{"id":16606,"date":"2017-09-25T11:04:34","date_gmt":"2017-09-25T11:04:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=16606"},"modified":"2020-04-24T14:32:19","modified_gmt":"2020-04-24T14:32:19","slug":"in-vitro-screening-for-phytochemicals-and-antioxidant-activities-of-syngonium-podophyllum-l-an-incredible-therapeutic-plant","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol10no3\/in-vitro-screening-for-phytochemicals-and-antioxidant-activities-of-syngonium-podophyllum-l-an-incredible-therapeutic-plant\/","title":{"rendered":"In Vitro Screening for Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities of Syngonium podophyllum L.: An Incredible Therapeutic Plant"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Traditionally, usage of different medicinal plants to treat a number of diseases is well established.1<\/sup>\u00a0Surprisingly, 80% of the total global population is primarily dependent on traditional medicines to treat various maladies.2<\/sup>\u00a0In India, since ancient times, it is well established that thousands of species have known medicinal values and different parts of these plants are used to alleviate specific illnesses.3<\/sup>\u00a0Medicinal plants are considered as a precious natural resource. Generally, medicinal plants are considered as much safer drugs and over the time their biological, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and antimicrobial effects have been tested and they are often found to play a vital role in the modern medicine.4,5<\/sup>\u00a0It is also often found that most of the synthetic drugs that we have today have their origin from medicinal plants.6<\/sup>\u00a0Currently scientific interest has been particularly flourished due to the improved efficiency of plant derived products and their comparatively lesser side effects than modern medicine. Free radicals including hydroxyl radical (\u2022<\/sup>OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2<\/sub>O2<\/sub>), superoxide radical (O2<\/sub>-\u2022<\/sup>) and singlet oxygen (1<\/sup>O2<\/sub>) when generated in great amount in human body, can exert toxic effects like oxidative stress.7-9<\/sup>\u00a0These free radicals are highly reactive at larger amount and during oxidative stress they are strong enough to damage body\u2019s proteins, lipids and even deoxyribonucleic\u00a0 acid molecules that can ultimately lead to a range of disorders including anemia, diabetes, allergies, inflammation, ischemia, kidney failure, liver and cardiovascular diseases and various degenerative diseases of the nerve and even cancer.10-12<\/sup>\u00a0Nevertheless, at low level reactive oxygen species is essential to maintain various normal physiological and biochemical functions including cell signaling, apoptosis of defective cells and so on.10-12<\/sup>\u00a0On the other hand, compounds which are obtained from medicinal plant are found to prevent the harmful effects of oxidative stress. In addition, these compounds are cheaper to obtain and have lesser side effects than synthetic antioxidant agents.13-17<\/sup>\u00a0However, medicinal plants are also found to produce a great number of secondary metabolites that contain various physiological and biochemical effects.18<\/sup>\u00a0Other than their antioxidant effects, these secondary metabolites and their derivatives also contain significant pharmacological effects such as diuretic, anti-hepatotoxic, anti-allergic and anticancer effects.19-21<\/sup>\u00a0Strong antioxidant activity containing phytochemicals including tocopherols, ascorbates, phenols, carotenoids and tocotrienols have already well-established their imperative roles in health care system.22<\/sup>\u00a0Presently, there is an increased research interest in the discovery of new natural antioxidant agents from medicinal plant. Furthermore, the demand of these antioxidant agents is rising not only in pharmaceutical industry but also in food and cosmetic sector. Medicinal plant contains antioxidant compounds which show a protective role by averting the production of free radicals within the cell.23-25<\/sup>\u00a0The plant, Syngonium podophyllum (S. podophyllum) <\/em>L. belongs to the family of Araceae, which is a simple yet elegant looking and commonly used as an ornamental plant.26<\/sup>\u00a0The species is mainly native to a diverse region of Latin America from Mexico to Bolivia. Furthermore, the species is naturalized in the Florida, Hawaii, Texas, West Indies and many other places.27<\/sup>\u00a0A decoction of the plant\u2019s crushed and boiled leaf is used as a remedy to treat stomachache.28<\/sup>\u00a0In addition, milky-white sap from a broken stem of the plant is applied on skin as a topical agent for the bite of Paraponera<\/em> ants.28\u00a0<\/sup>The sap is also applied into the cavity of an aching tooth in order to relieve toothache.28<\/sup>\u00a0The roots and bark have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity; hence they are used to treat superficial and deep wound, and several skin disorders.28<\/sup>\u00a0Moreover, extracts of the leaves and bark have significant anti-inflammatory activity and possess a dose-dependent effect upon treating edema.28<\/sup>\u00a0In the local folk medicine of Belize, traditionally leaves and bark of the plant have been found to be used due to their wound healing effects, while the tincture of the leaf is used to treat arthritis, rheumatism, swelling and pain.29<\/sup>\u00a0The literature is indigent about biochemical actions of S. podophyllum<\/em> L. leaves. In our previous study we examined the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of this plant.30<\/sup>\u00a0Hence the present study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical content and antioxidant activities of S. podophyllum <\/em>L. leaves<\/em>.<\/em><\/p>\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

