{"id":16807,"date":"2017-09-25T11:44:43","date_gmt":"2017-09-25T11:44:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=16807"},"modified":"2018-12-26T07:00:36","modified_gmt":"2018-12-26T07:00:36","slug":"susceptibility-of-candida-albicans-and-candida-non-albicans-strains-to-essential-oils","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol10no3\/susceptibility-of-candida-albicans-and-candida-non-albicans-strains-to-essential-oils\/","title":{"rendered":"Susceptibility of Candida Albicans and Candida Non-Albicans Strains to Essential Oils"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Candidosis is characterized as an opportunistic infection that can affect skin and mucosa, being caused by yeast of the genus Candida<\/em>, having C. albicans<\/em> as the main pathogen that affects humans.1<\/sup>\u00a0Antibiotic therapy with broad spectrum agents, use of corticosteroids, immunosuppression, parenteral nutrition and exposure to invasive medical procedures such as intravascular catheter insertion, hemodialysis and abdominal surgery are considered risk factors for the progressive increase of their frequency.2<\/sup><\/p>\n

Several studies have indicated that although C. albicans<\/em> is the most prevalent species in fungal infections, there has been an increase in the infection rates by non-albicans<\/em> species such as C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata<\/em>, and C. krusei.<\/em>3-6<\/sup>\u00a0However, the change in the proportion of infections between C. albican<\/em> and C. non-albican<\/em> species is still unclear.7<\/sup><\/p>\n

A global public health concern is the increased resistance of bacteria and fungi to antimicrobial drugs8,9<\/sup> and the increasing number of immunocompromised patients undergoing fungal infections10,11<\/sup>, which are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the general population.6<\/sup>\u00a0In this sense, the production of new drugs by the pharmaceutical industry has been stimulated.12,13<\/sup><\/p>\n

Evidence on the biological properties of essential oils and extracts from various plants has led to the search for potentially active compounds as alternative solutions for the treatment of infectious diseases9<\/sup>. Numerous compounds present in plants are capable of promoting protection especially against pathogenic microorganisms.12,14<\/sup>\u00a0In addition, the enormous production of drugs from biomolecules present in plants is an important economic factor.15<\/sup>\u00a0Thus, the use of essential oils for the control of yeast growth has gained importance due to the resistance acquired by pathogens to a series of widely used drugs.16<\/sup><\/p>\n

This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of five essential oils against different Candida albicans<\/em> and Candida<\/em> non-albicans <\/em>species.<\/p>\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

Essential Oils<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Essential oils of five plant species belonging to five distinct botanical families: Baccharis trimera<\/em> (Family Asteraceae), Cymbopogon winterianus<\/em> (Family Poaceae), Eucalyptus citriodora<\/em> (Family Myrtaceae), Mentha arvensis<\/em> (Family Lamiaceae) and Pimpinella anisum<\/em> (Family Apiaceae) were commercially obtained (Quinar\u00ed Fragr\u00e2ncias e Cosm\u00e9ticos Ltd., Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil).<\/p>\n

Fungal Strains<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

The antifungal activity was tested against Candida albicans<\/em> (ATCC 289065), Candida Krusei<\/em> (ATCC 40042) and Candida tropicalis<\/em> (ATCC 40147) species. Microorganisms were provided by the Laboratory of Oral Microbiology of the Department of Tropical Medicine – Health Sciences Center – Federal University of Para\u00edba, Brazil. The storage and viability of strains were obtained by preservation under refrigeration at 4\u00b0C and periodic peaks.<\/p>\n

Solutions of Essential Oils<\/strong><\/p>\n

The density of each essential oil, calculated from the quotient between weight (in g) and volume (in mL), was verified using a precision digital scale Kern\u00ae model PCB 1000- 2 (Ziegelei, Balingen, Germany). Then, an emulsion of oils was obtained in the proportion of 0.4 mL of essential oil, 5 mL sterile distilled water and 0.04 mL TWEEN 8017<\/sup>. The mixtures were homogenized for 5 minutes with the aid of a PHOENIX\u00ae<\/sup> Vortex type tube shaker model AP 56 (Araraquara, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil).<\/p>\n

Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicide Concentration (MFC)<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by microdilution technique13,18<\/sup> in 96-well plates (ALAMAR\u00ae<\/sup>, Diadema, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil) divided into eight columns (A to H) and 12 lines. Each column corresponded to an essential oil, columns F, G and H were represented by positive control (Nystatin), sterility control and microbial growth control, respectively. The concentration of plant products ranged from 40,000 \u03bcg \/ mL (line 1) to 19.5 \u03bcg \/ mL (line 12).<\/p>\n

Each well was added of 100\u03bcL of doubly concentrated Sabouraud-Dextrose broth (DIFICO\u00ae<\/sup>, Detroit, MI, USA), 100\u03bcL of essential oil emulsion and 10\u03bcL of fungal inoculum. Plates were then placed in bacteriological oven at 37\u00b0C for 24 hours. MIC was determined by the visual method with the aid of the addition of 10\u03bcL of 2, 3, 5 triphenyl chloride tetrazolium dye (Sigma-Aldrich\u00ae<\/sup>, St. Louis, MO, USA), where the formation of agglomerates of cells in the well concavity was considered. Thus, the lowest concentration of the test product capable of producing visible inhibition on the growth of yeast strains used in microbiological assays was considered as MIC.19<\/sup><\/p>\n

Aliquots of 10\u03bcL corresponding to MIC and the two previous concentrations were sown in Petri dishes containing SD agar medium (DIFICO\u00ae<\/sup>, Detroit, MI, USA) in order to obtain the Minimum Fungicide Concentration (MFC). Subsequently, they were incubated for 24 hours in bacteriological oven at 37\u00b0C. Concentrations capable of completely preventing microbial growth or less than three colony forming units (CFU) were considered as fungicides. Assays were performed in triplicate.<\/p>\n

Results<\/strong><\/p>\n

The susceptibility of strains to the essential oils is presented in Table 1.<\/p>\n

Table 1: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicide Concentration (MFC) of the test substances against Candida albicans<\/em> and Candida<\/em> non-albicans<\/em> species.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Essential Oils and Positive Control<\/strong><\/td>\nC. albicans<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nC. krusei<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nC. tropicalis<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CIM*<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nCFM*<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nCIM*<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nCFM*<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nCIM*<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nCFM*<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mentha arvensis<\/em><\/td>\n1.250<\/td>\n2.500<\/td>\n2.500<\/td>\n2.500<\/td>\n2.500<\/td>\n2.500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pimpinella anisum<\/em><\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n5.000<\/td>\n20.000<\/td>\n10.000<\/td>\n40.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Eucalyptus citriodora<\/em><\/td>\n1.250<\/td>\n2.500<\/td>\n5.000<\/td>\n5.000<\/td>\n2.500<\/td>\n10.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Baccharis trimera<\/em><\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cymbopogon winterianus<\/em><\/td>\n625<\/td>\n1.250<\/td>\n2.500<\/td>\n2.500<\/td>\n1.250<\/td>\n1.250<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nistatina\u00ae<\/sup><\/td>\n3<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n12<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

*\u00b5g\/mL.<\/p>\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

The extensive use of antifungal agents may select Candida<\/em> species that are less sensitive to these substances.10<\/sup>\u00a0The number of fungal infections by species of the genus Candida<\/em> has increased and the widespread use of synthetic antifungals seems to be associated with the increased resistance of yeasts to these important agents.20<\/sup><\/p>\n

This panorama supports the conduction of studies aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of alternative substances, since it is necessary to scientifically investigate plants that have been indicated in traditional medicine to improve the quality of therapies,13,18,21,22<\/sup>\u00a0as the potential of plants as an alternative in the development of new drugs is still little explored, although substances used in the treatment of various diseases are part of the composition of these plants.23<\/sup><\/p>\n

In this context, the antimicrobial activity of essential oils has been studied by several researchers to evaluate the viability of their use in human models.13,14,24-27<\/sup>\u00a0However, the observation of the antimicrobial activity of essential oils is influenced by the physicochemical properties of molecules, such as solubility and volatility, which may facilitate or hinder the chemical interaction with their probable pharmacological receptors.28<\/sup><\/p>\n

Based on the results observed in the present study, the essential oil of Cymbopogon winterianus <\/em>was considered, among those evaluated, as the compound with the highest anti-yeast potential. Regarding the action of the essential oil of Cymbopogon winterianus<\/em> and Mentha arvensis<\/em> on Candida albicans<\/em> species, MICs of 625 \u03bcg \/ mL and 1,250 \u03bcg \/ mL, respectively, have been observed. Other authors also confirmed the anti-candida activity of Cymbopogon winterianus<\/em> (MIC = 600 \u03bcg \/ mL) and Mentha arvensis<\/em> (MIC = 1,100 \u03bcg \/ mL), corroborating our findings.<\/p>\n

