{"id":23959,"date":"2018-12-25T11:56:48","date_gmt":"2018-12-25T11:56:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=23959"},"modified":"2020-04-24T03:33:41","modified_gmt":"2020-04-24T03:33:41","slug":"the-phytochemical-analysis-and-antimicrobial-activity-of-pergularia-tomentosa-in-north-east-kingdome-of-saudi-arabia-ksa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol11no4\/the-phytochemical-analysis-and-antimicrobial-activity-of-pergularia-tomentosa-in-north-east-kingdome-of-saudi-arabia-ksa\/","title":{"rendered":"The Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Pergularia Tomentosa in North East Kingdom of Saudi Arabia KSA"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

The emergence of superbug strains between healthcare workers has obliged the scientific society to investigate deeper in the natural products for alternative compounds with antimicrobial activity.1<\/sup>,<\/sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0According to a report by the Infectious Diseases Society of America, around 70% of new cases administered to the hospitals in the US are involved with strains that show a potential no susceptibility to at least one drug.3<\/sup>,<\/sup>4<\/sup>\u00a0In the UK, nowadays, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is considered a real concern in infection control accounting for around more than 50% of all S. aureus<\/em> isolates whereas it had a low value a decade ago.2<\/sup><\/p>\n

Since the beginning of mankind, there is a wide use of herbal plants in the folk medicine due to their therapeutic and pharmaceutical properties.5-8<\/sup>\u00a0Pergularia tomentosa<\/em> is a member of the Apocynaceae family (subfamily: Asclepiadeae) a yearly green plant with a distinctive odor, known in Hail city as \u201cAloonah\u2019\u2019.9<\/sup>,<\/sup>10<\/sup>\u00a0The plant is a climbing to semi erect perennial herb of around 30 cm, the stem is pale green-white in color, highly branched and usually grow vertically and milky latex is extracted from the plant.11<\/sup><\/p>\n

This plant is found in a wide geographical region including Gulf region (Saudi Arabia and Oman), Africa (north Sudan, Egypt, Ethiopia, Algeria, Niger and Kenya) and Middle East (Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan,).5<\/sup>, <\/sup>12-14<\/sup>\u00a0Pergularia tomentosa <\/em>is used as a remedy for the treatment of rheumatic fever, asthma, bronchitis, helminthiases and skin sores as cutaneous leishmaniosis.15<\/sup>,<\/sup>16<\/sup>\u00a0Furthermore, several publications have reported the cytotoxic, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of P. tomentosa.<\/em>17-19<\/sup>\u00a0Up to date, this is the first study conducted on P. tomentosa<\/em> in the region of Hail north east KSA that is focusing on the analysis of phytochemical components and elucidating the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of this perennial.<\/p>\n

Materials and Methods <\/strong><\/p>\n

Sampling<\/strong><\/p>\n

This study was performed in the northeast region of KSA at Hail district. Pergularia tomentosa<\/em> (Fig. 1) was collected from the surrounding regions of Naqbeen village (a mountainous area) about 25 km from Hail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 1: Pergularia tomentosa.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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Leaves stem, and roots of P. tomentosa<\/em> were collected locally in March 2017 in Hail, Southeast of KSA. Samples were collected from the waterways and slope in hilly areas and mixed together. The authenticity of the plant was confirmed by\u00a0Dr. Mohammed Ahmed, and voucher specimens are maintained\u00a0at the University of Hail (UOH) herbarium.<\/p>\n

Preparation of Plant Extracts<\/strong><\/p>\n

The dust-free leaves stem and roots of\u00a0Pergularia tomentosa <\/em>were shade dried for five days and finely grounded. 30 grams of dried powder were mixed in equal amounts from each part and extracted with 200 ml of\u00a0ethanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate, consecutively, using Soxhlet extractor\u00a0in order to separate phytochemical compounds based on their polarities.\u00a0Filter paper Whatman No.1 was used to filter the crude extracts to remove impurities and debris and then the yield was concentrated by applying a vacuum at 35\u00b0C using a rotary evaporator. The concentrated extracts were subsequently dried aseptically using Lyophilization. Millipore distilled water was used to constitute inappropriate volume to obtain a final concentration of 200 mg\/ml solution.<\/p>\n