Chemicals<\/strong><\/p>\n

Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) reagent, ammonium molybdate, ascorbic acid (ACA), 2,2\u2010diphenyl\u20101\u2010picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2-deoxy-D-ribose, EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), trichloro aceticacid (TCA), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), methanol and quercetin (QR) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Sulphuric acid and butylatedhydroxy toluene (BHT) were purchased from Merck, Germany. Gallic acid (GA) was purchased from Wako pure chemicals Ltd., Japan. Unless otherwise specified, all other chemicals were of analytical grade and purchased from Active Fine Chemicals Ltd., Bangladesh.<\/p>\n

Collection and Identification of Plant Materials<\/strong><\/p>\n

In the month of January 2016, the leaves of S. podophyllum <\/em>L. were entirely collected from Dhaka city of Bangladesh. For the plant identification purposes, help from an expert of Bangladesh National Herbarium, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh was taken. Additionally, for future references, the herbarium also preserved a voucher specimen (DACB-38722).<\/p>\n

Drying and Grinding of Plant Materials<\/strong><\/p>\n

Freshly collected leaves of S. podophyllum<\/em> L. were washed properly to eliminate any possible dirty materials. Washed leaves were then shade dried for several days with sporadic sun drying. Then the dried leaves were grinded to make powder and then labeled and hermetic for further use.<\/p>\n

Extraction and Fractionation of Plant Materials<\/strong><\/p>\n

Powdered plant materials about 500 g were extracted with 1.5 L of 98% methanol in an amber colored glass bottle for 7 days and filtered by cotton and then through Whatman No.1 filter paper. The extracts were then subjected to rotary evaporator at 50\u00b0C temperature to evaporate methanol and give crude extract (10.45 g). This crude methanol extract (CME) was subjected to sequential fractionated, at first with n-hexane (NHF) after that chloroform (CLF) then ethyl acetate (EAF) and lastly by using water (AQF) consistent with the method of Kupchan with minor modification.31<\/sup>\u00a0The generated methanol extract and its fractions were re-filtered and then evaporated to remove extra solvent and obtained NHF, 2.95 g; CLF, 2.58 g; EAF, 1.09 g and AQF 3.38 g extract respectively.<\/p>\n

Phytochemical Content<\/strong><\/p>\n

Phytochemical screening was carried out on CME\u00a0and its four fractions (NHF, CLF, EAF, AQF) to detect the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, tannins, resins, flavonoids and steroids employing standard phytochemical screening.32<\/sup><\/p>\n

