{"id":17860,"date":"2017-12-21T11:30:38","date_gmt":"2017-12-21T11:30:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=17860"},"modified":"2018-11-01T06:29:07","modified_gmt":"2018-11-01T06:29:07","slug":"protective-effects-of-curcumin-in-formaldehyde-treated-lymphocytes-and-cancer-cells-and-its-role-in-superoxide-dismutase-activity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol10no4\/protective-effects-of-curcumin-in-formaldehyde-treated-lymphocytes-and-cancer-cells-and-its-role-in-superoxide-dismutase-activity\/","title":{"rendered":"Protective Effects of Curcumin in Formaldehyde Treated Lymphocytes and Cancer Cells and its Role in Superoxide Dismutase Activity"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Curcumin is a natural, non-toxic compound of a plant. The Curcuma longa Linn<\/em> has been traditionally used as a seasoning spice in Indian cuisine and also for the treatment of diseases because of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It has been explained as a potent inducer of apoptosis and inhibitor of cell growth or proliferation in a variety of tumor cells. It serves as inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, angiogenesis, cellular migration, invasion and metastasis.1<\/sup>\u00a0It down regulates expression of several genes including protein kinase C.2<\/sup>\u00a0It inhibits progression of MCF-7 cells by inhibiting telomerase function.3<\/sup><\/p>\n

Formaldehyde is a chemical compound (H2<\/sub>CO) which exists as gas at room temperature. It is an intermediate in the oxidation of methane as well as other carbon compounds. It is sold as a saturated aqueous solution with concentration of 37 % formaldehyde, stabilized with 10 \u2013 15 % methanol. It is found in exhausts of automobile and in smoke of tobacco. It has also been found useful as a disinfectant, production of polymers and other chemical substances. The formaldehyde solutions are applied topically to dry the skin, such as in the treatment of warts. It preserves or fixes tissue or cells by irreversibly cross-linking primary amine groups in proteins with other nearby nitrogen atoms in protein or DNA through a \u2013CH2<\/sub>-linkage. It gets converted to formic acid in the body, leading to rise in blood acidity (acidosis). When combined with phenol, urea, or melamine, formaldehyde produces a hard thermoset resin and used in carpeting. The sign of short-term exposure to formaldehyde in humans are irritation of the eyes, nose and throat, together with concentration-dependent discomfort, lacrimation, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dyspnoea and finally death.4-5<\/sup>\u00a0Several studies of pathologist and other professionals exposed to formaldehyde have observed an increase risk of leukemia, with myeloid leukemia being most prominent in some studies, as well as modest associations with lymphoma. It affects hematotoxicity and alters the counts of different types of blood cells. It increases B cells but decreases CD3 and CD8.6<\/sup><\/p>\n

SODs are antioxidant enzymes that catalyze the dismutation of two superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. The products of these genes are thought to protect the brain, lungs, and other tissues from oxidative stress. Limitations on the abundance of tissue samples necessitate the use of animal models and cell lines in the studies of tumor-related \u00a0phenomena. Cancer cell lines have been extensively used in screening studies involving drug sensitivity, effectiveness of anticancer drugs, migration capacity and ability to induce angiogenesis.<\/p>\n

MCF-7 cell line is the hormone-responsive breast cancer cell line. It also has differential sensitivities to estrogens and anti-estrogens, differential expression of estrogen receptor (ER), ER mRNA, and progesterone receptor, and differences in tumorigenicity and proliferation rates. The characteristics of MCF-7 cells like the estradiol-dependence for growth and low metastatic potential has lead to the assumption that they represent an early epithelial adenocarcinoma of breast. A549 cells are adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells fall under the squamous subdivision of epithelial cells. CRL-2724 cell line is the leukemic cancer cell line. The MCF-7, A549 and CRL-2724 cell lines were used for study the antiproliferative effect of curcumin in this study.<\/p>\n

