{"id":22679,"date":"2018-09-21T10:46:10","date_gmt":"2018-09-21T10:46:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=22679"},"modified":"2020-04-23T11:09:51","modified_gmt":"2020-04-23T11:09:51","slug":"wireless-recording-of-limb-flexion-extension-counter-using-gsm-module","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol11no3\/wireless-recording-of-limb-flexion-extension-counter-using-gsm-module\/","title":{"rendered":"Wireless Recording of Limb Flexion-Extension Counter using GSM Module"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

With the development in the field of rehabilitation and physiotherapy, lives of people have improved to new levels. People who have been involved in accidents, mishaps and have or are still recovering from the after effects need to recuperate to their full strength. People approach dieticians and physiotherapists for assistance in bringing the functionality of their limbs to normalcy. In present scenario, physiotherapy. Normally physiotherapies are of various types depending on the type of problem. Hydrotherapy and aqua therapy are used for treating whole body symptoms or localised target points to develop overall well-being. For limbs nurses and medical staff help in movement by providing support in flexion and extension of muscles. He\/ she assists the subject in moving the limbs say elbows, legs etc. This situation changes once the patient reaches home and becomes incapable of carrying out the activity to the fullest. For soft tissue cases massage is provided to reduce fluid build-up, break up scar tissue and increase blood flow to the muscles, which is done by a masseuse who is an expert in carrying out mobilisation. There are others also like accupunctures which are painful but highly effective and little risk associated. So we can state that there is a need of dependency upon others during rehabilitation which is avoidable but needed at times of need. \u00a0There is a need of finding a non or minimally stressful, slow and progressive method of therapy which can enable the person to independently work on his\/her progress and be independent and should be able to do it on his\/her time. Booking appointments and scheduling sessions are always stressful and cannot be followed strictly with also the added problem is fitting time in your schedule depending on the physical condition the individual. Mostly people belonging to age group between 40-60 years need such types of restricted and controlled method of rehabilitation. They may be suffering from limb fractures, paraplegia, monoplegia, muscular dystrophy etc. This device enables the person to work in their own comfortable space at a respectable and reasonable speed. It measures the temperature, pulse rate, limb flexion and extensions along with cuff pressure. Continuous monitoring of vital parameters i.e. pulse rate, body temperature, flexion extension counts and angle between the limbs. The will be inflated to give the appropriate stress or load between 30-60 mm of Hg so as to prevent greater occlusion to the blood vessels.1<\/sup> The microcontroller will be driven using a power supply of +5 V supply which will be controlling all the other sensors and the GSM will be used along with Arduino to deliver the signal directly to the person via text message.<\/p>\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

Proposed Architecture<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 1: Block Diagram of the limb flexion-extension counter incorporated with GSM based wireless transmission<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Figure 1 represents the block diagram of the limb flexion-extension counter. It has ARDUINO Mega 2560 as its microcontroller which is interfaced with the pulse rate sensor (SEN-11574), temperature sensor (LM-35) and the IR Proximity sensor. A BP cuff is placed around the arm of the subject so as to exert pressure on to the limb.2<\/sup> The pulse rate sensor and the temperature sensor are placed on the fingers of the subject. The goniometer is fixed alongside the limb of the subject to measure the angle generated by the limbs. The GSM module is connected to the Arduino mega microcontroller for receiving the signals from Arduino board and transmitting it to the subject via SMS.<\/p>\n

The component description are as follows:<\/p>\n

Arduino Mega 2560<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

The microcontroller has 256 kb RAM along with 16 digital I\/O ports out of which 6 ports can be used as PWM, 6 analog inputs. It also includes a reset button and an ICSP port. Its multiple compatibility features along with it being cost effective and flexible in use are its greatest advantages.<\/p>\n

LM 35 Temperature Sensor<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

This sensor measures temperature and has an operating power supply of +5V and is most commonly used in measuring body temperature. It has a temperature range from – 55 to +150o<\/sup>C.<\/p>\n

Pulse Rate Senor SEN-<\/strong>11574<\/strong><\/p>\n

This sensor measures the pulse rate of the subject by using plethysmography principle. It works at an operating voltage of +3.3V to +5V. It has receiver and transmitter on the same side. Therefore when the light passes through the blood and reaches the receiver, the corresponding reading give the pulse rate of the subject.<\/p>\n

IR Proximity <\/strong>Sensor<\/strong><\/p>\n

This sensor sends an IR signal which when intersected or obstructed results in the glowing of the led thus denoting in this case a count. It has a receiver and transmitter IR LED. So in the absence of any obstruction or object the signal reaches the LED, thus no glowing of LED results in no count.<\/p>\n

Blood pressure <\/strong>cuff<\/strong><\/p>\n

This cuff provides the load or stress on the limb of the subject by creating occlusion in the blood vessels within bearable limit. It has a pressure gauge using which we can regulate the pressure within the cuff.<\/p>\n

