{"id":14889,"date":"2017-06-20T11:52:47","date_gmt":"2017-06-20T11:52:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=14889"},"modified":"2020-04-23T10:47:29","modified_gmt":"2020-04-23T10:47:29","slug":"ways-of-prognosis-and-reduction-of-obstetric-and-perinatal-complications-at-pregnancy-chronic-pyelonephritis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol10no2\/ways-of-prognosis-and-reduction-of-obstetric-and-perinatal-complications-at-pregnancy-chronic-pyelonephritis\/","title":{"rendered":"Ways of Prognosis and Reduction of Obstetric and Perinatal Complications at Pregnancy Chronic Pyelonephritis"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

The problem of prenatal care among the females having extragenital pathology is very acute. In the structure of extragenital pathology the leading position is occupied by renal diseases, which is one of the most frequent problems among the pregnant, and over the last years there is a tendency towards the increase in frequency of this pregnancy pathology.1,2<\/sup> Pyelonephritis among pregnant is detected in 48% of the cases, while among the puerperants \u2013 in 35%. Urinary tract infections in past medical history can be observed among 39.6\u201392.5% of the surveyed females.3,4<\/sup><\/p>\n

The rationale of studying etiopathogenetic and diagnostic aspects of chronic pyelonephritis is defined not only by its prevalence but also by its clinical significance, particularly, by the tendency towards the increase in purulent-destructive form of the decease and progression of complications. 2,5,6,7<\/sup><\/p>\n

Presence of focus of infection in renal system even at the asymptomatic disease course leads to progression of intrauterine infection, to the threatened miscarriage, anomalies of placentation and premature separation of placenta, hypertension, immature delivery, hydramnion, placental insufficiency, fetal distress and birth of children with low body weight.8,9<\/sup><\/p>\n

The most frequent complication at pyelonephritis is anemia caused by the disbalance between cellular and humoral components of immune system, increase in toxic exchange products and circulating immune complexes in the body, intensity of which is defined by the severity of anemia and activity of inflammatory process in the renal system.10,11,12<\/sup> Anemia accompanied by decrease in the amount of erythrocytes leads to the decrease in the oxygen delivery to the renal tissues, to stimulation of epithelial-mesenchymal ductule cells transformation and release of anti-inflammatory molecules and fibrosis mediators, i.e. to activation of the main mechanism of the renal pathology progression \u2013 interstitial fibrosis and damage of the intact renal units.13,14,15,16<\/sup><\/p>\n

40% of pregnant with chronic pyelonephritis have progressing gestational toxicosis and renal blood flow malperfusion. According to L.V. Poiseyeva (2005) at chronic pyelonephritis one can observe renal haemodynamic compromise: decrease in the volume of renal blood flow and increase in the renal vascular resistance.17<\/sup><\/p>\n

In this regard in-depth analysis of clinical laboratory features of maternal and fetal malfunctions at pregnancy pyelonephritis may contribute to improvement of the early diagnosis and prognosis of gestational process abnormality as well as to the reduction of cases of obstetric and perinatal pathology which is important for obstetrics.<\/p>\n

Objective of the Research<\/strong><\/p>\n

Development of the criteria for prognosis of obstetric and perinatal complications at chronic pyelonephritis and improvement of the measures aimed at correction of the identified irregularities.<\/p>\n

Methods of the Research<\/strong><\/p>\n

General, biochemical (tests on erythropoetin, \u0421 cystatin, creatinine, uric acid, average weight molecules, glomerular filtration), biophysical (ultrasonic diagnosis, prenatal fetal monitoring), and statistical.<\/p>\n

Retrospective Study Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n

Results and Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Prognosis of any pathology requires integral approach which allows considering maximum number of risk-factors contributing to emergence of some or another pathology.<\/p>\n

Considering the possibility of early progression of obstetric and perinatal complications and their high frequency among pregnant suffering from chronic pyelonephritis, we took an attempt to create mathematical model of prognosis of obstetric and perinatal complications progression at this disease. In this regard on the basis of assessment of clinical and anamnestic data among 300 females suffering from chronic pyelonephritis and conduction of correlation analysis in the groups without exacerbation (main group) and with exacerbation of chronic pyelonephritis (experimental group) we selected 23 most significant risk-factors of obstetric and perinatal complications progression at chronic pyelonephritis (table 1). The described complex of manifestations being the most significant for prognosis of obstetric and perinatal complications progression at chronic pyelonephritis was unified in the table of prognosis of obstetric and perinatal pathology at chronic pyelonephritis, constructed with the application of the sequential Wald analysis.18<\/sup> In the course of the prognosis procedures we calculated the corresponding prognosis coefficient (PC) having numerical value with positive (+) or negative (-) sign.<\/p>\n

