{"id":24295,"date":"2018-12-25T10:28:54","date_gmt":"2018-12-25T10:28:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=24295"},"modified":"2020-04-24T05:18:12","modified_gmt":"2020-04-24T05:18:12","slug":"toxoplasmosis-and-risk-factors-among-female-students-of-medical-colleges-at-basra-university-iraq","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol11no4\/toxoplasmosis-and-risk-factors-among-female-students-of-medical-colleges-at-basra-university-iraq\/","title":{"rendered":"Toxoplasmosis and Risk Factors Among Female Students of Medical Colleges at Basra University, Iraq"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Toxoplasmosis is among the most famous parasitic zoonosis in the globe; it is due to apicomplexan protozoan Toxoplasma gondii.<\/em>1<\/sup> The definitive hosts for the parasite are cats; the warm-blooded creature is it intermediate host. It happens in three kinds, which are bradyzoites sporozoites and tachyzoites.2<\/sup> The parasite is found in the lungs, brain, at most of the times in the lymph nodes and the heart.3,4<\/sup> The sickness influences about 33% of the worldwide populace5<\/sup> it is an opportunistic parasitic disease that effect people whose immune system is deficiency.6<\/sup> It found that childbearing age ladies and women who is pregnant have a high rate of infection with the disease.7<\/sup> The disease is wide, and variety relies upon social and cultural mores, geographic components, and mode of transmission. The pervasiveness of the disease is more in warm and humid areas,8<\/sup> which is caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite. Individuals can be infected after ingestion of raw or undercooked meat, by ingestion of oocysts shed from cat in the taint soil, water or food; or by trans-placental transmission of tachyzoites.9,10<\/sup> Women infected \u00a0with T. gondii<\/em> at the \u00a0pregnancy can result in neonatal death or different inborn imperfections, like nervous, sensory system anomalies, hydrocephalus, and chorioretinitis.9,10-11<\/sup><\/p>\n

After ingested, the parasite changes to a quick replicating structure referred to as the tachyzoite which invades host cells and produce three successive waves of proteins are secreted from parasite organelles.These proteins can alter host cell function and inhibit the immune response directed towards the parasite.12<\/sup> By forming a parasitophorous vacuole [PV]. Which preventing lysosomal fusion and killing of the parasite.13<\/sup> In immune competant individual the infection cleared from the host by the immune system.14,15<\/sup> The parasite at that point changes to a stage that replicates slowly referred to as the bradyzoite that persists in the neural and muscle tissues of the host for the entire life.16<\/sup> In parasitic attacks, the cytotoxic action of white blood cells is increased due to the effect of cytokines (TNF-\u03b1 and IL-5).17<\/sup> The lymphocytes Th2 produce some cytokines like (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10) that assume a major part in the formation of the pathogen for the disease,18,19<\/sup> Disturbance of immune response associated with toxoplasmosis may explain the success of parasite in escaping from discrimination and elimination by the immune system then supporting its survival and replication.20<\/sup> Treatment of this disease is often only recommended for people with serious health problems, such as people with HIV, because the disease is most serious when one’s immune system is weak Clinically, acute toxoplasmosis is usually treated with a combination pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine although sometimes may be replaced with trimethoprim, and the latter with the clindamycin.21<\/sup> Other studies show that triple combination of PYR-SDZ-levamisole could be an alternative treatment option in case of infections caused by T. gondii<\/em>,.22<\/sup> The drug combinations also the usual choice for prophylaxis. However, because none of the inhibitors commonly used for the treatment of primary disease is able to penetrate tissue cysts and thus clear the bradyzoite form of the parasite, lifelong prophylaxis is essential if recrudescent disease is to be prevented in immunosuppressed patients.21<\/sup> Female university students are close to childbearing age, and their status of T. gondii <\/em>infection is important. The current research was structured to give recent data about the Toxoplasma<\/em> infection of a female university student who was studying at Basra University, in Iraq.<\/p>\n

Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

Blood tests were gathered from 177 healthful female understudies at the college of medicine & college of pharmacy University of Basra, Iraq, in 2018. Ethical endorsement was acquired from the University of Basra; a questionnaire was organize to collect & analyze the importance factors influencing toxoplasmosis.<\/p>\n

