{"id":18288,"date":"2017-12-21T09:42:00","date_gmt":"2017-12-21T09:42:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=18288"},"modified":"2018-11-19T06:36:37","modified_gmt":"2018-11-19T06:36:37","slug":"connection-of-reproductive-indices-of-high-productive-cows-with-duration-of-their-dead-wood-period","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol10no4\/connection-of-reproductive-indices-of-high-productive-cows-with-duration-of-their-dead-wood-period\/","title":{"rendered":"Connection of Reproductive Indices of High-Productive Cows with Duration of Their Dead-Wood Period"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Industrial dairy cattle-breeding in Russia is the most dynamic and science-consuming branch which contributes greatly the provision of food safety of the country as the main producer of fine milk. Its share in daily ration of the Russian people reaches 35% on behalf of consumption of different products which are made with its use.1<\/sup>\u00a0The main factor restraining the development of dairy cattle-breeding is low indices of band reproduction.2,3<\/sup><\/p>\n

It is important to study capacities of high-productive cows\u2019 reproductive system in the interaction with indices of their physiology during ontogenesis4,5,6<\/sup> for the rise of cattle productivity. As secretion of milk is impossible without calving in cows, then \u2013 normal state of reproductive function is the basis of effective lactation.7<\/sup><\/p>\n

Solving of the problem of intensification of animals\u2019 reproduction mostly depends on the right organization of their keeping, feeding, veterinary control, diagnostics, treatment and prophylaxis on different stages of the reproductive cycle.8\u00a0<\/sup>This work is many-sided and must bear systematic character. Reproductive capacities mostly depend on conditions of the course of in-calf state, accouchement, postnatal period.9,10<\/sup><\/p>\n

It is necessary to insert some correction into the technology of cattle rehabilitation11,12 <\/sup>for rational solving of the problem of reproduction, rise of cows\u2019 milk productivity and receiving viable remount cubs. It will provide the increase of the yield of remount heifers with high genetic potential in productivity.13,14<\/sup><\/p>\n

There is some lowering of reproductive function and decrease of calves\u2019 yield in the farms of the country on the whole. It economically harms the branch very much. Reproductive capacities of import cattle (Holstein breed) sharply decrease after the first calving what is mostly connected with the technology of intensive dairy production without reference to cows\u2019 physiological state.1<\/sup>\u00a0That\u2019s why, the search of biotechnological ways of cattle reproduction for working with high-productive animals is really necessary.15,16<\/sup><\/p>\n

The aim of the research is to find the ways for the increase of cows\u2019 reproductive capacities and their productive macrobiosis in conditions of the intensive technology of milk production.<\/p>\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

The study was conducted in strict accordance with the ethical principles established by the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes (adopted in Strasbourg on March, 18th<\/sup>, 1986, and confirmed in Strasbourg on June, 15th<\/sup>, 2006).<\/p>\n

The study used high-productive animals of Holstein breed at dairy complex \u201cKupinskoe\u201d (Bezenchuk area, Samara region).<\/p>\n

There were formed three groups of cows-analogues (according to age, term of in-calf state, ancestry). After cows\u2019 calving on behalf of insemination terms\u2019 correction after accouchement, duration of lactation and with the help of non-graded start there were formed three groups of cows after the first lactation with the level of milk productivity 7000-8000 kg\u00a0 but they had different dead-wood period\u2019s indices before the second calving. In the 1st<\/sup> group this index was 60 days, in the 2nd<\/sup> group \u2013 80 days and in the 3rd<\/sup> one \u2013 90 days. There were 30 animals in each group.<\/p>\n