Table 1: Clinical-Anamnestic Table of Prognosis of Obstetric and Perinatal Pathology at Chronic \u00a0Pyelonephritis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Risk-Factors of Obstetric and Perinatal Complications Progression<\/strong><\/td>\nPC+<\/strong><\/td>\nManifestations Indicating Absence of Obstetric and Perinatal Complications<\/strong><\/td>\nPC-<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The chronicity of pyelonephritis is more than 5 years<\/td>\n6<\/td>\nThe chronicity of pyelonephritis is less than 5 years<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chronic pyelonephritis with recrudescences during pregnancy<\/td>\n4<\/td>\nChronic pyelonephritis without recrudescences during pregnancy<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Moderate anemia<\/td>\n2<\/td>\nAbsence of moderate anemia<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Severe anemia<\/td>\n4<\/td>\nAbsence of severe anemia<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Arterial hypertension<\/td>\n6<\/td>\nAbsence of arterial hypertension<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Upper respiratory tract disease<\/td>\n2<\/td>\nAbsence of upper respiratory tract disease<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hepatic and bile duct diseases<\/td>\n2<\/td>\nAbsence of hepatic and bile duct diseases<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gastrointestinal tract diseases<\/td>\n2<\/td>\nAbsence of gastrointestinal tract diseases<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Diseases of the endocrine system<\/td>\n4<\/td>\nAbsence of diseases of the endocrine system<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Menstrual disorder<\/td>\n2<\/td>\nAbsence of menstrual disorder<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Presence of inflammatory processes of uterus and abnexitis<\/td>\n4<\/td>\nAbsence of inflammatory processes of uterus and abnexitis<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sexually-transmitted infections<\/td>\n4<\/td>\nAbsence of sexually-transmitted infections<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Spontaneous miscarriages<\/td>\n2<\/td>\nAbsence of spontaneous miscarriages<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Infertility in past medical history<\/td>\n4<\/td>\nAbsence of infertility in past medical history<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Preeclampsia in past medical history<\/td>\n6<\/td>\nAbsence of preeclampsia in past medical history<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Birth of children with the symptoms of hypotrophy or asphyxia<\/td>\n3<\/td>\nBirth of children with normal body-weight ratio, without asphyxia in past medical history<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Perinatal losses in past medical history<\/td>\n7<\/td>\nAbsence of perinatal losses in past medical history<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ARVI across pregnancy<\/td>\n2<\/td>\nAbsence of ARVI across pregnancy<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Threatened miscarriage<\/td>\n2<\/td>\nAbsence of threatened miscarriage<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Threatened immature delivery<\/td>\n2<\/td>\nAbsence of threatened immature delivery<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chronic DIC syndrome<\/td>\n6<\/td>\nAbsence of chronic DIC syndrome<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Placental insufficiency<\/td>\n5<\/td>\nAbsence of placental insufficiency<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Sign \u201c+\u201d is attributed to the prognostic coefficients of manifestations evidencing the possibility of implementing the prognosis, i.e. progression of obstetric and perinatal progressions at chronic pyelonephritis, while sign \u201c-\u201d \u2013 to the manifestations providing the possibility of the prognosis failure. For settlement of the prognosis the algebraic addition of the prognosis coefficients is implemented; the numerical threshold for making certain conclusion (with 95% possibility) is equal to +13. If the sum of the PC is more than or equal to +13 points, than unfavorable prognosis is concluded (i.e. 95% possibility of obstetric and perinatal complications progression among pregnant suffering from chronic pyelonephritis). Negative sum of PC equal to -13 and more evidences irrelevance of the prognostic pathology with 95% probability. Cases the sum of PC is equal to \u00a0+9 \u2013 +12 points \u2013 show 75% probability of the prognosis, while when the PC sum is below +8 points \u2013 uncertain prognosis is concluded (table 2).18<\/sup><\/p>\n