Three to five millilitres of blood were collected from female students. The blood samples were given time to clot totally before centrifugation at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes to obtain serum. Serum was isolated from the clot and stored in too tightly screwed tubes and stored at\u221220\u00b0C. This frozen serum was then tested for the availability of anti-Toxoplasma <\/em>IgM & IgG antibodies, using linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) kit (Rapid Labs, United Kingdom). The steps to test the samples were according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The questionnaires’ data along with the findings of the serological assay were entered in SPSS software (version 22) and analyzed.<\/p>\n

Result<\/strong><\/p>\n

A total of 177 female understudies going to college amidst of 19 and 24years old; the \u00a0mean age was 21.24 years. A majority of the participants were aged between 22 and 24 years; they were 78 accounting for 44.07%. Twelve of the participants, which is 6.78% had cats in their homes, and six of them, which is 3.39% indicated that they drunk unpasteurized milk. Only two who accounted for 1.13% consumed undercooked meat while 93.79% indicated to wash their hand after contact with raw meat. That appear \u00a0in table (1), about 58.2% of the study populations lived in the urban area, and about 41.8% who is lived in rural areas.<\/p>\n

Table 1: Characteristics features of study participants:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Variable<\/strong><\/td>\n\u2009Category<\/strong><\/td>\nNumber<\/strong><\/td>\n(%)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Age years<\/td>\n> 20<\/p>\n

20\u201322<\/p>\n

22\u201324<\/td>\n

38\/177<\/p>\n

61\/177<\/p>\n

78\/177<\/td>\n

21.47<\/p>\n

34.46<\/p>\n

44.07<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Place of residence<\/td>\nRural<\/p>\n

Urban<\/td>\n

74\/177<\/p>\n

103\/177<\/td>\n

41.8<\/p>\n

58.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Ownership of cat<\/td>\nYes<\/p>\n

No<\/td>\n

12\/177<\/p>\n

165\/177<\/td>\n

6.78<\/p>\n

93.22<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Changing cat litter<\/td>\nYes<\/p>\n

No<\/td>\n

5\/12<\/p>\n

7\/12<\/td>\n

41.67<\/p>\n

58.33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Ingestion\u00a0 raw or undercooked meat<\/td>\nYes<\/p>\n

No<\/td>\n

2\/177<\/p>\n

175\/177<\/td>\n

1.13<\/p>\n

98.87<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Washing hand after contact with raw meat<\/td>\nYes<\/p>\n

No<\/td>\n

166\/177<\/p>\n

11\/177<\/td>\n

93.79<\/p>\n

6.21<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Contacting with soil<\/p>\n

Garden at house<\/td>\n

Yes<\/p>\n

No<\/td>\n

65\/177<\/p>\n

112\/177<\/td>\n

36.72%<\/p>\n

63.28%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Drinking\u00a0 unpasteurized milk<\/td>\nYes<\/p>\n

No<\/td>\n

6\/177<\/p>\n

171\/177<\/td>\n

3.39<\/p>\n

96.61<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Table 2: Toxoplasmosis in female of child-bearing age in Basra:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
ELISA test<\/strong><\/td>\nNumber of women tested<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Positive\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nNegative<\/strong><\/td>\nTotal<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
No.<\/strong><\/td>\n%<\/strong><\/td>\nNo.<\/strong><\/td>\n%<\/strong><\/td>\nNo.<\/strong><\/td>\n%<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
IgM<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n1.13<\/td>\n175<\/td>\n98.87<\/td>\n177<\/td>\n100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
IgG<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n11.3<\/td>\n157<\/td>\n88.7<\/td>\n177<\/td>\n100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
IgM & IgG<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n0.6<\/td>\n176<\/td>\n99.4<\/td>\n177<\/td>\n100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
X2<\/sup>= 17.5 P<0.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

