-279.<\/li>\n
  6. Lahon LC, Khanikor HN, Ahmed N.. Preliminary study of local anaesthetic activity of Euphorbia nerifolia<\/em> Indian j pharmacol.11; 1979: 239-240.<\/li>\n
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  8. Boruah RN, Leclercq PA. Charecterisaton of the essential oil from flower heads of Spilanthes acmella.<\/em> J Essential Oil Res. 5; 1993: 693-695.<\/li>\n
  9. Liu SS, Michel AA, Linda JR. The management of pain, Churchill living stone inc, USA 1998: 447-48.<\/li>\n
  10. Burn JH, Finney DJ, Goodwin LG. Local anesthetics. Biological standardization 2 nd ed. London: Geofefrey cumberlege. 1952: 325-331.<\/li>\n
  11. Agshikar NV, Abraham G J. Pharmacology and acute toxicity of essential oil extracted from Zanthoxylum budrunga.<\/em> Indian j med Res. 60; 1972: 757-761.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Introduction Jatropha gossypifolia L. belongs to the family Eurphorbiaceae The […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2572","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol5no2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2572","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2572"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2572\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33310,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2572\/revisions\/33310"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2572"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2572"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2572"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}