Table 2: Scheme of the Prognosis \u00a0Results Assessment (sequential Wald \u2013 Genkin analysis)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Increase in the Risk of Obstetric and Perinatal Complications Progression at Chronic Pyelonephritis<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sum of Prognostic Coefficients<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-13<\/strong><\/td>\n-9<\/strong><\/td>\n-7<\/strong><\/td>\n0<\/strong><\/td>\n7<\/strong><\/td>\n9<\/strong><\/td>\n13<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
95%<\/p>\n

probability of the prognosis failure<\/td>\n

75%<\/p>\n

probability of the prognosis failure<\/td>\n

Absence of the tendency towards prognostication<\/td>\nuncertain prognosis<\/td>\ntendency towards prognosis<\/td>\n75%<\/p>\n

probability of progression<\/td>\n

95%<\/p>\n

probability of progression<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

As a result of the posthoc analysis of gestation course and outcome of pregnancy among the females suffering from chronic pyelonephritis, we found high frequency of obstetric and perinatal complications at this pathology recrudescence which is a reason of high degree of perinatal losses in past medical history and perinatal pathology. Subsequently, for prognosis and prevention of obstetric and perinatal complications we recommend highlighting a high risk group of these complications progression at chronic pyelonephritis and creation of the algorithms for this pathology prognosis. Thus, all the measures aimed at reducing the frequency of obstetric and perinatal complications progression at chronic pyelonephritis should be connected with the timely diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of this pathology.<\/p>\n

Prospective Study<\/strong><\/p>\n

Results and Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

We assessed functional state of the renal system of pregnant in the researched groups on the basis of the results of clinical and biochemical analyses of blood, common urine analysis, Zimnitsky\u2019s test, Nechiporenko’s test, urine culturing, vaginal flora with identification of bacteria species composition and calculation of microbial number, definition of sensitivity to antibiotics, as well as according to the results of ultrasound investigation of renal system.<\/p>\n

Clinical analysis of blood showed that Hb level at noncomplicated pregnancy varied from 107 to 115 GM\/DL, erythrocytes varied from 3.5 to 3.7\u00d710\u00b9\u00b2 GM\/DL, hemato\u0441rit \u2013 29.4\u201331.5 %. At the stage of recrudescence values of Hb were averagely equal to 86\u201393 GM\/DL, hemato\u0441rit (Ht) \u2013 24.9\u201327.2 %, erythrocytes \u2013 3.0\u20133.2\u00d710\u00b9\u00b2 GM\/DL. In the absence of recrudescence the level of Hb varied from 102 to 106 GM\/DL, erythrocytes 3.3\u20133.4\u00d710\u00b9\u00b2 GM\/DL, Ht \u2013 28\u201329%. 70% of female patients suffering from recrudescence of chronic pyelonephritis often had increased amount of leucocytes (21 out of 30), and in average it was equal to 12.3\u00d710\u2079 GM\/DL, which twofold exceeded the corresponding value in the group of noncomplicated pregnancy; 73% of the patients had the number of stab neutrophils increased \u00a0(22 out of 30), in average it was equal to (7.8\u00b10.5)% and by 2.2 times it was higher compared to the same parameters of noncomplicated pregnancy. ESR of pregnant suffering from recrudescence of chronic pyelonephritis in average was equal to 45.0\u00b14.3 mm\/h, and 66.7% of the patients had it increased (20 out of 30).<\/p>\n

Based on the conducted research we suggested the algorithm of examination (figure 1) of the general cohort of the female patients for prognosis of obstetric and perinatal complications at chronic pyelonephritis of pregnant. This algorithm provides division of the patients into the groups with the risk of obstetric and perinatal complications progression at chronic pyelonephritis and without it at each examination. Depending on adherence to some or another group the further examination is conducted step by step. Taking into account the data obtained from clinical and laboratory researches detected negative influence of chronic diseases of urinary system on gestation course, particularly, negative influence is defined by the character of chronic pyelonephritis, its chronicity and severity (frequent recrudescences). Diseases of urinary system are potential risk-factors of obstetric and perinatal complications progression, as they provoke renal haemodynamic compromise, changes in canalicular-glomerulose apparatus, thus becoming the cause of severe organic lesion of urinary system, gestational toxicosis, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, hypoxia and small-for-gestational-age fetus.17,18<\/sup><\/p>\n

