{"id":2320,"date":"2015-04-25T07:30:03","date_gmt":"2015-04-25T07:30:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=2320"},"modified":"2016-12-02T11:40:55","modified_gmt":"2016-12-02T11:40:55","slug":"anthropometric-conditions-of-female-university-students-registered-in-education-year-2011","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol5no1\/anthropometric-conditions-of-female-university-students-registered-in-education-year-2011\/","title":{"rendered":"Anthropometric Conditions of Female University Students Registered in Education Year 2011"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

The assessment of anthropometric characteristics of college students like many other groups of people is an importatant subject.\u00a0 Anthropometric measures\u00a0 such as weight, height, body mass index driven from these two measures waist and hip circumference is a subjecdt of interest \u00a0not only to \u00a0the exercise scientists but to also many other academic field such as health , nutrition, anatomomy an so on. \u00a0\u00a0The excess of weight may be associated with the deteriration of physical fitness in one hand and become a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases on the other hand.\u00a0 \u00a0The subject of weight gain in college years has been the facus of many research projects.\u00a0 The so called\u00a0 ‘ freshman 15 ‘ term is popular in researches focusing on weight gain durin the college years (1). \u00a0Results of such reserches have indicated that the first year of college residency is commonly associated with weight gain (2,\u00a0 3, 4, 5, 6). \u00a0\u00a0An assessment of student anthropometric measures is necessary upon the college entrance to determine whether any significant changes occures in subsequent years of study in college or university. \u00a0\u00a0Measures such as weight, height, \u00a0\u00a0waist and hip circumference are useful indices upon which ratios such as bmi and waist to hip ratio are calculated.\u00a0 These measures are not only useful for estimating physical condition, but health condition as well. \u00a0\u00a0As was indicated, many researches attemted to evaluate the anthropometric measures such as weight and body fat percents changes during the freshman or sophomere years of college students.\u00a0 There was a lack of findings in regard to the anthropometric conditions of college or university students upon registeration.\u00a0 Such assessment is necessary to determine whether the anthrpometric measures indeed changes during the years of study in college.\u00a0 This study was designed to determine the anthropometric conditions of female university students who registered in education year 2011.<\/p>\n

Materials and methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

In this cross sectional study, female students registered in education year 2011 voluntarily participated. Demographic characteristics of the subjects such as age, weight, waist and hip circumferences were measured and recorded. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0All the measurements were made by researcher\u2019s assistant who is an experienced nurse a hold a graduate degree in exercise sciences.\u00a0 The data were collected at the gymnasiums where the Seca scale equipped with adjustable height bar made in Germany was set.\u00a0 The circumference sizes were measured according to the criterion set by (7) using a tape marked to centimeter units.\u00a0 Constant verification of scale accuracy was performed by placing a 5 kg weight at every 10 measurements.\u00a0 All the measurements were performed by the same experienced nurse.\u00a0\u00a0 The participants signed a consent form as well as completing the personal information on a prepared form. \u00a0\u00a0Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by applying the conventional method dividing the weight in kg to the squared of height in meter (7).\u00a0 The exclusion criteria included the students who were pregnant at the start of study, suffering from any metabolic disease that affects body weight, and taking medication or drugs known to impact body weight and distribution.\u00a0\u00a0 This information was collected by the physician who checked the general health of students during the registration of the freshwomen students.<\/p>\n

Results<\/strong><\/p>\n

A total of 265 girl students participated in this study.\u00a0\u00a0 Anthrpometrics measures as well as demographic data including weight, height, weist and hip, bmi and waist to hip ratio were analysed.\u00a0\u00a0 The results of analysis are presented in table 1.<\/p>\n