Biochemical indices of blood were studied according to standard methods for the control of metabolism state. Blood was taken from caudal vein 1.5-2 hours before feeding in 5 cows from every group 15 days before calving. All the applied methods were traditional. The content of common protein in blood serum was determined with the help of refractometer RPL-3 (Russia); separation and quantitative partition of protein fraction\u2019s ratio in blood serum were conducted nephelometrically; the content of carotin was determined according to carr-price; the concentration of common calcium in blood serum was determined complex-metrically; the level of non-organic phosphorus, alkaline reserve and glucose concentration in blood were estimated by orthotoluidinic method.<\/p>\n

Reproductive capacities of the examined groups of cows were studied according to the following indices: duration of accouchement course, postnatal period and recovery of cows\u2019 reproductive capacity after calving (by method of timekeeping, rectal investigations and with the help of USI-apparatus KAIXIN-5200 VET).<\/p>\n

Digital material of experimental data was processes by the method of variational statistics on difference reliability of comparable indices with the usage of Student\u2019s t-criterion taken in biology and zootechnics, with application of program complex Microsoft Exel7. Reliability degree of the processed data are shown by corresponding symbols \u2013 p<0.05*<\/sup>; p<0.01**<\/sup>; p<0.001***<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Results<\/strong><\/p>\n

While conducting our research we established that duration of accouchement was in interaction with duration of service-period and dead-wood period. So, it was respectively less on 1.97 and 2.22 hours in the 2nd<\/sup> and 3rd<\/sup> groups than in the 1st<\/sup> group. It is, evidently, the result of better morpho-functional state of cows\u2019 genitals from the 2nd<\/sup> and 3rd<\/sup> groups of animals (Table 1). The duration of expulsion of afterbirth in the groups was different: in the 1st<\/sup> group \u2013 5.20\u00b11.07; in the 2nd<\/sup> group \u2013 2.78\u00b10.45; in the 3rd<\/sup> group \u2013 2.05\u00b10.78 hours. Calculating the duration of expulsion of afterbirth in animals from the control group we didn\u2019t include cases of delay of afterbirth. The 1st<\/sup> group of animals was registered to have one case of dead birth and one calf died in 1.5 hours after birth. In the first days the most profuse discharge were observed in cows with first calving from the 2nd<\/sup> and 3rd<\/sup> groups in comparison with the control group. It, evidently, points at the increased contractile uterus\u2019 capacity in animals from the 2nd<\/sup> and 3rd<\/sup> groups what was promoted by their better preparedness to calving. On the 4-5th<\/sup> day after accouchement lochia acquired dark-cherry color, on the 10-12th<\/sup> day after accouchement lochia of animals from the 2nd<\/sup> and 3rd<\/sup> groups became mucous and lighten. We observed the same changes in 80% of animals from the 1st<\/sup> group on 3-4 days later (Table 1).<\/p>\n

The duration of lochia discharge in different groups was as follows: in the 1st<\/sup> group \u2013 15.2\u00b12.79 days; in the 2nd<\/sup> group \u2013 12.5\u00b11.80 days; in the 3rd<\/sup> group \u2013 12.0\u00b11.04 days. We determined the ending of the uterus\u2019 involution in the observed groups of animals with the help of rectal investigation of ovaries and uterus (the state of the uterus\u2019 neck, consistency of uterine horns, their sizes, absence of discharge at uterus\u2019 massage, absence of yellow body in ovaries). At the same time, it turned out that duration of uterus\u2019 involution mostly depends on the duration of the dead-wood period. It also correlates with the duration of the accouchement which mostly depends on the preparedness of animals to calving.<\/p>\n