According to the algorithm of the female examination developed by us, at the first stage one should conduct survey in accordance with the prognostic clinical-anamnestic table of risk-factors of obstetric and perinatal complications progression. At detection of the sum of points above \u201c+13\u201d the female patient belongs to the high-risk group of obstetric and perinatal complications progression, while at the sum of the points equal to \u201c-13\u201d and less the female patient belongs to the low-risk group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\n\n

Figure 1: Algorithm of diagnosis and prognosis of obstetric and perinatal complications at chronic pyelonephritis <\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

At the second stage laboratory examination of the patients\u2019 blood in the high-risk groups is carried out, at this the results of biochemical research are considered integrally.<\/p>\n

At the third stage the indicated irregularities are being corrected.<\/p>\n

That\u2019s why prevention of recrudescences of chronic pyelonephritis, improvement of renal hemodynamics and optimization of female\u2019s metabolic processes are an important link in the chain of treatment and prevention measures of obstetric and perinatal complications at chronic pyelonephritis.<\/p>\n

Improvement of Measures Aimed at Correction of <\/strong>Obstetric and Perinatal<\/strong> Complications of Pregnant Suffering from Chronic P<\/strong>yelonephriti<\/strong>s<\/strong><\/p>\n

Results and Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Complex of remedial measures for the female patients suffering from chronic pyelonephritis in the phase of recrudescence had an impact on all the stages of genesis, was composed of several stages and included the following:<\/p>\n

Impact on the main extragenital pathology \u2013 chronic pyelonephritis<\/p>\n

Impact on obstetric pathology<\/p>\n

Correction of the identified irregularities.<\/p>\n

Besides, we considered the severity and chronicity of the disease as well as the results of functional state of renal system. \u00a0Selection of treatment requires effective and save method for pyelonephritis therapy both for mother and fetus.<\/p>\n

Traditional treatment of chronic pyelonephritis in the phase of recrudescence included antibacterial therapy. The choice of tactics for antibacterial therapy of the female patients suffering from recrudescence of chronic pyelonephritis is caused by study of sensibility of the cultures of facultative anaerobic bacteria extracted from the urine to antibacterial chemicals.<\/p>\n

According to the obtained data, the most effective towards the extracted cultures of the bacteria were cephalosporins of the 1st<\/sup> and 3rd<\/sup> generation (71.4\u2013100%). All the patients suffering from recrudescence of chronic pyelonephritis underwent conservative therapy: cefazoline 1 gr i.m. 3 times a day or cefuroxime 1g 2 times a day; metronidazole 100.0 ml miv 3 times a day during 5\u20137 days, disintoxication, infusion, and desensitizing therapy.<\/p>\n

In order to define effectiveness of pathogenically substantiated therapy of chronic pyelonephritis and improvement of renal function as well as assessment of pathogenetic significance and interconnection of quantitative parameters of blood chemistry values (erythrocytes, Hb, Ht, ESR, EPO, \u0421 cystatin, creatinine, uric acid etc.) with clinical manifestations complicating chronic pyelonephritis, we studied the probability of using r-HuEPO.<\/p>\n

EPO is a glycoprotein generated in kidney that is being mitosis enhancing factor and differentiation hormone contributes to formation of erythrocytes from progenitors of erythrogenesis.<\/p>\n

We used r-HuEPO together with the traditional treatment for prevention of obstetric and perinatal complications at chronic pyelonephritis in the phase of recrudescence, because this medication affects erythrogenesis, improves hemodynamics and renal functioning.21,22<\/sup><\/p>\n

We observed 30 pregnant (main group) with chronic pyelonephritis in the phase of recrudescence, who were treated with r-HuEPO in conjunction with pathogenetic therapy (traditional therapy) and 30 pregnant (comparative group) only provided with traditional therapy.<\/p>\n