Phytochemical Studies<\/strong><\/p>\n

For choosing the best solvent system (gradient of solvents (A and B)), we set up the method according to the TLC and analytical HPLC\/UV. The concentration of the extract for the LC-MS analysis was 1 mg\/2 ML.20<\/sup><\/p>\n

Table 1: Chromatographic conditions of the HPLC MS.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
HPLC<\/strong><\/p>\n

Conditions<\/strong><\/td>\n

Pump Flow Rate<\/strong><\/td>\nAuto-sampler Injection Volume<\/strong><\/td>\nAuto-sampler Temperature<\/strong><\/td>\nColumn Oven<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.00mL\/minute<\/strong><\/td>\n25.00\u00b5L<\/strong><\/td>\n10.0\u2218<\/sup>C<\/strong><\/td>\n30.0\u2218<\/sup>C<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chromatography<\/td>\nMobile Phase<\/td>\nMixture of (60% ACN, +40% (675\u00b5L Triethylamine \/1L of mixture,), pH adjusted to 7.1 with phosphoric acid<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Column Type<\/td>\nSepax GP-C18, (150 \u00d7 4.6 mm, 5 \u00b5m)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Expected Retention Time<\/td>\nAs seen in Table 230 nm<\/td>\nAs seen in Table230 nm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
MRM-Detection Conditions<\/td>\nAnlytes<\/td>\nQ1<\/td>\nQ3<\/td>\nDwell<\/td>\nFP<\/td>\nDP<\/td>\nEP<\/td>\nCE<\/td>\nCXP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Category1<\/td>\n86<\/td>\n68.5<\/td>\n150<\/td>\n75<\/td>\n80<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Category2<\/td>\n440<\/td>\n265<\/td>\n150<\/td>\n75<\/td>\n80<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mass-Spectra Conditions<\/td>\nCUR<\/td>\nCAD<\/td>\nIS<\/td>\nTEM<\/td>\nNEB<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n5500<\/td>\n400<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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Ethanol layer of the extract of P. tomentose<\/em> was subjected to qualitative analysis to determine the phytochemical composition for the plant. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC system) with an autosampler and Waters nano Acquity HSS T3, 1.8 \u03bcm, 100 \u03bcm \u00d7 100 mm column was used in the analysis. H2<\/sub>O 0.1 % formic acid (A) (v\/v, pH=2.17) and 90 % acetonitrile in H2<\/sub>O 0.1 % formic acid (B) was used as mobile phases at a flow rate of 0.4 ml\/min. 1\u03bcm injection volume was used, the gradient elution for the injection was 5 % B during 0\u20132.5 min, a linear increase from 5 to 25 % B during 2.5\u201320 min, from 25 to 40 % B during 20\u201340 min and from 40 to 50 % B during 40\u201350 min, finally from 50 to 95 % B during 50\u201365 min followed by 15 min of maintenance. For identification of the eluent, we used Thermo Electron LTQ-Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer equipped with a nanoelectrospray ion source (ThermoFisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany) and operated under Xcalibur 2.1 version software, in positive ionization mode for the MS analysis using data-dependent automatic switching between MS and MS\/MS acquisition modes (Table 1).12<\/sup><\/p>\n

Determination of Antioxidant Activity <\/strong><\/p>\n

Antioxidant properties of P. tomentosa <\/em>extracts was determined in terms of scavenging free radical using DPPH method.21-23<\/sup><\/p>\n

