{"id":2386,"date":"2015-04-25T07:25:31","date_gmt":"2015-04-25T07:25:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=2386"},"modified":"2020-04-26T08:07:06","modified_gmt":"2020-04-26T08:07:06","slug":"effect-on-crude-oil-on-intestinal-motility-and-histology-of-illeum-of-wistar-rats","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol5no1\/effect-on-crude-oil-on-intestinal-motility-and-histology-of-illeum-of-wistar-rats\/","title":{"rendered":"Effect on Crude Oil on Intestinal Motility and Histology of Illeum of Wistar Rats"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Diesel exhaust is a common air pollutant made up of gases hydrocarbon and particles, its effect on the intestine of fish have been documented (Brenniman 1979). In Nigeria, a large mass of surface water have been polluted by petroleum products including diesel. Since this surface water is the only source of drinking water to the inhabitants of the riverside communities of the Niger delta, these inhabitants may be exposed to hazardous effect of diesel.<\/em> The major health threat of ingestion occurs from the danger of aspiration of liquid drops into the lungs particularly from vomiting. Aspiration may result in chemical pneumonia (fluids in lungs) severe lungs damage, respiratory failure and even death (Material safety data sheet 2006). Ingestion may also cause gastro-intestinal disturbances, including irritation, vomiting, and diarrhea and central nervous system effects similar to alcohol intoxication. In several cases tremors convulsions, loss of consciousness, coma, respiratory arrest and death may occur (Material safety data sheet 2006). Workers exposed to diesel exhaust has been reported to have a prevalence of symptoms such as burning eyes, headache, difficult breathing (Gamble\u00a0 et al 1987); lungs cancers (McClellan\u00a0 1987) Long\u00a0 term exposure has been related to decrease in lungs function in children (Bunkreef 1997) and adult (Ackermann 1997) and mutations in chromosomes and damage to DNA have been documented (Maudley 1992). It becomes imperative therefore to study the possible effect of oral ingestion of diesel on intestinal motility and histology of the ileum. This is important especially as thegastro-intestinal tract is essential for digestion and absorption of nutrient in order to meet energy requirement and general body metabolism for the maintenance of good health.<\/p>\n

Materials and Method\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Diesel was obtained from a local fuel station in Abraka Delta state Nigeria and activated charcoal was obtained from a local pharmaceutical company.<\/p>\n

Eighteen albino wistar rats were purchased from the animal house of the faculty of basic medical sciences, Ambrose Ali University, Ekpoma. The rats were housed in the animal house of the faculty of basic Medical science, Delta State University, Abraka, to acclimatize to housing conditions for two weeks prior to experiment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 1: Effect of Diesel on Body weight<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 2: Effect of Diesel on Gastrointestinal motility(n=6); *P < 0.05 <\/strong>compared with control group<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Experimental Design<\/strong><\/p>\n

The rats were divided into three groups of six rats each. The control group Areceived rat chow and tap water ad libitum.\u00a0 The experimental animals in group B were exposed to diesel in their drinking water at a dose of 10mg\/kg body weight while the experimental animals in group C were exposed to diesel in their drinking water at a dose of 15mg\/kg body weight. Both experimental groups received rat chow ad libitum. Administration lasted for 21 days before experiment and harvest of tissues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 3: Control (untreated) rat ileum [H&E x100].\u00a0 Photomicrograph show normal mucosal \u00a0<\/strong>vili (A),\u00a0 Brunner\u2019s glands (B), muscularisexterna (C) and intestinal gland (G).<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Experimental procedure<\/strong><\/p>\n

The animals in the control group and experimental groups were weighed to determine their terminal weights. Each animal was given 1.3ml of charcoal meal (5g activated charcoal mixed in 100ml of distilled water) orally after an overnight fast. After 30 minutes, each animal was sacrificed, the gastrointestinal tract was extracted and the small intestine was stretched out and closely observed, the length of the small intestine of each animal was measured using a meter rule and the distance moved by the charcoal meal in the small intestine of each animal was measured and expressed as percentage of distance moved. At the end of the gastrointestinal motility test, a section of ileum of control and experimental animals was harvested. The harvested tissues were immediately preserved in 10% formalin in separate universal bottles bearing appropriate tags. The tissues were taken for histological analysis. Student\u2019s t test was used for data analysis<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 4: Micrograph of ileum of rats treated with 10mg\/kg of diesel [H&E x10]\u00a0 showing severe degeneration of mucosal vili (A), without involving the Brunner\u2019s glands (B) and a normal\u00a0<\/strong>lymphoid aggregate in the lamina propria (C).<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Results<\/strong><\/p>\n