Table 1: The course of calvings and after-calving period of the observed cows\u2019 groups<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Index<\/strong><\/td>\nGroups of animals<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The 1st<\/sup> group<\/strong><\/td>\nThe 2nd<\/sup> group<\/strong><\/td>\nThe 3rd<\/sup> group<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Quantity of animals<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Duration of accouchement, hours<\/td>\n8.42\u00b11.18<\/td>\n6.45\u00b10.92<\/td>\n6.20\u00b11.04<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Duration of the expulsion of afterbirth, hours<\/td>\n5.20\u00b11.07<\/td>\n2.78\u00b10.45*<\/sup><\/td>\n2.05\u00b10.78*<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Delay of afterbirth, %<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Postnatal complications, %<\/td>\n40<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The ending of uterus\u2019 involution, d: <\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
discharge of lochia<\/td>\n15.2\u00b12.79<\/td>\n12.5\u00b11.80<\/td>\n12.0\u00b11.04<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
results of rectal investigations<\/td>\n28.0\u00b10.42<\/td>\n21.6\u00b11.62**<\/sup><\/td>\n20.8\u00b11.13**<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Live weight of calves at birth, kg<\/td>\n34.6\u00b12.58<\/td>\n36.3\u00b11.84<\/td>\n36.8\u00b12.12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Received calves<\/td>\n8<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Duration of the ending of uterus involution in different groups was as follows: in the 1st<\/sup> group \u2013 28.0\u00b14.2; in the 2nd<\/sup> group \u2013 21.6\u00b11.62; in the 3rd<\/sup> group \u2013 20.8\u00b11.13 days. We also note that the increase of duration of dead-wood period reduces the duration of accouchement course and postnatal period. It, evidently, influences positively the intrauterine development of newborn calves. Live weight of calves at birth differed in different groups. So, body mass of calves in the 1st<\/sup> group was equal to 34.6\u00b15.8 kg, what is less on 3.7 and 4.2 kg, respectively, than in the 2nd<\/sup> and 3rd<\/sup> groups.<\/p>\n

Considering postnatal complications as one of the main causes of metabolic processes\u2019 disturbance in cows\u2019 bodies, we should note that studying parameters of hemodynamic changes in the observed animals is rather interesting. In order to determine the connection between postnatal complications and metabolic processes in bodies of cows with different duration of dead-wood period, we studied biochemical blood analysis of the observed groups of animals 15 days before calving (Table 2).<\/p>\n

Table 2: Biochemical blood indices of the observed groups of cows<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Index<\/strong><\/td>\nGroups of animals<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
control<\/strong><\/td>\n1-experimental<\/strong><\/td>\n2-experimental<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15 days before calving<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Common protein, g\/l<\/td>\n71.15\u00b11.91<\/td>\n73.14\u00b12.57<\/td>\n72.12\u00b11.11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Albumins, %<\/td>\n39.45\u00b10.85<\/td>\n43.0\u00b10.74<\/td>\n43.45\u00b10.62*<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Globulins, %<\/td>\n56.30\u00b10.72<\/td>\n55.88\u00b10.83<\/td>\n56.54\u00b10.67<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
including:<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03b1-globulins<\/td>\n15.55\u00b10.34<\/td>\n13.91\u00b10.48<\/td>\n13.82\u00b10.52<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03b2-globulins<\/td>\n15.45\u00b10.34<\/td>\n12.61\u00b10.98*<\/sup><\/td>\n13.73\u00b10.43*<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03b3-globulins<\/td>\n21.22\u00b10.96<\/td>\n29.36\u00b1158*<\/sup><\/td>\n29.00\u00b11.13*<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Common calcium, mmol\/l<\/td>\n2.34\u00b10.04<\/td>\n2.32\u00b10.03<\/td>\n2.280.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Inorganic phosphorus, mmol\/g<\/td>\n0.65\u00b10.08<\/td>\n1.43\u00b10.13<\/td>\n1.45\u00b10.11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Alkaline reserve, V%, \u0421\u041e2<\/sub><\/td>\n44.13\u00b11.96<\/td>\n47.45\u00b12.03<\/td>\n47.91\u00b11.89<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Carotin, mg%<\/td>\n0.330\u00b10.04<\/td>\n0.490\u00b10.04**<\/sup><\/td>\n0.520\u00b10.03**<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Glucose, mg%<\/td>\n64.5\u00b10.72<\/td>\n71.3\u00b10.42<\/td>\n79.7\u00b10.26<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The content of common protein before calving: in cows from the control group this index was lower on 1.99 g\/l and on 0.97 g\/l, respectively, than in animals from the 1st<\/sup> and 2nd<\/sup> experimental groups.<\/p>\n