The reduction in the concentration of 2,2-diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals by the activity of the antioxidants in P. tomentosa <\/em>was measured and quantified by a colorimetric method. 0.02 g of DPPH reagent was dissolved in 1 L methanol; 3.9 mL of the solution is added to 0.1 mL of each sample that was diluted in a pure solvent of extraction at different concentrations. The mixtures were incubated for 90 minutes in a dark place at room temperature and the absorbance for each sample was measured at 517 nm using a UV\/VIS spectrophotometer in triplicates.<\/p>\n

The activity of free radical scavenging was disclosed as IC50<\/sub> (\u00b5g\/mL). The following equation was used to calculate the reduction in the amount of free DPPH radical by the extract:<\/p>\n

DPPH scavenging effect (%) = ((A0-A1)\/A0)*100<\/p>\n

A0 is the control absorbance at 90 min, and A1 is the sample absorbance at 90 min. All samples were analyzed in triplicate.<\/p>\n

Antimicrobial activity<\/strong><\/p>\n

We have conducted a preliminary study using the anti-bacterial susceptibility test to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for the three herbal extracts (ethyl acetate, ethanol, and chloroform) against gram-positive, gram-negative and fungal strains. The protocol was conducted as defined in guidelines of National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standard (NCCLS).24<\/sup>\u00a0Further, we compared their activities to reference compounds, fluconazole, and ciprofloxacin. We have determined MICs for a strain collection consisting of Staphylococcus aureus<\/em> ATCC\u00ae<\/sup>\u00a035556, Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/em> ATCC\u00ae<\/sup>\u00a012228, Escherichia coli<\/em> ATCC\u00ae<\/sup>\u00a025404, Salmonella typhi<\/em> ATCC\u00ae<\/sup> 700931 and Candida albicans<\/em> SC 5314. We covered a range of 6.25-100 mg\/mL for the herbal extract against the strains. Bacterial strains were propagated on nutrient plates at 37\u00b0C for 24 hours. Whereas, we propagated C. albicans<\/em> strains on sabouraud dextrose (Sab) plates at 25\u00b0C for 24 hours. Row number 1 on each microdilution plate was used as viability control of microbial cells. Rows 2 to 12 contained a decreasing amount of the herbal extract in a 1:1 serial dilution scheme resulting in a range of final concentrations from 6.5 mg\/mL to 100 mg\/mL. Ciprofloxacin was used as a reference drug for the antibacterial activity of the extracts whereas Fluconazole was used for the comparison of antifungal activity. TECAN Microtiter plate reader was used for obtaining the optical density at 450 nm for the microtiter plates after incubation at 37\u00b0C for 22 \u00b1 2 hours, results were analyzed with Magellan software.<\/p>\n

Results <\/strong><\/p>\n

Phytochemical Compounds<\/strong><\/p>\n

Characterization of the ethanol fraction of P. tomentosa<\/em> was carried out using mass spectrometry. We identified 18 compounds in the aqueous extract; 14 compounds belonged to phenols and flavonoids whereas the last four had cardenolides structures. The results of the identified compounds were shown in Table 3. We also identified 3 flavonoids (Quercetin 3O<\/em>-galactoside (8), Kaempferol 3-O<\/em>-glucoside (11) and Kaempferol 3-O<\/em>-malonylhexoside\u00a0 (14)) and one cardenolides (17) with LCMS techniques. This had also been isolated before in P. tomentosa<\/em> [ref] and three other cardenolides (5, 17 and 18) which were not reported in this plant. Most of the identified flavonoids were belong to the flavone and flavonol 25<\/sup>,<\/sup>26<\/sup> (Table 2, Fig. 2).<\/p>\n

