{"id":19558,"date":"2018-03-25T11:52:04","date_gmt":"2018-03-25T11:52:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=19558"},"modified":"2020-04-23T04:33:11","modified_gmt":"2020-04-23T04:33:11","slug":"physiological-and-biochemical-response-of-winter-wheat-triticum-aestivum-l-to-ambient-o3-and-the-antiozonant-chemical-ethylenediurea-edu-in-jeddah-saudi-arabia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol11no1\/physiological-and-biochemical-response-of-winter-wheat-triticum-aestivum-l-to-ambient-o3-and-the-antiozonant-chemical-ethylenediurea-edu-in-jeddah-saudi-arabia\/","title":{"rendered":"Physiological and Biochemical Response of Winter Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) to Ambient O3 and the Antiozonant Chemical Ethylenediurea (EDU) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tropospheric O3<\/sub> is produced through photochemical reactions of its precursors (NOx and VOCs) and its concentrations varied spatially and temporally. Ozone (O3<\/sub>) is a secondary phytotoxic pollutant causing changes in metabolic, biochemical and physiological processes leading to reductions in \u00a0growth and yield of economic crops.1-4<\/sup>\u00a0Ozone concentrations in Jeddah were recorded to be between 40 \u2013 70 nl l-1.<\/sup> 4,5<\/sup>\u00a0These concentrations are high enough to affect many plant processes, such as photosynthesis, transpiration, nutrient uptake, and senescence, resulting in significant effects on crop growth and yield.Jeddah suffers from serious air pollution problems due to emissions from different sources. There is a very poor legislation regarding emissions from old cars in streets as well from factories which cause environmental hazards. Levels of heavy metals, gaseous air pollutants and particulate emissions far exceed internationally acceptable standards.4-6\u00a0<\/sup>The antiozonant chemical ethylenediurea (EDU) is extensively used to assess the crop loss due to O3.<\/sub>7-8<\/sup><\/p>\n

Wheat is a nutritious and versatile crop, it has been known to be sensitive to O3<\/sub> in the USA, Europe and other areas of the world.9-15<\/sup>\u00a0However, very little is known about its sensitivity in the Middle East.16<\/sup>\u00a0 As yet, in Saudi Arabia, the information on impact of O3 <\/sub>on plants are extremely scanty and fragmented.5,17<\/sup><\/p>\n

The objective of the present investigation was to assess the response of local variety of wheat (Triticum aestivum<\/em> L.) to ambient O3<\/sub> in terms of growth, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, antioxidants and photosynthetic pigments and to assess the use of the antiozonant chemical ethylenediurea abbreviated as EDU as a reliable, effective and cheap tool to protect of O3<\/sub> effects on wheat plants under filed conditions in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.<\/p>\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

Plant Samples, Growth Conditions and Experimental Design<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Grains of wheat (Triticum aestivum<\/em> L.) were hand-planted in 50 cm2<\/sup> plastic pots (10 seeds in each pot) filled with multipurpose in a controlled glasshouse. Plants were transferred to the field when second foliage leaf appeared on 3 Feb 2015 were sown. Experiments were conducted in the open field during Jan 2015 \u2013 April 2015. The treatments were: (a) ambient air (AA) and (b) AA + EDU (EDU).\u00a0 There were 12 pots\/chamber. The crop matures in 70 – 80 days.<\/p>\n

EDU Application<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

EDU was applied as a soil drench; 200 ml of a 150 ppm EDU every 14 days. The control plants received tap water. There were 16 plastic pots (18 cm height x 16 cm diameter); 8 for AA and 8 for EDU.<\/p>\n

Biomass and Grain Yield<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Five plants per pot were harvested for determination of yield parameters at the final harvest during April 2015.<\/p>\n

Gas Exchange Measurements and Chlorophyll Content<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Net CO2<\/sub> photosynthetic rate (A) and stomatal conductance (gs<\/sub>) were measured using a portable LICOR (IRGA-LICOR-6400, Lincoln, NE, USA). Measurements were carried out on ten attached leaves per treatment on weekly basis.<\/p>\n