Cancer causes significant morbidity and mortality and is a major public health problem worldwide. Toxic chemical substance such as formaldehyde and food preservative are involved in cancer progression.7<\/sup>\u00a0Plant derived compounds are known to have curative potential. The antimutagenic and antiproliferative effects of curcumin in normal cell induced by formaldehyde and cancer cells were the aim of this study. The alterations in the activity of SOD was studied in formaldehyde treated lymphocytes. This study indicated that curcumin has the protective effects and the potential for the development of modern medicine. It may be applied in the treatment of many diseases such as cancer caused by chemical substance toxic.<\/p>\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

Blood Samples<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Heparinized blood from 30 consenting healthy volunteers were collected. Thirty human lymphocyte cultures were cultured in RPMI medium (Gibco BRL Life Technologies, San Diego, CA, USA) plus 10% fetal calf serum (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and penicillin-streptomycin antibiotic. Phytohemagglutinin was added in RPMI medium as the mitogen and incubated for 72 hrs. in 5% CO2<\/sub> incubator.<\/p>\n

The participants were given consent to donate blood for study the antimutagenic effect of curcumin (in Curcuma longa Linn.) on the formaldehyde treated lymphocyte research. This study was approved\u00a0 by Thammasat University ethic committee.<\/p>\n

Cell lines<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), Human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549) and Leukemic cancer cells (CRL-2724) were cultured in DMEM\/F12 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 2mM L-glutamine and antibiotics (100 \u00b5g\/ml streptomycin and 50 U\/ml penicillin) at 37\u00b0C in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO2 . <\/sub>Cells were trypsinized and sub-cultured at 1: 3 ratio for routine maintenance and experiments.<\/p>\n

Studies on Antimutagenic Effect of Curcumin <\/em><\/strong>in Lymphocytes Induced by Formaldehyde<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

This study was divided into three groups. The first human lymphocyte culture group was the control group and did not add formaldehyde and curcumin in this group. The formaldehyde concentrations of 0.036, 0.072 and 0.15 mg\/ml were added for 72 hrs. in the second human lymphocyte culture group. After 72 hrs. incubation, the first group and second group were harvested and did Giemsa staining and G-banding technique for chromosome observation. The formaldehyde concentrations of 0.036, 0.072 and 0.15 mg\/ml were added for 72 hrs. in the third human lymphocyte culture group following 10 \u00b5M curcumin for 24 hrs. After 24 hrs. incubation, the third group was harvested and did Giemsa staining and G-banding technique for chromosome observation.<\/p>\n

The antimutagenic effect of Curcumin (in Curcuma longa Linn.) on the formaldehyde treated lymphocytes was studied by ANOVA test. P<0.05<\/em> was considered to be statistically significant.<\/p>\n

Studies on the Effect of Formaldehyde on Cancer cell Proliferation and <\/em><\/strong>the Antiproliferative Effect<\/em><\/strong> of Curcumin in Cancer Cells <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Study the Effect of Formaldehyde on Cancer cell Proliferation<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Cells (1x 106<\/sup> cells\/ ml) of\u00a0 MCF-7, A549 and CRL-2724 cell lines were plated in the 12-well plates and incubated for 24 hrs. at 37\u00b0C in a humidified incubator containing \u00a05% CO2<\/sub>. After incubation, the formaldehyde concentrations of 0.036, 0.072 and 0.15 mg\/ml were added in each types of the cancer cell suspensions and incubated for 24 hrs. After incubation, cell proliferation assay was studied on the formaldehyde treated cancer cells by using Trypan blue exclusion assay and count the living cells with hemocytometer.<\/p>\n

Study the<\/em><\/strong> Antiproliferative<\/em><\/strong> Effect of Curcumin in Cancer Cells<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Cells (1x 106<\/sup> cell\/ ml) of MCF-7, A549 and CRL-2724 cell lines were treated with the curcumin concentration of 10 \u00b5M for 24 hrs. After 24 hrs. incubation, the viability of each \u00a0types of cancer cells was assessed by MTT assay. The correlation between formaldehyde effect and cancer cell proliferation was studied \u00a0by ANOVA \u00a0test. P<0.01<\/em> was considered to be statistically significant. % Cytotoxicity Index (%CI) of curcumin was calculated for cancer cell anti-proliferation.<\/p>\n