GSM Module Board SIM 900A<\/strong><\/p>\n

This is interfaced with Arduino mega 2560 and transmits signals wirelessly similar to that of a mobile sim. It has a dual band of 900\/ 1800 MHz.\u00a0 It has very low power consumption of 1.5 mA along with small form factor with the ability to call, text and fax data. It is easily compatible with ARDUINO Mega 2560.<\/p>\n

Goniometer<\/strong><\/p>\n

This device measures the angles between the limbs so as to record the degree of extension and flexion to signify improvements. It is battery operated with a built-in LCD for clearing reading of angles.<\/p>\n

Pulse rate sensing<\/strong><\/p>\n

The pulse rate sensor is interfaced to the Arduino board by connecting the wires as follow:<\/p>\n

\u2018S\u2019 of pulse sensor\u00a0\u2192 \u2018A0\u2019 of Arduino<\/p>\n

\u2018+\u2019 of pulse sensor \u2192 +5V of Arduino<\/p>\n

\u2018-\u2018 of pulse sensor\u00a0\u2192 GND of Arduino<\/p>\n

The formula for Heart Rate Calculation is:<\/p>\n

\"Vol11No3_Wir_Har_f1\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00a0\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 2: Pulse rate sensor interfaced with Arduino.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Body Temperature Sensing<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

By placing flat side of temperature sensor LM-35 upwards we can connect to Arduino Mega as follows:<\/p>\n

Left tip \u2192 \u2018+5V\u2019 of Arduino<\/p>\n

Central tip\u00a0\u2192 \u2018A2\u2019 of Arduino<\/p>\n

Right tip\u00a0\u2192 \u2018GND\u2019 of Arduino<\/p>\n

The sensor has a little delay before providing the correct readings.<\/p>\n

Its flexibility, size and cost makes it easily usable.3<\/sup><\/p>\n

The temperature is calculated by using the given formula i.e.<\/p>\n

Temp = 5.0*Analog Read(0)*1024o<\/sup>C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00a0\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 3: Temperature sensor interfaced with Arduino Mega 2560 board.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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IR Proximity Sensor Sensing<\/strong><\/p>\n

The proximity sensor counts the number of flexion and extensions done by the subject and is interfaced to the Arduino board as follows:<\/p>\n

\u2018OUT\u2019 of sensor\u00a0\u2192 A3 of Arduino<\/p>\n

\u2018GND\u2019 of sensor\u00a0\u2192 GND of Arduino<\/p>\n

\u2018VCC\u2019 of sensor\u00a0\u2192 +5V of Arduino.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00a0\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 4: IR Proximity sensor interfaced to Arduino Mega 2560.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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GSM – Arduino Interface<\/strong><\/p>\n

The GSM module is used for transmission of data from the source to the receiver wirelessly similar to mobile network transfer. The connections are very simple as given follows:<\/p>\n

\u2018RxD\u2019 of GSM Module \u2192 \u2018TxD\u2019 of Arduino Board<\/p>\n

\u2018TxD\u2019 of GSM Module\u00a0\u2192 \u2018RxD\u2019 of Arduino Board<\/p>\n

GSM module operates on +12V power supply.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00a0\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 5: GSM Module SIM900A connected to Arduino Mega 2560.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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Working<\/strong><\/p>\n

The cuff is placed around the limb (say arm) and a pressure between 30 \u2013 50 mm of Hg is applied.1-2<\/sup> The Arduino is powered up by connecting to a +5V supply and the temperature and pulse rate sensor are placed around the fingers of the subject using a velcro band to record the signals. The IR proximity sensor is placed over the cuff to denote the count of flexions and extensions done by the subject as shown in Fig. 6. The goniometer is fixed along the arm of the subject to denote the flexion angle produced between both the limbs. This is for providing the proof of improvement.9<\/sup> The GSM is turned ON and a sim is inserted which in this case is a 3G sim via which the IR sensor, pulse rate and temperature sensor readings are sent to the subjects mobile as an SMS wirelessly.5<\/sup> The subject will do flexions and extensions as shown in Fig.6-7 slowly and gradually till a count of 10-12 or till failure in a minute. Since occlusion of arteries more than a minute can lead to muscular pain and in prolonged cases increase the rigidity and degradation of blood vessels.2<\/sup><\/p>\n