Total Phenolic Content<\/strong><\/p>\n

The method as described by Singleton and Rossi with slight modification was used to determine the total phenolic content (TPC) of S. podophyllum <\/em>L. leaves extract and its fraction(s)33<\/sup>. \u00a0Although previously diluted 1000-fold using distilled water, 0.1 mL of plant extract\/fraction(s) with a concentration of 1000 \u00b5g\/mL was mixed with 0.75 mL of Folin-ciocalteu reagent. Followed by 5 min incubation period, 0.06% sodium carbonate solution was added; afterward again incubated for the period of 90 min at 22\u00b0C. A spectrophotometer (at 725 nm) was used to estimate the absorbance of the solution against a reagent blank that is a solution contained all the reagents excluding plant extract\/fraction(s) or standard (GA). The results of dried sample were denoted as mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)\/g.<\/p>\n

Antioxidant Activity<\/strong><\/p>\n

In<\/em> order to start antioxidant activity a solution of each obtained plant extract\/fractions was made by using 98% methanol at 1 mg\/mL concentration.<\/p>\n

Total Antioxidant Activity<\/strong><\/p>\n

The prescribed method of Prieto et al., with minor adjustments was used to determine the total antioxidant activity (TAA) of different extractives of S. podophyllum <\/em>L. leaves extract and its fraction(s)34<\/sup>. 0.5 mL of S. podophyllum <\/em>L. extract\/fraction(s) or standard [(+)-catechin, CTC] solution of different concentration was taken and mixed with 3 mL of reagent solution containing 0.6 M sulfuric acid, 28 mM sodium phosphate and 4 mM ammonium molybdate. The absorbance of the solution was determined by a spectrophotometer (at 695 nm) against a reagent blank that is a solution contained all reagents excluding plant extract\/fraction(s) or standard and the whole spectrophotometric analysis was followed by an incubation period of 15 min at 95\u00b0C.<\/p>\n

Reducing Power Activity<\/strong><\/p>\n

The reducing power activity (RPA) of S. podophyllum <\/em>L. leaves extract and its fraction(s) was evaluated by the method of Oyaizu with minor modifications35<\/sup>. 0.2 mL of plant extract\/fraction(s) or standard (ACA) solution of different concentration was taken and mixed with 0.5\u00a0mL of 200\u00a0mM\/L trisodium phosphate\u00a0buffer (pH 6.6) and 2.5\u00a0mL of potassium ferricyanide (1%). The mixture was incubated for 20 min at 50\u00b0C then 2.5 mL of trichloroacetic acid (10%) was added to the mixture, which was then centrifuged at 650 rpm for 10 min. From the upper layer of the solution, 0.5 ml was mixed with 0.5 mL distilled water and 0.1 mL of ferric chloride (0.1%). After that the absorbance of the solution was measured at 700 nm using a spectrophotometer against a reagent blank that is a solution contained all reagents except plant extract\/fraction(s) or standard.<\/p>\n

DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity<\/strong><\/p>\n

The method described by Choi et al., with minor modifications, was used to determine the DPPH radical scavenging activity of S. podophyllum <\/em>L. leaves extract and its fraction(s). 2 mL of plant extract\/fraction(s) or standard (BHT) solution of different concentration was added to 3 ml 0.02 % of methanol solution of DPPH. Before measuring the absorbance of the solution, it was incubation in a dark place for 30 min. Subsequently, absorbance of the solution was determined at 517 nm using a spectrophotometer against a reagent blank that is a solution contained all reagents except plant extract\/fraction(s) or standard. The percentage of scavenging of the DPPH free radical was calculated using the following equation: DPPH radical scavenging (%) = [1\u2013 (A\/Ao<\/sub>)] \u00d7100 Where, Ao<\/sub> is the absorbance of control and A is the absorbance of extract\/fraction(s) or standard.<\/p>\n

Statistical Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n

The experiments were carried out in triplicate and all the results were expressed as mean \u00b1 SD. The data in all the experiments were analyzed by Student\u2019s t test. For the statistical and graphical evaluations SPSS 14.0 (Chicago, IL, USA) and Microsoft Excel 2010 (Roselle, IL, USA) were used. The level of significance was considered at P < 0.05.<\/p>\n