Alongside with traditional prevention course r-HuEPO was prescribed in the amount of 20 AU per 1 kg, injected subdermally 3 times a week with the monitoring of AP, hematologic values (Hb, Ht, erythrocytes) and blood chemistry values (EPO, \u0421 cystatin, uric acid, creatinine, GFR, \u041c\u0421\u041c) from the 2nd<\/sup> trimester of pregnancy to achievement of the best level of hemoglobin \u00a0(110-120 GM\/DL) and hemato\u0441rit (30-35%); EPO in the 2nd<\/sup> trimester \u2013 29\u201342 ng\/ml, in the 3rd<\/sup> trimester \u2013 38\u201353 ng\/ml; \u0421 cystatin in the 2nd<\/sup> and 3rd<\/sup> trimester \u2013 46\u201358 ng\/ml; uric acid in the 2nd<\/sup> trimester \u2013 162\u2013277 umol\/l and in the 3rd<\/sup> trimester \u2013 400 umol\/l.<\/p>\n

During the r-HuEPO application the hemoglobin values were significantly improved. Dynamics of hematological values was manifested beginning with 2-3 injections of the medication. Initial level of hemoglobin of pregnant was equal to 86\u201393 GM\/DL, after the treatment \u2013 111\u2013116GM\/DL, hemato\u0441rit \u2013 24.9\u201327.2%, after the treatment \u2013 30\u201332%, erythrocytes \u2013 3.0\u20133.2 \u00d710\u00b9\u00b2GM\/DL, after the treatment \u2013 3.4\u20133.64\u00d710\u00b9\u00b2GM\/DL, reliable decrease in erythropoetin after the treatment was observed:\u00a0 in the 2nd<\/sup> trimester \u2013 by 37%, while in the 3rd<\/sup> trimester \u2013 by 34%. Additional prescription of iron supplements in usual dosage is necessary as a part of the treatment for saturation of body with iron and in combination with B vitamins\u00a0\u00a0 (\u04121, \u04126, \u041212 and folic acid).<\/p>\n

Selection of the gestational age and frequency of the r-HuEPO application is defined by the degree of manifestation of clinical symptoms and the level of endogenic EPO. Effectiveness of the therapy depends on the adequacy of the individual treatment scheme. Normal level of effectiveness of the conducted therapy \u2013 growth in hemato\u0441rit from by 0.5 to by 1% per 1 week before the best level of hemoglobin (110\u2013120 GM\/DL) and hemato\u0441rit (30\u201335%) is achieved.<\/p>\n

Effectiveness of r-HuEPO application may be explained by increase in the level of EPO in blood, which contributes to improvement of the renal functioning. It is proved by the results of biochemical and functional research methods served the objective criteria of the medication effectiveness.<\/p>\n

In the framework of this paper we assessed clinical effect of r-HuEPO in accordance with the following criteria: peculiarities of gestation course and outcome of pregnancy, state of newborn infants and frequency of perinatal pathology. In this regard we analyzed the gestational course, labor and frequency of perinatal complications in the groups of patients who were and were not treated with the medication.<\/p>\n

As one may conclude from table 30, the group of pregnant treated with r-HuEPO as a part of traditional therapy (main group) is characterized by more favorable gestational course, i.e. had fewer pregnancy complications in comparison with the group only treated traditionally. So, in the main group in comparison with the group only treated traditionally, the frequency of ARVI was reliably less (p<0.001), the manifestations of threatened miscarriage were more rarely (p<0.001), anemia was almost not observed in the comparison group, placental insufficiency was by 3 times less (p<0.001). Light preeclampsia was by 4 rarer in the group not treated with r-HuEPO.<\/p>\n

At comparison of analysis of gestational course and outcome of pregnancy in the compared groups we found that frequency of delivery at term and average time of pregnancy are reliably higher in the group of the investigated females treated with\u00a0 r-HuEPO (p<0.001), while frequency of immature deliveries is by 3 times less. Complications of labor are by 1.4 times rarer among those treated with r-HuEPO. Untimely discharge of amniotic fluid, poor uterine contraction strength, premature detachment of normally situated placenta in the investigated group treated with r-HuEPO in combination with traditional treatment were not observed (table 3).<\/p>\n

Table 3: Analysis of gestational course and outcome of pregnancy among females suffering from chronic pyelonephritis treated (main group) and not treated (comparison group) with r-HuEPO as a part of traditional treatment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Group<\/strong><\/td>\nMain Group<\/strong><\/p>\n