Effect of Diesel On Body Weight<\/strong><\/p>\n

The effect of diesel on the body weight of rats was determined in this study. The body weight of the rats in control increased, the other groups (treatment groups) witnessed a reduction in weight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 5: Micrograph of ileum of rats treated with 15mg\/kg diesel [H&E x400] showing severe degeneration (atrophy) of mucosal villi (A), without involving the Brunner\u2019s glands (B) <\/strong>and a normal lymphoid aggregate in the lamina propria (C) and Payer\u2019s patches (P).<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In Table 1 the mean body weight of Control before treatment was 190.00 \u00b1 17.89 and it increased to a mean weight of 223.33 \u00b1 15.06 after treatment, the comparison between the initial weight and final weight showed a significant difference (P> 0.05)<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Table 1: The effect of diesel on body weight of wistar rat<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Groups\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Initial Weight\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Final weight<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Group A (Control)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 190.00 \u00b1 17.89\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 223.33 \u00b1 15.06*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Group B (10mg\/ml)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 200.00 \u00b1 17.89\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 167.50 \u00b1 13.32*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Group C (15mg\/ml)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 230.00 \u00b1 20.98\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 185.00 \u00b1 46.37<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Values are presented as means \u00b1 SD; *P < 0.05 compared with Pretest. (n=6)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Conversely, Group B and C with initial mean level of body weight before treatment were 200.00 \u00b1 17.89 and 230.00 \u00b1 20.98, but after treatment with 10mg\/ml and 15mg\/ml of diesel showed a reduction of mean weight to 167.50 \u00b1 13.32g and 185.00g \u00b1 46.37g respectively. 10mg\/ml of diesel caused reduction in the body weight and there was a significant difference (P> 0.05).<\/em> Despite the decrease in body weight caused by 15mg\/ml of diesel, there was no significant difference.<\/p>\n

Effect of diesel on the gastrointestinal tract motility<\/strong><\/p>\n

In this study, the effect of diesel on the gastrointestinal tract motility was studied. The rats treated with 10mg\/kg of diesel for 21 days had a non significant change in intestinal motility while the rats treated with 15mg\/kg of diesel had increased the intestinal motility.<\/p>\n

In the above table, the Group A (Control) with a mean ileum length of 86.75 \u00b1 8.10 had a mean distance of 74.25 \u00b1 11.93 covered, Group B had a mean ileum length of 87.08 \u00b1 7.34 with distance moved by the activated charcoal 74.00 \u00b1 15.05 while Group C with a mean ileum length of 99.20 \u00b1 13.10 and distance moved by the activated charcoal was 89.80 \u00b1 18.58.<\/p>\n

Table 2: The effect of diesel on gastrointestinal tract motility<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Parameters\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 GroupA (Control)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 GroupB (10mg\/ml)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 GroupC\u00a0 (15mg\/ml)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Length of ileum (mm)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 86.75 \u00b1 8.10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 87.08 \u00b1 7.34\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 99.20 \u00b1 13.10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Distance covered (mm)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 74.25 \u00b1 11.93\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 74.00 \u00b1 15.05\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 89.8-0 \u00b1 18.58<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Motility (%)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 85.23 \u00b1 6.83\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 84.85 \u00b1 14.75\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 89.96. \u00b1 9.71<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Values are presented as means \u00b1 SD; *P < 0.05 compared with control (n=6)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Group B rats had a reduced rate of motility when compared with control Group A, but was not statistically significant (P> 0.05)<\/em>. Group C rats when compared with control Group A\u00a0\u00a0 showed an increase in the rate of intestinal motility which was however not significant difference (P> 0.05)<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

From the results obtained, it was discovered that there was a reduction in weight of experimental rats and a significant increase in gut motility of experimental rats. Experimental group B that received 0mg\/kg of diesel did not show any significant difference in motility it has a slight mean level compared to that of the control group. Group C rats that received 15mg\/kg of diesel showed increase gut motility which is in line with Schmidt et al 1997. Increased intestinal motility is suggestive of diarrhea which may be due to some bacterial agents found in diesel (Delfino 1997) and it appears that toxicity depends on concentration and duration of exposure (Odogwu 1997). Comparing the control group and experimental groups, the difference in motility was not significant. Histological studies in this research revealed intact intestinal ileum architecture of control rats. However, the group that received 10mg\/kg showed minimal distortion of the mucosal layer and other layers. The 15mg\/kg shows severe degeneration of layers of the mucosal layer with its adjourning sub mucosal and its contents.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

In conclusion, oral ingestion of diesel contaminated water may be hazardous even at low concentration.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Ackermann-Liebrich. Lungs function and long term exposure to air pollutant and lungs disease in adults Am RespirCrit Care Med <\/em>155(1): 122-129 (1997).<\/li>\n
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  3. Brunkreef B air pollution from truck traveller and lungs function in children living near motor way Epidemiology <\/em>(8): 298-03 (1997).<\/li>\n
  4. DelfinoRjMurphyand Moulton AM effect of pollution on emergency room visits for respiratory illness AmjRespirbCrit Care Med<\/em>, 568-526 (1997).<\/li>\n
  5. Odogwu E C.Oil spillage and control \u201cMeasures Shell experience\u201d. Paper presented at the workshop on \u201cDevelopment of petroleum and petro-chemical industries in Nigeria, University of Ibadan: 25-29 (1997).<\/li>\n
  6. NaserMontazeri, Z. Barami and Safar-Ali-Dorrieh.Orient J. Chem<\/em>. 27(4): 1317-1324 (2011).<\/li>\n
  7. Mauderly J C diesel Exhaust in Lippman. Environmental toxicants human exposures and health effect (1992) .<\/li>\n
  8. McClellan R.O. Health effect of exposure to diesel exhaust particles. Annu Rev PharmacolToxicol<\/em>, 27: 279-300 (1987).<\/li>\n
  9. Material Safety Data Sheet. Diesel Fuel (All Types) MSDS No. 9909. 1-7 (2006).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Introduction Diesel exhaust is a common air pollutant made up […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2386","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol5no1"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2386","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2386"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2386\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33282,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2386\/revisions\/33282"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2386"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2386"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2386"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}