Study the Role of Curcumin About SOD Activity Change in Lymphocytes Induced by Formaldehyde<\/strong><\/p>\n

The formaldehyde concentrations of 0.036, 0.072 and 0.15 mg\/ml were added for 72 hrs. in the two human lymphocyte culture groups. After 72 hrs. incubation, the first human lymphocyte culture group was added with 10 \u00b5M curcumin and the second group was added with 20 \u00b5M curcumin. Both groups were incubated for 24 hrs. and studied SOD activity change by SOD activity assay kit (Biovision, USA).<\/p>\n

Results<\/strong><\/p>\n

Antimutagenic Effect of Curcumin <\/em><\/strong>in Lymphocytes Induced by Formaldehyde<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

The results showed that formaldehyde effected lymphocyte genotoxicity at chromosome level. Comparing between the first lymphocyte culture group (the control group) and the second lymphocyte culture group (added only formaldehyde), the numbers of metaphase chromosome were reduced when the concentration of formaldehyde was increased (P<0.05<\/em>) (Table 1). Loss of chromosome was found in the second lymphocyte culture group comparing with the first lymphocyte culture group (Figure \u00a01 \u2013 3).<\/p>\n

Table 1: <\/strong>Average the numbers of metaphase chromosome in the first group and the second group.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Formaldehyde<\/strong><\/p>\n

concentrations (mg\/ml)<\/strong><\/td>\n

The numbers of metaphase chromosome (Each metaphase chromosome contains 46 chromosomes.) (metaphase)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The first group (control)<\/td>\n1058 \u00b1 0.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The second group<\/p>\n

(added only formaldehyde)<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0.036<\/td>\n735 \u00b10.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0.072<\/td>\n640 \u00b1 0.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0.15<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 1: Metaphase chromosome in the first group (control).
\nIt contains 46 chromosomes.<\/strong><\/strong>Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 2:<\/strong> Metaphase chromosome in the formaldehyde concentration\u00a0<\/strong>of \u00a00.036 mg\/ml of the second group. It contains\u00a0 35 chromosomes.\u00a0<\/strong>Loss of chromosome group C, D, F and G were observed.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 3:<\/strong> Metaphase chromosome in the formaldehyde concentration of 0.072 mg\/ml of the second group. It contains\u00a0 31 chromosomes. Loss of chromosome group A, B, C, D, E, F and G were observed.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The curcumin concentration of 10 \u00b5M exerted antimutagenic activity (at chromosome level) by inhibiting the aberrant cells proliferation in formaldehyde induced chromosomal aberration in human lymphocytes. Comparing between the first lymphocyte culture group (the control group) and the third lymphocyte culture group (added formaldehyde and curcumin), no metaphase chromosomes were found in the third group (Table 2). Curcumin effected the antimutagenic activity on the formaldehyde treated lymphocytes (P<0.05<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Table 2: <\/strong>Average the numbers of metaphase chromosome in the first group and\u00a0<\/strong>the third group.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Formaldehyde concentrations (mg\/ml)<\/strong><\/td>\nThe numbers of metaphase chromosome (Each metaphase chromosome contains 46 chromosomes.) (metaphase)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The first group (control)<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1058 \u00b1 0.3<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The third group<\/p>\n

(added\u00a0 formaldehyde and<\/p>\n

10\u00a0 \u00b5M curcumin)<\/p>\n

0.036<\/p>\n

0.072<\/p>\n

0.15<\/td>\n

0<\/p>\n

0<\/p>\n

0<\/p>\n

 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Effect of Formaldehyde on Cancer Cell Proliferation<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

MCF-7, A549 and CRL-2724 cells were treated with the formaldehyde concentrations of 0.036, 0.072 and 0.15 mg\/ml for 24 hrs. The cancer cells\u00a0 were stain with 0.4% trypan blue and count the living cells with hemocytometer for detecting the effect of formaldehyde on cancer cell proliferation. The result showed that the formaldehyde concentration increasing did not affect MCF-7, A549 and CRL-2724 cell proliferation (P> 0.01)<\/em> (Table 3).<\/p>\n