So while exercising continuous monitoring of pulse rate and temperature is observed along with constant measurement of cuff pressure. The pulse rate sensor was clearly hidden from other light sources so as to not interfere with its functioning. The IR sensor glows when the forearm reaches closer to the sensor and turns off when away from range thus denoting a count. The temperature sensor is held in hand so as to avoid sweat since it interferes with the sensor readings.10<\/sup> So once the person wants to record his training status he\/she will press the button to send a message directly to the individual\u2019s number which can be used as a reference or record to evaluate performance.5<\/sup> The person can do the exercise settled down in a well-lit ventilated room to avoid any form of discomfort. The GSM module sends the message at each instance whenever the subject asks for an SMS. On pressing send message a message is sent to the subject which contains all the 3 readings which are the pulse rate, temperature and number of counts registered. Improvement is clearly visible based upon the range of extension of the limbs. SIM900A supports 2G\/3G network cards. \u00a0The room was well lit, properly ventilated under room temperature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00a0\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 6: Extension movement of Limb.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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Results and Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

The data as displayed in Fig. 9 was collected from 19 subjects. All the readings were taken under one minute. For each subject the cuff pressure is maintained at 35 mm of Hg and flexion angle was measured using goniometer. The goniometer is adjusted to provide easy movement. The proximity sensor is fixed on top of the cuff so as to detect the bending limb movement as a count. There is an elevation in the readings of temperature and pulse rate as the exercise progresses. The flexion angle varies between 49 degrees to 43 degrees which is quite similar to that of normal hand movement though no fully optimum. The load is not varied during the exercise and pressure leakage kept as minimal as 2 mm of Hg.2<\/sup> The variation in pulse rate and temperature are visibly seen i.e. for every fraction of change in temperature between each subject, pulse rate is higher for those with elevated body temperatures. Increase in number of counts is also proportional to increase in pulse rate for most cases although other factors can cause slight deviation from the proposed concept. The message is received at the receivers end with the readings of the temperature, pulse rate and number of counts together as an SMS via GSM. Increase in pulse rate signifies a slight chance of hypertension which indirectly causes variation in temperature.8<\/sup> The angle obtained is the average angle made by the limbs during one set. The goniometer used here is digital thus easy for the subject to read and record them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00a0\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 7: Flexion movement of limb.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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\u00a0\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 8: Shows the readings collected from each subject per count.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

From the results and preliminary analysis as shown in Fig. 9. \u00a0it is clear that temperature and pulse rate are directly proportional to each other provided the cuff pressure and other parameters are kept constant. So as the exercise progresses increase in heart rate results in increase in temperature and vice-versa. The count is restricted to 10-12 times since the repetitions has to be slow and gradual and should be done within a minute since occlusion can be applied per minute per routine as over pushing the limit can cause arterial and muscular damage.<\/p>\n

Acknowledgment<\/strong><\/p>\n

We would like to extend our sincerest gratitude to the department of biomedical engineering for their constant support and priceless advice and suggestions regarding this project.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Jan T. G.,\u00a0 van Vliet L.,\u00a0 KooijmanM and Maria T. E. H. Venous cuff pressures from 30 mmHg to diastolic pressure are recommended to measure arterial inflow by plethysmography. in<\/em> J Appl Physiol.<\/em>\u00a02003;95(1):342-347.
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  2. Schuren K. M. Pascal\u2019s law and dynamics of compression therapy.\u00a0in International Angiology.<\/em>\u00a02010;29(5):431-435.<\/li>\n
  3. Salomi S. T., Mr.\u00a0 Saraswat A.,\u00a0 Shashwat A and Dr. Bharti V. Sensing Heart beat and Body Temperature Digitally using Arduino in.1721-1724.<\/li>\n
  4. Allen J.\u00a0 Photo plethysmography and its application in clinical physiological measurement. in<\/em> Physiological Measurement.<\/em>\u00a02007;28(3):1-39.
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  5. Wellington. Real Time Pulse Rate Monitoring System using Arduino Uno and GSM Technology in. 2017;4(19):292-295.<\/li>\n
  6. Egypt. Infrared Object Detection Sensor in.\u00a0<\/i>1:10.<\/li>\n
  7. Johevajile K. N M.,\u00a0 Kisangiri M., Machuve D.\u00a0 Deign of Low Cost Blood Pressure and Body Temperature interface. International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering (IJESE) ISSN<\/em>. 2013;1(10):2319\u2013 6378.<\/li>\n
  8. \u00a0Miyai N., Arita M.,\u00a0 Miyashita K.,Mori-oka I., Shiraishi T.,\u00a0 Nishio I. Blood Pressure Re-sponse to Heart Rate During Exercise Test and Risk of Future Hy-pertension. Hypertension. 2002;39:761-766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/hy0302. 105777.<\/li>\n
  9. Zhen G. X and\u00a0 Menon C. Towards the development of a wearable feedback system for monitoring the activities of the upper-extremities. Journal of Neuro-Engineering and Rehabilita-tion<\/em>. 2014.<\/li>\n
  10. \u00a0Dufour A., Candas V.\u00a0 Ageing and thermal re-sponses during passive heat exposure: sweating and sensory as-pects.\u00a0 European Journal of Applied Physiology May<\/em>. 2007;100(1):19\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-007- 0396-9.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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