Table 2: Phytochemical components identified in the ethanolic extract of P. tomentosa.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nIdentified Compounds in negative ion mode<\/strong><\/td>\nMolecular<\/strong> formula<\/strong><\/td>\nAntimicrobial activity<\/strong><\/td>\nRT (min)<\/strong><\/td>\nReferences<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\nPhenolic glycosid: Scrophenoside D<\/td>\n\u00a0C28<\/sub>H34<\/sub>O17<\/sub><\/td>\nNo<\/td>\n\u00a04.12<\/td>\nLi et al, 2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nPhenolic: Synapoyl hexoside<\/td>\n\u00a0C17<\/sub>H22<\/sub>O10<\/sub><\/td>\nNo<\/td>\n\u00a04.7<\/td>\nOrqueda et al, 2017<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nFlavone: Luteolin-di C-lucoside<\/td>\n\u00a0C27<\/sub>H30<\/sub>O16<\/sub><\/td>\nYes<\/td>\n\u00a05.12<\/td>\nSingh et al, 2015<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nPhenolic: Feruloyl Glucoside<\/td>\n\u00a0C16<\/sub>H20<\/sub>O9<\/sub><\/td>\nNo<\/td>\n\u00a09.1<\/td>\nFrig et al, 2016<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\n\u00a0Cardenolide: antiaroside G<\/td>\n\u00a0C29<\/sub>H42<\/sub>O12<\/sub><\/td>\nNo<\/td>\n\u00a010.6<\/td>\nShi et al, 2013<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\nFlavonole: Kaempferol-malonyl-dihexosid<\/td>\n\u00a0C30<\/sub>H32<\/sub>O19<\/sub><\/td>\nYes<\/td>\n\u00a012<\/td>\nSalced et al, 2016<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\nFlavonole: Kampferol + glucose<\/td>\n\u00a0C27<\/sub>H28<\/sub>O17<\/sub><\/td>\nYes<\/td>\n\u00a012.5<\/td>\nHeneidak et al, 2006<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\nFlavonole: Quercetin 3-0-galactoside<\/td>\n\u00a0C21<\/sub>H20<\/sub>O12<\/sub><\/td>\nYes<\/td>\n\u00a013.5<\/td>\nValente et al, 2016<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\nFlavonole: Isorhamnetin-3-0-glucoside<\/td>\n\u00a0C22<\/sub>H22<\/sub>O12<\/sub><\/td>\nNo<\/td>\n\u00a013.6<\/td>\nHaijuan et al, 2013<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\nFlavonole: Kaempferol 3-0-glucoside<\/td>\n\u00a0C21<\/sub>H20<\/sub>O11<\/sub><\/td>\nYes<\/td>\n\u00a013.9<\/td>\nHettwer, 2016<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\nPhenolic: Ferulylmalic acid<\/td>\n\u00a0C14<\/sub>H14<\/sub>O8<\/sub><\/td>\nNo<\/td>\n\u00a014.4<\/td>\nSong et al, 2016<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12<\/td>\nPhenolic: glucuronic acid<\/td>\n\u00a0C17<\/sub>H14<\/sub>O10<\/sub><\/td>\nNo<\/td>\n\u00a014.5<\/td>\nHeneidak et al, 2006<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/td>\nFlavonole: Kaempferol 3-0-malonylhexoside<\/td>\n\u00a0C24<\/sub>H22<\/sub>O14<\/sub><\/td>\nNo<\/td>\n\u00a015.3<\/td>\nDugo et al, 2009<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14<\/td>\n\u00a0Flavonole: Kaempferol-3-0-6 -acetyl-b-Dglucopyranoside<\/td>\n\u00a0C23<\/sub>H22<\/sub>O12<\/sub><\/td>\nYes<\/td>\n\u00a015.7<\/td>\nOjwang, 2012<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/td>\nFlavonole: quercetin-3-(6″-succinoyl)-glucoside<\/td>\n\u00a0C25<\/sub>H24<\/sub>O15<\/sub><\/td>\nYes<\/td>\n\u00a016.3<\/td>\nHamed et al, 2006;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16<\/td>\nCardenolide: Hydroxycalactin<\/td>\n\u00a0C29<\/sub>H40<\/sub>O10<\/sub><\/td>\nNo<\/td>\n\u00a016.9<\/td>\n\u00a0Piacente et al, 2009<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17<\/td>\n\u00a0Cardenolide: Antiaroside E<\/td>\n\u00a0C29<\/sub>H42<\/sub>O10<\/sub><\/td>\nNo<\/td>\n\u00a018<\/td>\nShi et al, 2010<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18<\/td>\nCardenolide: Antiaroside F<\/td>\n\u00a0C35<\/sub>H52<\/sub>O15<\/sub><\/td>\nNo<\/td>\n\u00a018.5<\/td>\nShi et al, 2010<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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\u00a0\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 2: Profile of LC-MS of P. tomentosa<\/em> ethanolic extract.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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The names are according to the identified compounds in Table 2<\/p>\n