This table shows that two of the participants had positive T. gondii<\/em>– IgM antibodies which show acute infection and 20 (11.3%) of them \u00a0had a positive T. gondii<\/em>-specific IgG antibodies which indicate previous infection. While 1(0.6) of samples had both acute \u00a0and chronic infection which is indicated by the presence positive of both IgM and IgG antibodies. The statistical analysis showed significant differences between them (p<0.05).<\/p>\n

Table 3: Toxoplasma<\/em> seropositivity & Risk factors:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Variable<\/strong><\/td>\nToxoplasmosis seropositivity<\/strong><\/td>\np-value<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yes<\/strong><\/p>\n

n=22 (12.4%)<\/strong><\/td>\n

No<\/strong><\/p>\n

N=155(87.6%) <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Contacting with soil(Garden at house)<\/p>\n

Yes<\/p>\n

No<\/td>\n

16(24.6%)<\/p>\n

6 ( 5.4%)<\/td>\n

49(75.4 %)<\/p>\n

106 (94.6%)<\/td>\n

P <0.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

This table demonstrates that just contact with soil (garden at the house) from chose factors had significant differences with seropositivity (P <0.05).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00a0\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 1<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Toxoplasmosis is a curable but potentially deadly sickness.23<\/sup> The parasite have the ability to crosses the blood\u2013brain barrier and establishes persistent infection in a drug-resistant bradyzoite stage.24<\/sup> From the past, has been consider to be one of the most common parasitic disease of human and other blood warm animals(2). In this research, we sought to detect recent or past infection, by using antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii\u00a0<\/em>in the serum of females on childbearing age at Basra University in Iraq. In view of previous study done in Iraq which indicated that type II strains often associated with human toxoplasmosis and dominant among Iraqi female25<\/sup>\u00a0 and this results was going well with the results of studies in other countries.26,27<\/sup><\/p>\n

Most investigations led on the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis are centered around childbearing age, pregnant ladies and immunodeficient patients.28,29<\/sup> Moreover, the seroprevalence rate of T. gondii <\/em>IgG in the Basra pregnant women has been reported to be 43.07%. 30\u00a0<\/sup>Female university students are close to childbearing age, and their status of T. gondii <\/em>infection is important. In the present investigation, among 177 female college understudies, 1.13% were seropositive for Toxoplasma<\/em> IgM, & 11.3 % seropositive for Toxoplasma<\/em> IgG which are less than \u00a0the seroprevalence already found in different nations in or close to the Middle East, including Yemen (45.4%), Jordan (47.1%), Iran (75.7%), and Ethiopia (85.4%).31-34<\/sup> It could be as a result of higher education, as shown to be a decreasing factor in T.gondii<\/em> \u00a0infection.35<\/sup> Another reason for a lower prevalence rate of toxoplasmosis among the female students in the current study might be the lower age of the participants, which in turn lowered the exposure to T. gondii<\/em> and the subsequent infection. A new systematic review of studies detection\u00a0 seroepidemiology and T. gondii<\/em> increased with age.36,37<\/sup> One probable explanation behind this finding is the extra-long periods of potential exposure with age. However, like to our detection, a few studies didn’t detect a significant connection between Toxoplasma<\/em> infection and age.<\/p>\n

In the present investigation, contact with animals for example cats was not related with Toxoplasma<\/em> seropositivity. It likewise has been reported in some past studies.38,39<\/sup><\/p>\n

Among the different risk factors analyzed by our examination, contact with soil (garden at the house) was the only one positively associated with toxoplasmosis. This factor was also identified significantly by different analysts.40\u201342<\/sup> Sporulated oocyst can hold viable for a considerable length of time in moist soil, and poor sanitation. Therefore, it is essential that awareness of how Toxoplasma<\/em> infections are caused is raised so that ladies can find a way to avoid contracting this parasitic infection.<\/p>\n

Acknowledgements<\/strong><\/p>\n

Authors are very grateful and want to thank all the students of medicine college & pharmacy college at the University of Basra who participated in this study for providing the blood samples, and readily filled the questionnaire.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

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    Introduction Toxoplasmosis is among the most famous parasitic zoonosis in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-24295","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol11no4"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24295","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24295"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24295\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32593,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24295\/revisions\/32593"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24295"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=24295"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=24295"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}