Results<\/strong> Determination of Phytochemical Content<\/strong><\/p>\n

Phytochemical examination of S. podophyllum<\/em> L. leaves extract and its fractions revealed the presence or absence of bioactive components such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, tannins, resins, flavonoids and steroids showed in Table 1. Saponin and carbohydrates are absent in crude extract and it\u2019s all fractions but others are present at various concentration (i.e. largely, moderately, mildly).<\/p>\n

Table 1: Phytochemical screening of S. podophyllum<\/em> L. leaves extract and its fractions.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Phytochemicals<\/strong><\/td>\nCME<\/strong><\/td>\nNHF<\/strong><\/td>\nCLF<\/strong><\/td>\nEAF<\/strong><\/td>\nAQF<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Alkaloids<\/td>\n++<\/td>\n\u2212<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n++<\/td>\n++<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Carbohydrates<\/td>\n\u2212<\/td>\n\u2212<\/td>\n\u2212<\/td>\n\u2212<\/td>\n\u2212<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Saponins<\/td>\n\u2212<\/td>\n\u2212<\/td>\n\u2212<\/td>\n\u2212<\/td>\n\u2212<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tannins<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n\u2212<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Resins<\/td>\n+++<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+++<\/td>\n\u2212<\/td>\n\u2212<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Flavonoids (Ammonia test)<\/td>\n++<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n\u2212<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n\u2212<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Flavonoids (Aluminium chloride solution test)<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n\u2212<\/td>\n\u2212<\/td>\n\u2212<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Steroids<\/td>\n++<\/td>\n++<\/td>\n++<\/td>\n\u2212<\/td>\n\u2212<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Based on intensity of the color reaction where, + = Present in mild amount, ++ = Present in moderate amount, +++ = Present in large amount, \u2212 = Not present. Where, CME: Crude methanol extract; NHF: n-hexane fraction; CLF: Chloroform fraction; EAF: Ethyl acetate fraction; AQF: Aqueous fraction.<\/p>\n

Determination of TPC<\/strong><\/p>\n

The TPC of S. podophyllum<\/em> L. leaves extract and its fractions was calculated on the basis of the standard curve for GA (y = 0.0144x + 0.0328; R2<\/sup> = 0.9991) that is expressed in mg of GAE\/g of dried sample shown in Figure 1. The CME of S. podophyllum <\/em>L. leaves exhibited the highest amount (10.55\u00b10.41 mg of GAE\/g of dried extract) of total phenolics, followed by NHF, CLF, EAF and AQF, which were 7.56\u00b10.51, 6.22 \u00b10.26, 5.31\u00b10.28 and 2.55\u00b10.38 mg of GAE\/g of dried extract, respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00a0\"Figure<\/td>\n\n

Figure 1: TPC of S. podophyllum <\/em>L. leaves extract and its fractions.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Values were reported as mean \u00b1 SD (n = 3). Where, CME: Crude methanol extract; NHF: n-hexane fraction; CLF: Chloroform fraction; EAF: Ethyl acetate fraction; AQF: Aqueous fraction.<\/p>\n

Determination of TAA<\/strong><\/p>\n

In<\/em> the TAA, at maximum concentration (600 \u00b5g\/mL), the absorbance of CME and CAT were 3.916\u00b10.006 and 3.988\u00b10.003 nm respectively that is showed in Figure 2. Among the crude methanol extract and its different fractions, CME showed the highest TAA followed by CLF, EAF, AQF and NHF with absorbance\u2019s which are 3.791\u00b10.005, 2.788\u00b10.009, 1.505\u00b10.012 and 1.440\u00b10.006 nm respectively at maximum concentration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00a0\"Figure<\/td>\n\n

Figure 2: TAA of S. podophyllum <\/em>L. leaves extract and its fractions at various concentrations.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Values were reported as mean \u00b1 SD (n = 3). Where, CTC: (+)-catechin; CME: Crude methanol extract; NHF: n-hexane fraction; CLF: Chloroform fraction; EAF: Ethyl acetate fraction; AQF: Aqueous fraction.<\/p>\n