Table 1: desriptive statistical values for body mass index, waist to hip ratio, weight, and height of first year girl students<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Variables<\/td>\nAge group<\/td>\nMean<\/td>\nStd. Deviation<\/td>\nMinimum<\/td>\nMaximum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bmi(kg\/sqm)*<\/td>\n18<\/td>\n19.54<\/td>\n3.3<\/td>\n13.74<\/td>\n28.76<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\n20.22<\/td>\n3.8<\/td>\n11.86<\/td>\n29.09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\n20.60<\/td>\n4.7<\/td>\n11.96<\/td>\n34.34<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\n22.42<\/td>\n4.4<\/td>\n16.83<\/td>\n32.27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
whip\u2020<\/td>\n18<\/td>\n.7502<\/td>\n.061<\/td>\n.65<\/td>\n.96<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\n.7539<\/td>\n.051<\/td>\n.54<\/td>\n.91<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\n.7573<\/td>\n.060<\/td>\n.54<\/td>\n1.04<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\n.7570<\/td>\n.058<\/td>\n.62<\/td>\n.86<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Wt(kg)\u2020\u2020<\/td>\n18<\/td>\n49.70<\/td>\n8.49<\/td>\n32.65<\/td>\n70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\n51.21<\/td>\n10.004<\/td>\n29.60<\/td>\n72.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\n52.61<\/td>\n12.88<\/td>\n31.00<\/td>\n89<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\n57.25<\/td>\n11.04<\/td>\n44.00<\/td>\n86<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ht(cm)\u2021<\/td>\n18<\/td>\n159.55<\/td>\n5.38<\/td>\n148.00<\/td>\n173<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\n159.15<\/td>\n5.32<\/td>\n149.00<\/td>\n181<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\n159.59<\/td>\n5.36<\/td>\n148.00<\/td>\n174<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\n160<\/td>\n5.45<\/td>\n151.00<\/td>\n168.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<\/table>\n

*Body Mass Index<\/p>\n

\u2020 waist to hip ratio<\/p>\n

\u2020\u2020 weight<\/p>\n

\u2021 height<\/p>\n

Table 2 presents the age categories for the registered students.\u00a0 \u00a0The highest frequency of age category belonged to the age 19 (38.5 percent) followed by age 20. \u00a0About 8.7 percent of the newly registered students were above the age 20 and over.<\/p>\n

Table 2 : The age categories of the registered students.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Age-group<\/td>\nFrequency<\/td>\nPercent<\/td>\nCumulative Percent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18<\/strong><\/td>\n66<\/strong><\/td>\n24.9<\/strong><\/td>\n24.9<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/strong><\/td>\n102<\/strong><\/td>\n38.5<\/strong><\/td>\n63.4<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/strong><\/td>\n74<\/strong><\/td>\n27.9<\/strong><\/td>\n91.3<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/strong><\/td>\n23<\/strong><\/td>\n8.7<\/strong><\/td>\n100.0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Total<\/strong><\/td>\n265<\/strong><\/td>\n100.0<\/strong><\/td>\n–<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Table 3 presents the bmi categories for the registered students.\u00a0\u00a0 The highest frequency of bmi category belonged to the normal range (45.7 percent).\u00a0\u00a0 Approximately 29.1 percent of the girl freshwomen students were under weight and 11.3 percent were very slim (severe under weight).\u00a0 About 2.6 percent of the students were above the age 20 and over.<\/p>\n

Table 3 : The bmi categories of the registered students<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Bmi – categories<\/strong><\/td>\nFrequency<\/strong><\/td>\nPercent<\/strong><\/td>\nCumulative Percent<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Very-slim(under 16)<\/strong><\/td>\n30<\/td>\n11.3<\/td>\n11.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Under( 16-18.5)<\/strong><\/td>\n77<\/td>\n29.1<\/td>\n40.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Normal( 18.6-25)<\/strong><\/td>\n121<\/td>\n45.7<\/td>\n86.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Over ( 25 to 30)<\/strong><\/td>\n30<\/td>\n11.3<\/td>\n97.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fat (over 30)<\/strong><\/td>\n7<\/td>\n2.6<\/td>\n100.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Total<\/strong><\/td>\n265<\/td>\n100.0<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Further analyse was performed to compare the mean values of bmi, weight and w\/h ratio across the age 18 to 21.\u00a0\u00a0 One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to examine whether there was any significant differences in bmi, weight, and w\/h ratio among the age groups upon the registration of girl student.\u00a0\u00a0 The results of analysis indicated that there was a significant differeneces among the age groups in regard to the bmi ( p=0.03) and weight ( p=0.02) but not in w\/h ration. \u00a0The results of LSD post hoc analysis indicated that the difference in bmi was only between the age group 18 and 21.\u00a0 In addition, the result of similar post hoc test showed that the weight difference was significant between the age group 18 and 21.\u00a0 No other age groups showed significant differences. \u00a0These results are presented in table 4.<\/p>\n