Cows from the control group were noted to have lowering of albumins\u2019 content at the increased level of \u03b2-globulins.<\/p>\n

The content of albumins in cows with durable lactation and service-period was less on 3.55% and 4.0%, respectively, than in the 1st<\/sup> and 2nd<\/sup> experimental groups of cows. The difference was statistically reliable (p<0.05). The quantity of \u03b2-globulins before calving was more in cows from the control group than in cows from the 1st<\/sup> and 2nd<\/sup> experimental groups on 2.84% and 1.72%, respectively (p<0.05). The content of \u03b3-globulins\u2019 quantity before calving was less in cows from the control group in comparison with the cows from the 1st<\/sup> and 2nd<\/sup> experimental groups on 8.14% and7.78% (p<0.01).<\/p>\n

The cows with prolonged service-period and durable lactation before calving were noted to have acidotic state what was certified by low alkaline reserve. The difference in comparison with the 1st<\/sup> and 2nd<\/sup> experimental groups of animals was equal to 3.32 V%, CO2<\/sub> and 3.78 V%, CO2<\/sub> (p<0.05).<\/p>\n

The same regularity was established for the content of carotin in blood. The concentration of carotin in blood of cows from the control group was less in comparison with the animals from the 1st<\/sup> and 2nd<\/sup> experimental groups on 0.16 mg% and 0.19 mg% (p<0.01), respectively, 15 days before calving.<\/p>\n

The cows with durable lactation and service-period at 60.9 days\u2019 dead-wood period were noted to have a downward trend of inorganic phosphorus\u2019 level in blood, on average on 0.78; 0.80 mmol\/l (p<0.05) in comparison with the animals from the 1st<\/sup> and 2nd<\/sup> experimental groups which had less durable lactation and service-period but, at the same time, the duration of dead-wood period in them was on 19.6; 29.3 days longer, respectively, than in cows from the control group (Table 3).<\/p>\n

Table 3: Reproductive capacities of the examined groups of cows<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Index<\/strong><\/td>\nGroups of animals<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
control<\/strong><\/td>\n1-experimental<\/strong><\/td>\n2-experimental<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
n = 28<\/strong><\/td>\nn =30<\/strong><\/td>\nn =30<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Manifestation of the 1st<\/sup> sexual cycle after calving, days<\/td>\n40.6\u00b14.26<\/td>\n26.5\u00b12.18*<\/sup><\/td>\n23.0\u00b12.24**<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Impregnation capacity according to ruts, including %:<\/p>\n

In the first<\/p>\n

In the second<\/p>\n

In the third<\/p>\n

In all the consequent<\/td>\n

39.3<\/td>\n66.6<\/td>\n70.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17.8<\/td>\n23.4<\/td>\n20.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.2<\/td>\n6.6<\/td>\n6.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7.1<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Conceived altogether, %<\/td>\n85.6<\/td>\n96.6<\/td>\n96.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Interval between sexual cycles, days<\/td>\n29.7\u00b13.76<\/td>\n22.1\u00b12.14<\/td>\n21.8\u00b13.08<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Service-period, days<\/td>\n146.6\u00b114.2<\/td>\n114.4\u00b13.50*<\/sup><\/td>\n113.9\u00b12.18*<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Effectiveness of insemination differed in different groups of animals. So, impregnation of cows in the first insemination was equal to 39.3% in the control group, in the 1st<\/sup> experimental group \u2013 66.6%, in the 2nd<\/sup> experimental group \u2013 70.0%. In the control group 78.4% of animals conceived after the 4th<\/sup> insemination (6th<\/sup>-7th<\/sup> sexual cycle after accouchement), 7.2% of cows \u2013 after 5th<\/sup>-6th<\/sup> insemination. The animals from the 1st<\/sup> and 2nd<\/sup> experimental groups (96.6%) conceived after 3 inseminations. The interval between sexual cycles was equal in the control group to 29.7\u00b13.76 days what pointed at cacorhythmic state of sexual cycles in comparison with the animals from the 1st<\/sup> and 2nd<\/sup> experimental groups where just single cases of cacorhythmic state of sexual cycles were noted.<\/p>\n