Determination of RPA<\/strong><\/p>\n

The RPA of CME, NHF, CLF, EAF and AQF of leaves of S. podophyllum <\/em>L. are showed in Figure 3. The extract\/fractions increased the reducing activity with the increased concentration of the extract\/fractions. Among the CME and its different fractions, CME showed the highest iron RPA with absorbance of 3.015\u00b10.006 nm followed by EAF, CLF, AQF and NHF which are 2.477\u00b10.004, 1.898\u00b10.009, 1.569\u00b10.007 and 0.929\u00b10.006 nm respectively at maximum concentration (600 \u00b5g\/mL).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00a0\"Figure<\/td>\n\n

Figure 3: RPA of S. podophyllum <\/em>L. leaves extract and its fractions at various concentrations.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Values were reported as mean \u00b1 SD (n = 3). Where, ACA: Ascorbic acid; CME: Crude methanol extract; NHF: n-hexane fraction; CLF: Chloroform fraction; EAF: Ethyl acetate fraction; AQF: Aqueous fraction.<\/p>\n

Determination of DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity<\/strong><\/p>\n

The DPPH radical scavenging activity of S. podophyllum <\/em>L. leaves extract and its fractions is given in Figure 4. Among the crude extracts and its fractions the most potent activity was found in CME at highest concentration having IC50<\/sub> value of 46.55\u00b12.25 mg\/mL (Figure 5). On the other hand, NHF, CLF, EAF and AQF showed DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50<\/sub> value of 394.01\u00b14.27, 99.78\u00b11.29, 96.58\u00b12.88 and 98.31\u00b12.74 mg\/mL respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\n\n

Figure 4: DPPH radical scavenging activity of S. podophyllum <\/em>L. leaves extract and its fractions at various concentrations.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Values were reported as mean \u00b1 SD (n = 3). Where, BHT: Butylatedhydroxy toluene; CME: Crude methanol extract; NHF: n-hexane fraction; CLF: Chloroform fraction; EAF: Ethyl acetate fraction; AQF: Aqueous fraction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00a0\"Figure<\/td>\n\n