Table 4:\u00a0 one-way ANOVA comparing bmi, w\/h ratio and weight of the age groups<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
variables<\/td>\nSources<\/td>\nSum of Squares<\/td>\ndf<\/td>\nMean Square<\/td>\nF<\/td>\nSig.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
bmi<\/td>\nBetween Groups<\/td>\n148.623<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n49.541<\/td>\n3.014<\/td>\n.031<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nWithin Groups<\/td>\n <\/td>\n4290.602<\/td>\n261<\/td>\n16.439<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Total<\/td>\n <\/td>\n4439.224<\/td>\n264<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
whip<\/td>\nBetween Groups<\/td>\n <\/td>\n.002<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n.001<\/td>\n.199<\/td>\n.897<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nWithin Groups<\/td>\n <\/td>\n.852<\/td>\n261<\/td>\n.003<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nTotal<\/td>\n <\/td>\n.854<\/td>\n264<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
wt<\/td>\nBetween Groups<\/td>\n <\/td>\n1056.818<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n352.273<\/td>\n3.106<\/td>\n.027<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nWithin Groups<\/td>\n <\/td>\n29606.110<\/td>\n261<\/td>\n113.433<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nTotal<\/td>\n <\/td>\n30662.928<\/td>\n264<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Further analysis was perfomed to assess the association between the bmi, waist to hip ratio and weight.\u00a0 The results of analysis using Pearson correlation coeficient showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the bmi and w\/h ratio ( p=0.0001). \u00a0In addition, there was a significant association between the weight and w\/h ratio ( p=0.0001) .\u00a0\u00a0 thesee results are presented in table 4.<\/p>\n

Table 5: correlation between the weight, bmi and w\/h ratio<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
 <\/td>\n <\/td>\nbmi<\/td>\nwhip<\/td>\nwt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
bmi<\/td>\nPearson Correlation<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n.430**<\/sup><\/td>\n.943**<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sig. (2-tailed)<\/td>\n <\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
N<\/td>\n265<\/td>\n265<\/td>\n265<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
whip<\/td>\nPearson Correlation<\/td>\n.430**<\/sup><\/td>\n1<\/td>\n.398**<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sig. (2-tailed)<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n <\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
N<\/td>\n265<\/td>\n265<\/td>\n265<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
wt<\/td>\nPearson Correlation<\/td>\n.943**<\/sup><\/td>\n.398**<\/sup><\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sig. (2-tailed)<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
N<\/td>\n265<\/td>\n265<\/td>\n265<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Discussion and Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

The difference in anthrpometric measures of weight, height, waist and hip circumferences of female university students enrolling as the freshwomen were assessed in this research. \u00a0Similar studies in scope have evaluated these measures but at different period of college studies. \u00a0The results of some studies have indicated that the amount of weight gain across the colloge years increases. Cluskey and associates (2007) conducted a longitudinal research and concluded that t there was a weight gain from October to December 2005 among both male and female college students (8).\u00a0 Other studies of first year college students have reported similar results and have shown an average weight gain between 2 to 3.5 kg (9, 10). \u00a0A cross-sectional study conducted by Hingorjo and Qureshi \u00a0at dental college including 192 freshman students aged 18 to 21 years \u00a0set the cutoff point for obesity as a bmi over 25 and concluded that 60.8% of females students were overweight or obese. \u00a0\u00a0These studies despite their common goals that all targeted the weight gain phenomenon at the college years did not examine the condition of the anthropometric status of the students prior to enrolling as a college students. \u00a0\u00a0The present research was conducted to describe the condition of female students prior to becoming a freshwoman.\u00a0\u00a0 The results indicated that 13.9 percent of the female students were already in overweight or fat category when they enrolled.\u00a0 The fact that only bmi and not the waist to hip ration did significantly increase may indicate that the general body fat distribution sets in prior to the local fat distribution that appears in the abdominal area. \u00a0\u00a0Measures of central obesity, such as waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), are stronger and more consistent predictors of inflammation than general obesity which is frequently estimated from the body mass index (BMI) \u00a0(12) , (13) and\u00a0 (14).\u00a0\u00a0 It has been indicated that obesity defined by assessing anthropometric measures is associated with negative health consequences \u00a0\u00a0such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancers (15-19).<\/p>\n

The findings of the present research are not comparable with the results of researches conducted during the first year of residency in college.\u00a0 However, the results indicated that as the age of individuals increases, the accumulation of fat distribution throughout the body \u00a0also increases significantly post \u00a0the age 20 regardless of being a college student or preparing \u00a0oneself to enter the college.\u00a0 One possible explanation for these finding is that the older individuals who were determined to enter the college but failed to do so following the completion of their high school education had plenty of free time to stay inactive physically and instead spent time to study to participate in college entrance examination.\u00a0\u00a0 The average age of high school education completion is 18.\u00a0\u00a0 From this age to age 21, there is three years gap.\u00a0\u00a0 Probably living such life style contributes to the accumulation of extra calorie in the form of fat deposition. \u00a0The confirmed weight gain demonstrated in many researches during the first year of studying in college can put more students in the over weight and even fat category. \u00a0\u00a0Whether these individuals who are already overweight or approaching fat status indeed gain further weight needs to be investigated.<\/p>\n