Table 3 : Average the numbers of\u00a0 cancer cells (living cells) for\u00a0 the formaldehyde\u00a0 concentrations\u00a0 of\u00a0 0.036,\u00a0 0.072 and 0.15 mg\/ml at 24 hrs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Formaldehyde concentration (mg\/ml)<\/strong><\/td>\nAverage the numbers of\u00a0<\/strong>MCF \u2013 7 cells\u00a0<\/strong>( x106 <\/sup>)\u00a0 at\u00a0<\/strong>24 hrs.\u00a0 \u00b1\u00a0 SD<\/strong><\/td>\nAverage the numbers of\u00a0<\/strong>A549 cells\u00a0<\/strong>( x106 <\/sup>)\u00a0 at\u00a0<\/strong>24 hrs. \u00b1 SD<\/strong><\/td>\nAverage the numbers of \u00a0CRL-2724 cells \u00a0( x106 <\/sup>) at 24 hrs. \u00b1\u00a0 SD<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Control<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3.5 \u00b1 0.4<\/td>\n3.5 \u00b1 0.3<\/td>\n3.5 \u00b1 0.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0.036<\/td>\n\u00a03.6 \u00b1 0.8<\/td>\n3.6 \u00b1 0.5<\/td>\n3.6 \u00b1 0.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0.072<\/td>\n3.7\u00a0 \u00b1 0.4<\/td>\n3.7 \u00b1 0.3<\/td>\n3.7 \u00b1 0.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0.150<\/td>\n3.7\u00a0 \u00b1 0.6<\/td>\n3.7 \u00b1 0.5<\/td>\n3.7 \u00b1 0.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Antiproliferative<\/em><\/strong> Effect of Curcumin in Cancer Cell<\/em><\/strong>s <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

MCF-7, A549 and CRL-2724 cells were treated with 10 \u00b5M curcumin and incubated for 24 hrs. MTT assay was done for detecting the antiproliferative effect of curcumin.\u00a0 At 24 hrs., the curcumin concentration of 10 \u00b5M could inhibit\u00a0 all types of cancer cell proliferation (Table 4)\u00a0 and \u00a0% Cytotoxicity Index (%CI ) was shown in Table 5.<\/p>\n

Table 4: <\/strong>Average the optical density (OD) of cancer cells treated <\/strong>with 10 \u00b5M curcumin at 24 hrs.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Types of cancer cells<\/p>\n

treated with<\/p>\n

10 \u00b5M curcumin<\/td>\n

OD\u00a0 \u00b1\u00a0 SD \u00a0of<\/p>\n

cancer cells treated<\/p>\n

with 10 \u00b5M curcumin<\/p>\n

at 24 hrs.\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

MCF \u2013 7 cells<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u2022 Control group<\/td>\n1.25 \u00b1 0.42\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u2022 MCF \u2013 7 cells treated<\/p>\n

with 10 \u00b5M curcumin<\/td>\n

\u00a00.62\u00a0 \u00b1 0.38\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
A549 cells<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u2022 Control group<\/td>\n1.15 \u00b1 0.87<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0\u2022 A549 cells treated with<\/p>\n

10 \u00b5M curcumin<\/td>\n

0.76 \u00b1 0.54<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CRL-2724 cells<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u2022 Control group\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n1.08 \u00b1 0.26<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u2022 CRL-2724 cells treated<\/p>\n

with 10 \u00b5M curcumin<\/td>\n

0.55 \u00b1 0.22\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Table 5:<\/strong> Percent of Cytotoxicity index (%CI) of 10 \u00b5M curcumin <\/strong>treated in cancer cells at 24 hrs.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Types of cancer cells<\/strong><\/p>\n

treated with 10 \u00b5M curcumin<\/strong><\/td>\n

\u00a0% CI of 10 \u00b5M curcumin\u00a0 treated in cancer cells at<\/strong><\/p>\n