Biochemical Assays and Antioxidant Enzymes Assays<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Leaves were weighed and ground at about 4\u00b0C in 50 m Tris-HCl buffer containing 3 mM MgCl2, then the homogenates were centrifuged at 20 000 for 15 min (Centrifuge17 S\/RS, Heraeus Sepatech). Enzyme assays were performed\u00a0 using the supernatants and the results were expressed on protein basis.<\/p>\n

Four antioxidant enzymes were determined in the present investigation; namely; Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase, Guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), Ascorbate (APX) following the methods as given by Lee et al.<\/em>18<\/sup><\/p>\n

Data Analysis<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

ANOVA test was applied to data, differences between means were tested by Tuckey Test using SPSS statistical package, USA.<\/p>\n

Results and Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

The average temperatures were 33.2\u00b0C and the average 8-h O3<\/sub> concentrations were 45.9 ppb. Accumulated ozone exposure above a threshold of 40 ppb (AOT40 was calculated to be 3.304 ppm).<\/p>\n

EDU-treated plant had higher photosynthesis rate (A) and stomatal conductance (gs<\/sub>) by 24%, increased by 25%, respectively, throughout the entire course of experiment (Fig. 1 A & B).<\/p>\n

The rate of increase in photosynthetic rates due to application with EDU was steady for the first three weeks and increased thereafter and by the 8th<\/sup> week, it showed a slight decline due to senescence of the crop (Fig. 1A). On the other hand, the decline in stomatal conductance was more pronounced in the 8th<\/sup> week in both EDU-treated and ambient air plants (Fig. 1B).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 1: Effects of EDU and ambient ozone in wheat plants (Triticum aestivum<\/em> L.) on (A) photosynthetic rate (A), and (B) stomatal conductance (gs<\/sub>). (n= 8 \u00b1 1SE).<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Plant treated with EDU showed a positive impact on number and weight of grains. EDU caused increases in the grain number by 50% and grain weight by 82% (Fig. 2 A & B).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 2:<\/em> Effect of EDU on wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) grain (A) number and (B) weight. Each figure is a mean of 109 reading \u00b1 1SE.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

EDU did not alter shoot growth (P\u00a0 \u02c3 0.05), \u00a0while tit caused overall increase in root dry weight by 23% \u00a0when compared to plants grown in ambient (AA) (Fig.3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00a0\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 3:<\/em> Effect of EDU on shoot and root growth wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.). (Means \u00b1 1SE).<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Exposure to ambient O3<\/sub> caused increases in Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Ascorbate Peroxidase (<\/strong>APX) and Catalase (CAT) by 31, 16 and 27%, respectively (Table 1). Nevertheless, Guaiacol Peroxidase (<\/strong>GPX) showed insignificant increase 9.8% , (P\u02c3 0.05).<\/p>\n

Table 1: Effects of EDU on superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase and catalase in leaves wheat (Triticum aestivum<\/em> L.) plants 70 days after planting.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Enzyme<\/strong><\/td>\nAA<\/strong><\/td>\nEDU<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0SOD<\/p>\n

(mg-1 <\/sup>protein)<\/td>\n

65.6 +<\/u> 7.8b<\/sup><\/td>\n50.1 +<\/u> 6.3a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0APX<\/p>\n

(\u00b5mol min-1<\/sup> mg-1<\/sup> protein)<\/td>\n

578.7 +<\/u> 76.8a<\/sup><\/td>\n498.1 + <\/u>51.1b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0GPX<\/p>\n

(\u00b5mol min-1<\/sup> mg-1<\/sup> protein)<\/td>\n

8.02 +<\/u> 1.01a<\/sup><\/td>\n7.3 +<\/u> 1.9a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0CAT<\/p>\n

(\u00b5mol min-1<\/sup> mg-1<\/sup> protein)<\/td>\n

781.7 +<\/u> 97.5a<\/sup><\/td>\n614.1 +<\/u> 72.7b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Each figure is a replicate of 8 reading \u00b1 1SE. Mean not followed by the same letter are significantly different of P < 0.05.<\/p>\n