References<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Crombie AP, Ilich JZ, Dutton GR, Panton LB, Abood DA. The freshman weight gain phenomenon revisited. Nutr Rev. 2009 Feb;67(2):83-94.<\/li>\n
  2. Hull1, H. R., Morrow, L, Dinger, M. K., Han, J.L.,\u00a0 and Fioelds, D. A. Characterization of body weight and composition changes during the sophomore year of college BMC Women’s Health 2007, 7:21<\/li>\n
  3. Racette SB, Deusinger SS, Strube MJ, Highstein GR, Deusinger RH: Weight changes, exercise, and dietary patterns during freshman and sophomore years of college. J Am Coll Health 2005, 53(6):245-251<\/li>\n
  4. Levitsky DA, Halbmaier CA, Mrdjenovic G: The freshman weight gain: a model for the study of the epidemic of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004, 28(11):1435-1442.<\/li>\n
  5. Anderson DA, Shapiro JR, Lundgren JD: The freshman year of college as a critical period for weight gain: an initial evaluation. Eat Behav 2003, 4(4):363-367.<\/li>\n
  6. Butler SM, Black DR, Blue CL, Gretebeck RJ: Change in diet, physical activity, and body weight in female college freshman. Am J Health Behav 2004, 28(1):24-32<\/li>\n
  7. Frisanch,. A.R., Anthropometric Standards: An interactive Nutritional Reference of Body Size and Body Composition of Children and Adults. AnnArbor, The University of Michigan Press, 2011<\/li>\n
  8. Cluskey M, Grobe D. , College weight gain and behavior transitions: male and female differences J Am Diet Assoc. 2009 Feb; 109(2):325-9.<\/li>\n
  9. Hoffman DJ, Policastro P, Quick V, Lee SK. Changes in body weight and fat mass of men and women in the first year of college: A study of the \u201cfreshman 15\u201d Journal of American College Health. 2006;55(1):41\u201345<\/li>\n
  10. Racette SB, Deusinger SS, Strube MJ, Highstein GR, Deusinger RH. Weight changes, exercise, and dietary patterns during freshman and sophomore years of college. Journal of American College Health. 2005;53(6):245\u2013251<\/li>\n
  11. 11-\u00a0 Hingorjo MR, Syed S, Qureshi MA. Overweight and obesity in students of a dental college of Karachi: lifestyle influence and measurement by an appropriate anthropometric index.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 J Pak Med Assoc. 2009 Aug;59(8):528-32.<\/li>\n
  12. Festa, R. D’Agostino Jr., K. Williams, A.J. Karter, E.J. Mayer-Davis, R.P. Tracy et al. The relation of bodyfat mass and distribution to markers of chronic inflammation Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 25 (2001), pp. 1407\u20131415<\/li>\n
  13. B. Panagiotakos, C. Pitsavos, M. Yannakoulia, C. Chrysohoou, C. Stefanadis The implication of obesity and central fat on markers of chronic inflammation: the ATTICA study Atherosclerosis, 183 (2005), pp. 308\u2013315<\/li>\n
  14. Saijo, y,\u00a0\u00a0 Kiyota, N.,\u00a0 Kawasaki, \u00a0, Miyazaki, Y. Kashimura, J. Fukuda., \u00a0M. et al. Relationship between C-reactive protein and visceral adipose tissue in healthy Japanese subjects Diabetes Obes Metab, 6 (2004), pp. 249\u2013258<\/li>\n
  15. Manson JE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Hankinson SE, Hennekens CH, Speizer FE. Body weight and mortality among women. N Engl J Med 1995;333:677-85.<\/li>\n
  16. Calle EE, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, Rodriguez C, Heath CW Jr. Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1097-105.<\/li>\n
  17. Irigaray P, Newby JA, Lacomme S, Belpomme D.\u00a0 Overweight\/obesity and cancer genesis: more than a biological\u00a0\u00a0 Biomed Pharmacother 2007;61:665-78.<\/li>\n
  18. Renehan A, Tyson M, Egger M, Heller RF, Zwahlen M. Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet 2008;371:569-78.<\/li>\n
  19. Fader AN, Arriba LN, Frasure HE, von Gruenigen VE. Endometrial cancer and obesity: epidemiology, biomarkers, prevention and survivorship. Gynecol Oncol 2009;114:121-7.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Introduction The assessment of anthropometric characteristics of college students like […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2320","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol5no1"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2320","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2320"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2320\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10272,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2320\/revisions\/10272"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2320"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2320"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2320"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}