24 hrs.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

MCF \u2013 7 cells<\/p>\n

– Control group<\/p>\n

– MCF \u2013 7 cells treated with 10 \u00b5M curcumin<\/td>\n

0<\/p>\n

50.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

A549 cells<\/p>\n

– Control group<\/p>\n

– A549 cells treated with<\/p>\n

10 \u00b5M curcumin<\/td>\n

0<\/p>\n

40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

CRL-2724 cells<\/p>\n

– Control group<\/p>\n

– CRL-2724 cells treated with 10 \u00b5M curcumin<\/td>\n

0<\/p>\n

49<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Role of Curcumin on<\/em><\/strong> SOD Activity\u00a0 in Lymphocytes Induced by Formaldehyde<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

The activities of SOD were increased in lymphocytes induced by formaldehyde when curcumin concentrations were increased (Table 6).<\/p>\n

Table 6:<\/strong> Average \u00a0% SOD inhibition activities in formaldehyde treated lymphocytes at 24 hrs.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Curcumin concentration (\u00b5M)<\/strong><\/td>\nFormaldehyde treated lymphocytes concentration (mg\/ml)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 0<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0 0.036<\/td>\n0.072<\/td>\n0.15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 52.53<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0 48.73<\/td>\n41.30<\/td>\n36.14<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 52.34<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0 45.17<\/td>\n38.27<\/td>\n32.25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Szende reported that the suitable formaldehyde concentration can activate cancer cell proliferation for in vitro study.8<\/sup>\u00a0However, the formaldehyde concentrations of 0.036, 0.072 and 0.15 mg\/ml could not increase the cancer cell proliferation. These concentrations may not be the suitable for MCF-7, A549 and CRL-2724 cell proliferation. At\u00a0 24 hrs. incubation, the curcumin concentration of 10 \u00b5M affected cancer cell proliferation and formaldehyde treated lymphocytes mutagenicity. Formaldehyde is one of the toxic substance that can promote cancer cell \u00a0growth.9-11<\/sup>\u00a0Curcumin can arrest the growth of cancer cells in the G2 stage of cell cycle. This study demonstrated that the suitable curcumin concentration could induce antiproliferative effect on cancer cells (MCF-7, A549 and CRL-2724 cells) in vitro. Curcumin exerts an antiproliferation effect in human cancer cell lines.<\/p>\n

Increased levels of cytogenetic damage by formaldehyde have been reported in the bone marrow of exposed mice and rats.12<\/sup>\u00a0It also has been reported about genetic toxicology in the formaldehyde exposed workers.13<\/sup>\u00a0Formaldehyde induces DNA-protein 14<\/sup>\u00a0crosslinks and inhibit \u00a0p53 expression.9<\/sup>\u00a0For this study, the formaldehyde concentrations of 0.036, 0.072 and 0.15 mg\/ml could induce lymphocyte mutagenic effect at chromosome level. It effected the numbers of metaphase chromosomes which contains 46 chromosomes. Formaldehyde increased chromosomal damage in the form of numerical aberration. At 24 hrs. incubation, the curcumin concentration of 10 \u00b5M could induce antimutagenic effect on the formaldehyde treated lymphocytes and no chromosome was observed in the third group. Curcumin effected the chromosome change in lymphocytes induced by formaldehyde. It may be suggested that curcumin protects the cell damage induced by formaldehyde by protection of oxidative stress mechanism.<\/p>\n

Curcumin has many pharmacological effects such as antioxidation, decreasing blood lipid. Researches in vitro<\/em> demonstrated that curcumin could inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of tumor cells at levels of DNA, mRNA, and protein.14<\/sup>\u00a0The tumor cell growth inhibition is associated with the promotion of apoptosis. Signal pathway of cell apoptosis includes mitochondria-mediated endogenous pathway and death receptor-mediated exogenous pathway. Caspase activation is the last common pathway. Caspase can be divided into two groups : initiative enzyme including Caspase-8, Caspase-9, Caspase-2 and Caspase-10 which can activate caspase cascade at levels of death receptor, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, and does its work upstream death signal transduction, and effective enzyme including Caspase-3, Caspase-6 and Caspase-7 which is executor of cell apoptosis, and does its work at downstream death signal transduction.15<\/sup>\u00a0Curcumin can inhibit the NF-\u03baB activation. Impaired proteasome function inhibit the degradation of I\u03baB and, thereby block the nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB activity is very essential for cell survival. Its down regulation would definitely promote cell death 16<\/sup>. Curcumin upregulates different pro-apoptotic genes and at the same time downregulates some of the anti-apoptotic genes.17-19<\/sup><\/p>\n