The DPPH free Radical Scavenging Activity <\/strong><\/p>\n

The property of P. tomentosa<\/em> extracts to scavenge free radicals was measured using a UV-visible spectrophotometer. Samples with plant extracts were analyzed covering a concentration range of 0.10\u20112.0\u00a0mg\/mL. In the same conditions, Butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) was also measured as a reference compound for the radical scavenging activity. The proportion of DPPH free radicals scavenging for both tested extracts and the positive control BHT are depicted in Table 3. The antioxidants properties of the extracts were expressed by the IC50<\/sub> values, showing the sample concentration required to reduce fifty percent of DPPH free radicals (Table 3).<\/p>\n

Linear regression analysis of the dose-response curve was used to determine the sample concentration required to reduce DPPH radical by 50% (IC50<\/sub> value). The values are the mean of three determinations \u00b1 standard error.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00a0\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 3: Radical scavenging effect (%) on DPPH radicals of P. tomentosa organs.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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Table 3: DPPH radical scavenging activity expressed as IC50<\/sub> values (\u03bcg\/mL) of various extracts from P. tomentose.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Extract<\/strong><\/td>\nIC50<\/sub><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ethanol<\/td>\n0.63 (0.993)*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Methanol<\/td>\n0.58 (0.98)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ethylacetate<\/td>\n0.54 (0.981)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Butylhydroxytoluene (BHT)<\/td>\n0.61(0.99)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

*R2<\/sup>: Correlation coefficient<\/p>\n

Antimicrobial Activity<\/strong><\/p>\n

The three fractions of P. tomentosa<\/em> showed different antimicrobial activity against the study strains; ethanol layer showed a broad inhibition activity against the five strains (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, S. typhi and C. albicans<\/em>) whereas ethyl acetate fraction had the most effective MIC values against only three strains (S. epidermidis, S. typhi, and C. albicans<\/em>) as depicted in Fig (4). The lowest MIC value was 6.25 mg\/mL for the collection strains. A summary of the MIC distribution for the three fractions against the test strains is given in Table\u00a04. At the level of antibacterial activity, ethyl acetate fraction has the most effective value (MIC 6.25 mg\/mL). It was evident from the MIC results that the lipophilicity and the low solubility profile have affected the activity of the prepared compounds and consequently their antimicrobial effect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00a0\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 4: MIC of P. tomentosa<\/em> extracts against the pathogenic microorganisms.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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Table 4: MIC of Pergularia tomentosa<\/em> extracts against pathogenic microorganisms.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nConc. mg\/ml<\/strong><\/td>\nS. typhi<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nS. aureus <\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nE. coli <\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nS. epidermidis <\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nC. albicans <\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Ethanol<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

100<\/td>\n37.5<\/td>\n45<\/td>\n25<\/td>\n40<\/td>\n28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
50<\/td>\n31.5<\/td>\n41.5<\/td>\n21.5<\/td>\n25<\/td>\n26<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\n29<\/td>\n35<\/td>\n18<\/td>\n22<\/td>\n19<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.5<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.25<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Chloroform<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

100<\/td>\n42<\/td>\n48<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
50<\/td>\n37.5<\/td>\n45<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\n35<\/td>\n40<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.5<\/td>\n33<\/td>\n33<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.25<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Ethyl acetate<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