The biological activity of natural products is influenced by their chemical composition, which may present variability due to the use of different methods for collecting the botanical material, plant part, climatic conditions of the collection region, type of technique for extracting the essential oil, and the method used to verify their pharmacological activity.<\/p>\n

Although MIC values between 0.6 and 1.5 mg \/ mL are classified as moderate inhibitory effect,29<\/sup>\u00a0the results obtained suggest an advance in scientific research in order to identify the chemical compounds responsible for this effect. When evaluated in isolation, they may exhibit potent effects on Candida<\/em> strains.<\/p>\n

From the point of view of the systemic effects of Cymbopogon winterianus<\/em>, some researchers observed hypotensive and vasorelaxant effect on rat,30<\/sup>\u00a0but doses of 20 mg \/ kg induced bradycardia and transient arrhythmia. In another study, essential oil extracted from the leaf of the same species was able to produce effects on the Central Nervous System (CNS) of mice at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg \/ kg.31<\/sup><\/p>\n

Mentha arvensis<\/em> was identified as a plant with antifungal activity that represents an interesting alternative in efforts to combat infectious diseases such as candidiasis.32<\/sup>\u00a0MFC similar to Nystatin against C. tropicalis<\/em> presented by the essential oil from this plant found in the present study confirms this condition. Some researchers have isolated Menthol,33<\/sup>\u00a0also present in Mentha Arvensis<\/em>, which presented MICs against Candida albicans<\/em> of 125.0 \u03bcg \/ mL, which suggests that isolated compounds may offer an antimicrobial activity with greater potential, since in the present study, the essential oil of this plant showed MIC for the same species of fungus ten times higher than that observed by that study. Most of the times, isolated substances have less action potential, which justifies the use of extracts, since synergisms among phytoconstituents are considered.<\/p>\n

In the present study, the essential oil of Eucalyptus citriodora<\/em> showed MIC against Candida Krusei<\/em>, corroborating the results described in previous studies that reported antifungal activity of this essential oil.34,35<\/sup><\/p>\n

Some researchers found susceptibility of C. albicans<\/em> to the methanolic extract of Pimpinella anisum<\/em> (MIC = 16mg \/ mL and MFC = 256mg \/ mL)36<\/sup> and also to clinically isolated (MIC = 25mg \/ mL) C. albicans, C. Glabrata<\/em> and C. krusei.\u00a0<\/em>37<\/sup>Alcoholic extracts obtained from a specific part of the same botanical species may exhibit different biological activities, since the type of solvent used in the extraction procedure also influences the pattern of the chemical composition of the products obtained due to differences in solubility. In the present study, although the MIC and MFC results were considerably higher when compared to the other substances analyzed, Pimpinella anisum<\/em> presented antifungal action against C. krusei<\/em> and C. tropicalis<\/em>.<\/p>\n

The antiseptic activity is one of the popular indications of Baccharis trimera.<\/em>38<\/sup>\u00a0Monotherpenic and sesquiterpene compounds are the main secondary metabolites present in the essential oils of plants of the genus Baccharis.<\/em>39<\/sup><\/p>\n

The results of this research pointed that only B. trimera<\/em> showed no activity against all Candida <\/em>species studied. However, some researchers who used other parts of the same plant38,40<\/sup> obtained positive results against some bacteria and fungi, including C. albicans<\/em>. Therefore, in addition to the analysis of the chemical composition of this oil, it is necessary to verify the susceptibility to other microorganisms, of clinical origin or not, as well as to consider the same part of the investigated plant, making possible comparisons among studies and advancements in the scientific knowledge related to the medicinal properties of plant species.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

The essential oil of citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus<\/em>) is a potential anti-yeast agent that causes oral infections. However, cytotoxicity analyzes and clinical trials are required to ensure its use in humans.<\/p>\n

Acknowledgements<\/strong><\/p>\n

This study was supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) – Fellowship of Research Productivity (PQ).<\/p>\n

Conflicts of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n

The authors declare no conflict of interest.<\/p>\n

Funding Source<\/strong><\/p>\n

None<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

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