Curcumin has been targeted for therapeutic application in several diseases, including glioblastoma \u00a0multiforme (GBM).20<\/sup>\u00a0In this study, curcumin might be therapeutic application in cancer which caused by the chemical toxic substance such as formaldehyde.<\/p>\n

Conclusions<\/strong><\/p>\n

This study demonstrated that curcumin had the antimutagenic effect in the formaldehyde treated lymphocytes and had the antiproliferative effect in cancer cells in vitro. It protects cell damage from oxidative stress. Biological effect of curcumin is multi-functional and involves multiple pathways. It may be useful in the therapy of diseases caused by the chemical substance toxicity.<\/p>\n

Conflict of interest<\/strong><\/p>\n

The author has no conflicts of interest to declare.<\/p>\n

Acknowledgements<\/strong><\/p>\n

This work was supported by Thammasat University research grant, 2010 and 2011. It \u00a0was supported by the National Research University Project of Thailand, Office of \u00a0Higher Education Commission, 2011 and 2013.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u00a0Cui S., Qu X. J., Xie\u00a0 Y. Y., Zhou\u00a0 L., Nakata M., Makuuchi M,. Tang W. Curcumin inhibits telomerase activity in human cancer cell line. Int J Mol Med.<\/em> 2006;18:227-31.
    \nCrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  2. Lin J. K. Suppression of protein kinase C and nuclear oncogene expression as possible action mechanisms of cancer chemo-prevention by curcumin. Arch Pharm Res<\/em>.\u00a0 2004;27:683-92.
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  3. Pongsavee M. Effects of 744ins20 \u2013 ter240 BRCA1<\/em> mutation on breast\/ovarian carcinogenesis and the role of curcumin in telomerase inhibition. Arch Med Sci Civil Dis<\/em>. 2017;2:e125\u20139.<\/li>\n
  4. Main\u00a0 D. M., Hogan T. J. Health effects of low-level exposure to formaldehyde. \u00a0J Occup Med<\/em>. 1983;25:896-900.
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  5. Vargova M., Wagnerova J., Liskova\u00a0 A., Jakubovsky\u00a0\u00a0 J.,\u00a0 Gajdova \u00a0M., Stolcova E \u00a0et.al. Subacute immunotoxicity study of formaldehyde in male rats.\u00a0 Drug Chem Toxicol.\u00a0<\/em>1993;16:255\u201375.
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  6. Levine R. J., Andjelkovich D. A., Shaw\u00a0 L. K.\u00a0 The mortality of Ontario undertakers and a review of formaldehyde-related mortality studies.\u00a0 J Occup Med.<\/em>\u00a0 1984;26:740-46.
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  7. Marcsek Z. L.,\u00a0 Kocsis\u00a0 Z. S.,\u00a0 Szende\u00a0 B., Tompa\u00a0 A. Effect of formaldehyde\u00a0 and resveratrol on\u00a0 the viability of Vero, HepG2 and MCF-cells. Cell\u00a0 Bio Inter.<\/em> 2007;31:1214-19.
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  8. Szende B., Tyihak\u00a0 E. Effect of formaldehyde on cell proliferation and death. Cell Biol Int<\/em> . 2010;34:1273\u201382.
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  9. Shaham\u00a0 J., \u00a0Bomstein\u00a0 Y.,\u00a0 Melzer\u00a0\u00a0 A., \u00a0Ribak \u00a0\u00a0J.\u00a0 DNA-protein crosslinks\u00a0\u00a0 and sister chromatid exchanges as biomarkers of exposure\u00a0 to formaldehyde.\u00a0Int\u00a0 J\u00a0 Occup\u00a0 Environ Health<\/em>. 1997;3:95-104.
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  10. Orsiere T., Sari-Minodier\u00a0 I., \u00a0Iarmarcovai\u00a0\u00a0 G.,\u00a0 Botta\u00a0 A. Genotoxic risk assessment of pathology and anatomy laboratory workers exposed to formaldehyde by\u00a0 use of personal\u00a0 air sampling and analysis of DNA damage in\u00a0\u00a0 peripheral lymphocytes.\u00a0 Mutat Res.<\/em>\u00a0 2006;605:30\u201341.