Jeddah is the second largest city in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, \u00a0suffering from industrial and vehicular emissions which cause increases in tropospheric O3<\/sub>4,5<\/sup>.It is growing economically and industrially and having many anthropogenic activities; its population is about 3 million inhabitant.<\/p>\n

The concentrations of O3<\/sub> recorded in Jeddah is between 40 \u2013 50 ppb were close to those previously observed in several arid areas of Saudi Arabia.4,5<\/sup>\u00a0Until now, one investigation on impact of ambient O3<\/sub> and on crops was carried out in Saudi Arabia5<\/sup> and the extent of economic losses of O3<\/sub> to crops in this country has been poorly evaluated.<\/p>\n

The present investigation showed clearly that O3 <\/sub>concentrations of Jeddah city cause negative effects on growth, biomass accumulation, and yield. Analyses of metabolic processes were performed in order to perceive O3 <\/sub>toxicity at early stages.<\/p>\n

Ambient O3<\/sub> significantly affected photosynthetic rates (A) values, in comparison to EDU-treated plants. This result is in agreement with our previous work1,3,5<\/sup>. Moreover, EDU-treated plants had higher stomatal conductance (gs<\/sub>) when compared to plants grown in ambient air.7-8<\/sup><\/p>\n

There is a significant correlation between A and gs<\/sub> (data not shown), which indicates that reduction in stomatal conductance due to closing of stomatal could be the cause of the apparent reduction of plants exposed to ambient air “AA”.5<\/sup><\/p>\n

EDU has been extensively used to assess the impact of ambient O3<\/sub> in dry tropical\/subtropical regions.2,5,19,20<\/sup>\u00a0However, there is only one study so far in the literature describing EDU application to crops in Saudi Arabia.5<\/sup>\u00a0EDU has no toxic effect per se.<\/em>2,5\u00a0<\/sup>The positive effects of EDU were relevant on all variables of wheat plants in the present study, including O3<\/sub>– caused visible injury, growth, yield, and physiological parameters.<\/p>\n

EDU caused increases in the biometric parameters (growth parameters, grain number and weight) compared to plants exposed to ambient conditions, approving its effectiveness in alleviating toxic effects of O3<\/sub>.<\/p>\n

Plants can avoid and tolerate toxic effects of O3 <\/sub>through induction of protective scavenging systems.1,21<\/sup>\u00a0Plants produce antioxidant enzymes (e.g. catalase \u201cCAT\u201d, peroxidase \u201cGPX\u201d, superoxide dismutase \u201cSOD\u201d and others) and ascorbate peroxidase \u201cAPX\u201d; the enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle (Halliwell-Asada cycle) in order to alleviate accumulation of harmful concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by O3.<\/sub>1<\/sup><\/p>\n

Oxidative stress causes increases in activities of these enzymes, which indicate production of H2<\/sub>O2<\/sub>. SOD plays a key protective role against O3<\/sub> phytotoxicity, as it scavenges O2<\/sub>–<\/sup> and catalyzes its dismutation to H2<\/sub>O2<\/sub> and O2.<\/sub>22,23<\/sup>\u00a0Both CAT and APX are scavengers of H2<\/sub>O2.<\/sub>24-26<\/sup><\/p>\n

Results of the present study point out that decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes in EDU-treated wheat plants most likely increased resistance of plants to O3<\/sub>. This protective mechanism of against harmful oxidative stress is reported in wheat plants in Saudi Arabia, in terms of levels of reactive oxygen species \u201cROS\u201d and their analogous scavenging enzymes,.<\/p>\n

In conclusion, EDU conferred a significant protection to wheat plants leading to improvement in growth, yield, and photosynthetic performance.<\/p>\n

Acknowledgements<\/strong><\/p>\n

This work was supported with a Grant from King Abdul Aziz City for Science & Technology (KACST). Grant #1498-37-TA.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

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    Introduction Tropospheric O3 is produced through photochemical reactions of its […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[55],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19558","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol11no1"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19558","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19558"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19558\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32092,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19558\/revisions\/32092"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19558"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19558"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19558"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}