The interval between sexual cycles composed in the 1st<\/sup> experimental group 22.1\u00b12.14 days, in the 2nd<\/sup> experimental group \u2013 21.8\u00b13.08 days, what is less than in animals from the control group on 7.6; 7.9 days. The duration of service-period composed in the control group of animals 146.6\u00b114.2 days, what was on 22.2; 22.7 days longer, respectively, than in the 1st<\/sup> and 2nd<\/sup> experimental groups.<\/p>\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Reproductive capacity of cows in conditions of intensive technology of milk production depends on dead-wood period\u2019s duration. The duration of dead-wood period in 80 days provides curtailment of duration of accouchement course on 1.97 hours in comparison with the control group of cows what, evidently, is the result of better morpho-functional genitals\u2019 state in the given group of cows before accouchement.<\/p>\n

The authors agree with the opinion3<\/sup> that the level of feeding is not always the cause of low indices of cows\u2019 reproductive function. High dairy productivity and prolonged duration of lactation influence much more. The duration of accouchement and the course of postnatal period are interconnected with the duration of dead-wood period. The dead-wood period in 60 days doesn\u2019t, evidently, provide preparedness of animals to calving what influences negatively the recovery of cows\u2019 reproductive capacities.<\/p>\n

At the level of cows\u2019 dairy productivity in 7000-8000 kg and more the recovery of reproductive capacity depends on the duration of dead-wood period. The increase of dead-wood period on 20 days raises recovery indices of cows\u2019 reproductive capacity, the term of animals\u2019 fruitful insemination shortens on 23 days, impregnation capacity in the first rut increases on 27.3% what co-ordinates with the opinion9<\/sup> that the increase of cows\u2019 impregnation capacity in the first rut points at their preparedness in the course of dead-wood period.<\/p>\n

Lowered content of alkaline reserve, low level of albumins with increased content of \u03b2-globulins at 60 days of dead-wood period in high-productive cows testify to lowered resistance of a body and are predisposing pathology factors of accouchement and postnatal period. Lowering of cows\u2019 reproductive capacity after accouchement at disturbance of metabolism was pointed at long ago.17,18<\/sup><\/p>\n

Received results of investigations and analysis of literature19,20 <\/sup>indicate that in conditions of intensive technology of milk production in high-productive cows the duration of dead-wood period must depend on the level of dairy productivity.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Optimization of cows\u2019 reproductive capacity and the level of their dairy productivity on behalf of the dead-wood period\u2019s duration provides the increase of animals\u2019 reproductive capacities, prophylaxis of postnatal complications and decrease of genitals\u2019 involution terms in comparison with the control values. The course of accouchement in these groups of animals was quicker and without complications. Recovery of cows\u2019 reproductive capacities after calving in animals from experimental groups also depends on the duration of dead-wood period. We found out that at yield of milk 7000-8000 kg the optimal index of dead-wood period is 80 days what promotes the increase of reproductive capacities and also getting of viable litter from high-productive import cows of Holstein breed. Optimization of dairy productivity level and dead-wood period\u2019s duration provide the increase of adaptive properties in animals and high vitality of calves at birth will provide fuller realization of their genetic potential in periods of raising and exploitation.<\/p>\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n

There is no conflict of interest.<\/p>\n

The Sources of Funding<\/strong><\/p>\n

The work is done completely at the expense of the author.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

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