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  11. Zhang L.,\u00a0 Steinmaus\u00a0 C.,\u00a0 Eastmond\u00a0 D. A.\u00a0 Formaldehyde exposure and\u00a0 leukemia: A new\u00a0 meta-analysis and potential mechanisms. Mutat Res<\/em>. 2009;681:150-68.
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  12. Kitaeva L. V., Kitaev\u00a0 E. M.,\u00a0 Pimenova\u00a0 M. N. The cytopathic and cytogenetic\u00a0 sequelae of\u00a0 chronic inhalational exposure to\u00a0 formaldehyde on female germ cells and\u00a0 bone marrow cells in rats. Tistologiia<\/em>. \u00a01990;32:1212-16.<\/li>\n
  13. Ye X., Yan\u00a0 W. Cytogenetic analysis of nasal mucosa cells and lymphocytes from high- level long term formaldehyde exposed workers and low level short term exposed waiters.\u00a0 Mutat Res.\u00a0<\/em>2005;7: 22-7.
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  14. Lin J. K., Lin-Shiau\u00a0 S. Y. Mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention by curcumin.\u00a0 Proc Natl Sci\u00a0 Counc\u00a0 Repub China B<\/em>. 2001;25:59-66.<\/li>\n
  15. Maclachlan\u00a0 T. K., EI-Deiry\u00a0 W. S.\u00a0 Apoptotic threshold is lowered by p53\u00a0 transactivation\u00a0 of caspase-6.\u00a0 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA<\/em>. 2002;99:9492-97.
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  16. Jana N., \u00a0Dikshit\u00a0\u00a0 P.,\u00a0 Goswami\u00a0 A.,\u00a0 Nukina \u00a0N. Inhibition of proteasomal\u00a0 function by curcumin induces apoptosis through\u00a0\u00a0 mitochondrial pathway.\u00a0 J Biol<\/em> Chem<\/em>. 2004;279:11680-85.
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  17. Mukhopadhyay A ., Bueso-Ramos\u00a0 C.,\u00a0 Chatterjee\u00a0 D.,\u00a0 Pantazis\u00a0\u00a0 P.,\u00a0 Aggarwal\u00a0 B. Curcumin downregulates cell survival mechanisms in human prostate cancer cell lines. Oncogene.\u00a0<\/em>2001;20: 7597\u20137609.
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  18. Chen A.,\u00a0 Xu\u00a0 J.,\u00a0 Johnson\u00a0 A. C.\u00a0 Curcumin inhibits human colon cancer\u00a0 cell\u00a0 growth by suppressing gene expression\u00a0 of epidermal growth factor\u00a0 receptor through\u00a0 reducing\u00a0 the activity of the\u00a0 transcription factor Egr-1.\u00a0 Oncogene<\/em>.\u00a0 2006;25:278-87.
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n
  19. Glienke W., Maute L., Bauer N., Bergmann L. Curcumin inhibits\u00a0 \u00a0constitutive STAT3 phosphorylation in human pancreatic cancer cell lines and down- regulates surviving \/ BIRC5 gene expression.\u00a0 J Clin Oncol<\/em>.\u00a0 2007;25:15030\u201335.<\/li>\n
  20. Luthra\u00a0 P.\u00a0 M.,\u00a0 Lal N. Prospective of curcumin a pleiotropic signalling molecule from Curcuma longa in the treatment of glioblastoma. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry<\/em>.\u00a0 2016;109:23\u201335.
    \n    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Introduction Curcumin is a natural, non-toxic compound of a plant. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17860","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol10no4"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17860","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17860"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17860\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23799,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17860\/revisions\/23799"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17860"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17860"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17860"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}