100<\/td>\n26<\/td>\n38<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
50<\/td>\n23<\/td>\n35<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\n21<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.5<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n28<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.25<\/td>\n18<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Ciprofloxacin<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

8 \u00b5g\/ml<\/td>\n25<\/td>\n28<\/td>\n24<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4 \u00b5g\/ml<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n23<\/td>\n19<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2 \u00b5g\/ml<\/td>\n15<\/td>\n14<\/td>\n13<\/td>\n18<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Fluconazole<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

10 \u00b5g\/ml<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n17<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5 \u00b5g\/ml<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Discussion <\/strong><\/p>\n

This study has investigated the phytochemical composition and the biological properties of Pergularia tomentosa<\/em> grown in the district of Hail. The results of metabolite profiling showed that there are 18 compounds (phenolics and cardenolides) in the extract. Fourteen compounds belonging to the phenolics and flavonoids, and 4 cardenolides were identified from leaves’ aqueous extract of P. tomentosa<\/em>. Given that P. tomentosa<\/em> is in Asclepiadaceae, we expected that it would have contained many cardenolides, but 79% of the identified compounds are phenolic, and 21% belong to the cardenolides. Other reports which investigated the aerial parts of this plant 9<\/sup> demonstrated that its aerial parts are a rich source of flavonoids. Almost all studies showed that the roots of P. tomentosa<\/em> are cardenolide-bearing part.6<\/sup>,<\/sup>9<\/sup>\u00a0We identified 4 cardenolides in leaves of this plant. These results suggested that the leaves of P. tomentosa<\/em> are a rich source of flavonoids and could be a suitable source for valuable cardenolides. For example, one of the identified cardenolides is Ghalakinoside, which has a potent effect on cancer cells 27<\/sup>. The other three identified cardenolides (Antiaroside E-G), from the results of Shi et al (2010), exhibited strong cardiotonic activity, with a potent inhibitor of Na+\/K+-ATPase. In addition, its phenolic-compounds can play a strong antioxidant role.8<\/sup>,<\/sup>28<\/sup>\u00a0In this field, Yakubu et al (2015) and Al Jabri (2013) confirmed the antioxidant effect of the extract of this plant.2<\/sup>,<\/sup>10<\/sup>,<\/sup>11<\/sup>,<\/sup>18<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>The antimicrobial activity for ethanol extract was the broadest whereas the lowest MIC was 6.25 mg\/mL for ethyl acetate but surprisingly the inhibition was noticed in all strains the gram-positive, gram-negative and fungus. This points to inhibitory effect applied on a metabolic pathway or a process in gene transcription especially that the collection of pathogenic microorganism has different constituents in the cell membrane and ribosomal subunits.8<\/sup>,<\/sup>23<\/sup>,<\/sup>29-31<\/sup><\/p>\n

Additionally, phytochemical analysis has revealed variation in components and concentrations of P. tomentosa<\/em> constituents grown at different agricultural regions.32<\/sup>\u00a0Interestingly, we can enumerate two important sources of antioxidants in P. tomentosa<\/em>, firstly, the high concentrations of phenolic compounds\u00a0 in P. tomentosa <\/em>which is considered to be a good source of powerful antioxidants, secondly, the hydroxyl groups in flavonoids which have the capability to react with DPPH radical by hydrogen atom donation to free radicals,7<\/sup>,<\/sup>33\u00a0<\/sup>while a highly positive correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity was established in case of many plant species. 7<\/sup>,<\/sup>23<\/sup><\/p>\n

Conclusions<\/strong><\/p>\n

In conclusion, we summarize a variation between the phytochemical constituents of P. tomentosa<\/em> plants grown in the district of Hail and other geographical regions. In addition, there are several natural phytocompounds with an antimicrobial activity could be a good target for the antimicrobial and antioxidants industry.<\/p>\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n

There is no conflict of interest.<\/p>\n

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