Figure 5: IC50<\/sub> values of S. podophyllum <\/em>L. leaves extract and its fractions.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Values were reported as mean \u00b1 SD (n = 3). Where, BHT: Butylatedhydroxy toluene; CME: Crude methanol extract; NHF: n-hexane fraction; CLF: Chloroform fraction; EAF: Ethyl acetate fraction; AQF: Aqueous fraction.<\/p>\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Over the past few decades, the significance of medicinal values of various plants has been widely accepted.37\u00a0<\/sup>Medicinal plants produce a wide range of secondary metabolites that are known to have antioxidant effects which are essential to block the pathogenesis of several diseases and the process of aging caused by the free radicals.38,39<\/sup>\u00a0In the present study, phytochemical content and antioxidant activities of S. podophyllum <\/em>L. leaves were carried out by using various tests. In this study phytochemical analysis of crude extract and its fractions exposed a wide range of phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, tannins, resins, flavonoids and steroids. A previous study reported that plant phenols, flavonoids and tannins are accountable for antioxidant activity.40<\/sup>\u00a0Phenolic compounds are the most important and abundantly found antioxidant agents in various medicinal plants. Phenolic compounds contribute to numerous essential activities in plants including cementing material linking phenolic polymers to cell wall polysaccharides, defense against herbivores and pathogens, regulation of cell growth and cell division.41<\/sup>\u00a0In this study CME of S. podophyllum <\/em>L. leaves reported highest TPC with respect to remaining fractions. The alteration in the phenolic contents may be owing to the occurrence of essential oils exist in the plant. Phenolic compounds plentiful in medicinal plants contribute considerably to the antioxidant properties.42<\/sup>\u00a0The combined effect of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and other reducing agents in the plant extracts are well represented by TAA.43<\/sup>\u00a0The phosphomolybdenum method is mainly based on the reduction of molybdenum, Mo (VI) to Mo (V) by the action of antioxidant compounds and the formation of a green phosphate, Mo (V) complex with a highest absorption at 695 nm.44<\/sup>\u00a0Here CME of S. podophyllum <\/em>L. leaves reported highest total antioxidant activity. In the study of antioxidant activity of Torilis leptophylla<\/em>\u00a0L.\u00a0Saeed et al., reported promising outcome.45<\/sup>\u00a0In case of reducing power assay, reducing power of the test specimen is depicted by the changes of the color of the test solution from yellow to green.46<\/sup>\u00a0The existence of the reducing agents in the solution causes the reduction of the ferric form (Fe3+<\/sup>) to the ferrous form (Fe2+<\/sup>). Hence, the ferrous form can be observed by absorbance measurement at 700 nm.47<\/sup>\u00a0In this study CME of S. podophyllum <\/em>L. leaves reported highest iron reducing capacity. The higher absorbance of CME extracts indicates its possible strong reducing power potential. The reducing power of the extracts is probably due to the biologically active compounds in the extract which contain potent electron donating abilities. An earlier study in the study of antioxidant profile of Uvaria littoralis<\/em> Blume. also reported\u00a0 auspicious action.48<\/sup>\u00a0DPPH radical purple-colored solution bleaching is often used to measure the electron donation capacity of natural products.49<\/sup>\u00a0The method is mainly based on the principle of scavenging of DPPH through the introduction of radical species or antioxidant that decolorizes the DPPH solution. In this method, the concentration and potency of the antioxidants is proportional to the extent of color change. Moreover, substantial free radical scavenging activity of the compound under test is indicated by a great decrease in the absorbance of the reaction mixture.50<\/sup>\u00a0The results of this study recommended the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity in CME of S. podophyllum <\/em>L. leaves. In the study on antioxidant activity of Streblus asper <\/em>leaves, Ibrahim et al., reported almost comparable findings.51<\/sup>\u00a0The replacement of synthetic with natural antioxidants may be advantageous. This study divulge a prominent in vitro<\/em> antioxidant actions of S. podophyllum<\/em> L. leaves, which may be a forceful natural source of healing agents for the controlling of oxidative stress related disorders.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

The denouements obtained in the present study, assessed notable antioxidant activities of the S. podophyllum <\/em>L. leaves. The CME of S. podophyllum<\/em> L. leaves possessed highest antioxidant activity compared to remaining fractions. In this in vitro<\/em> study a high association is reported between the TPC and the antioxidant activities. However, this is an initial study and further study needs to be carried out for the isolation of promising compound(s) and elucidate mechanism for the respective effects.<\/p>\n

Abbreviations<\/strong><\/p>\n

Podophyllum<\/em>: Syngonium podophyllum<\/em>; CME: Crude methanol extract; NHF: n-hexane fraction; CLF: Chloroform fraction; EAF: Ethyl acetate fraction; AQF: Aqueous fraction; TPC: Total phenolic content; TAA: Total antioxidant activity; RPA: Reducing power activity; DPPH: 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; TCA: Trichloro aceticacid; TBA: Thiobarbituric acid; QR: Quercetin; CTC: (+)-catechin; ACA: Ascorbic acid; BHT: Butylatedhydroxy toluene; GA: Gallic acid; GAE: Gallic acid equivalents.<\/p>\n

Authors\u2019 Contributions<\/strong><\/p>\n

This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Authors MSU and MA designed the study, wrote the protocol, managed the analyses of the study. Authors MSH, MSU, MTK and MMB performed the laboratory tests and prepared the draft of the manuscript. Authors PK, OHC and RA participated in literature review and statistical analysis. Author MMAD reviewed the scientific contents of the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.<\/p>\n

Acknowledgements<\/strong><\/p>\n

The authors are grateful to the Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh for providing research facilities. The authors wish to thank the anonymous reviewer(s)\/editor(s) of this article for their constructive reviews.<\/p>\n

Funding<\/strong><\/p>\n

This work was self-funded.<\/p>\n

Competing Interests<\/strong><\/p>\n

The authors proclaim that they have no competing interests.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

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