(n=30)<\/strong><\/td>\n

Comparison Group (n=30)<\/strong><\/td>\n\u03c7\u00b2<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Complications of gestational course<\/strong><\/td>\nabs. number<\/strong><\/td>\n\u041c\u00b1m, %<\/strong><\/td>\nabs. number<\/strong><\/td>\n\u041c\u00b1m, %<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Threatened miscarriage<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n20.0\u00b12.2\u066d<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n33.3\u00b12.6\u066d<\/td>\n\u03c7\u00b2=5.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Threatened immature delivery<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n10.0\u00b11.6<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n16.7\u00b12.1<\/td>\n\u03c7\u00b2=2.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Light preeclampsia<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n6.7\u00b11.4<\/td>\n8<\/td>\n26.7\u00b12.4\u066d\u066d<\/td>\n\u03c7\u00b2=15.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Severe preeclampsia<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n6.7\u00b11.4<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Eclampsia<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n3.3<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mean anemia<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n6.7\u00b11.4<\/td>\n9<\/td>\n30.0\u00b12.5\u066d\u066d<\/td>\n\u03c7\u00b2=18.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ARVI<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n6.7\u00b11.4<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n16.7\u00b12.1\u066d<\/td>\n\u03c7\u00b2=6.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chronic DIC Syndrome<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n6.7\u00b11.4<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Placental Insufficiency<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n6.7\u00b11.4<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n20.0\u00b12.2\u066d\u066d<\/td>\n\u03c7\u00b2=8.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Labor, incl.: at term<\/td>\n29<\/td>\n96.7\u00b10.9<\/td>\n26<\/td>\n86.7\u00b11.8<\/td>\n\u03c7\u00b2=1.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Immature Delivery<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n3.3<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n13.3\u00b11.9\u066d\u066d<\/td>\n\u03c7\u00b2=7.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Poor Uterine Contraction Strength<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n6.7\u00b11.4<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n10.0\u00b11.6<\/td>\n\u03c7\u00b2=1.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Untimely Discharge of Amniotic Fluid<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n16.7\u00b12.1<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n20.0\u00b12.2<\/td>\n\u03c7\u00b2=0.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Atonic Hemorrhage<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n6.7\u00b11.4<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Premature Detachment of Normally Situated Placenta<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n3.3<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u066d \u2013 p<0,05<\/p>\n

\u066d\u066d \u2013 p<0,001<\/p>\n

More favorable gestational course at application of r-HuEPO also influenced the state of the newborn infants, at that average mass of those from the mothers of the main group was equal to 3420.0\u00b185.0 gr against 2970.0\u00b177.0 gr in the comparative group not treated with r-HuEPO (p<0.001).<\/p>\n

Application of r-HuEPO alongside with the traditional therapy contributed to decrease in the frequency of perinatal complications almost by 3 times (p<0.001). At this, the frequency of fetal asphyxia decreased by 2 times (p<0.001), frequency of small-for-gestational-age fetus deceased by 5 times (p<0,001), frequency of cerebrovascular disease decreased by 2 times (p<0.001), respiratory distress syndrom decreased by 3 times (p<0.001), in comparison with the group treated with a traditional method (table 4).<\/p>\n

Table 4: Analysis of perinatal complications among females suffering from chronic pyelonephritis, treated (main group) and not treated (comparison group) with r-HuEPO as a part of traditional treatment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Group<\/strong><\/td>\nMain Group<\/strong><\/p>\n

(n=30)<\/strong><\/td>\n

Comparison Group (n=30)<\/strong><\/td>\n\u03c7\u00b2<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Perinatal Complications<\/strong><\/td>\nabs. number<\/strong><\/td>\n\u041c\u00b1m, %<\/strong><\/td>\nabs. number<\/strong><\/td>\n\u041c\u00b1m, %<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
asphyxia:<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n10.0\u00b11.6<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n20.0\u00b12.2\u066d<\/td>\n\u03c7\u00b2=5.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
light<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n6.7\u00b11.4<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n13.3\u00b11.9<\/td>\n\u03c7\u00b2=3.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
severe<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n3.3<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n6.7\u00b11.4<\/td>\n\u03c7\u00b2=1.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
cerebrovascular disease:<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n10.0\u00b11.6<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n20.0\u00b12.2<\/td>\n\u03c7\u00b2=5.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1 phase<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n6.7\u00b11.4<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n10.0\u00b11.6<\/td>\n\u03c7\u00b2=1.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2 phase<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n3.3<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n10.0\u00b11.6\u066d<\/td>\n\u03c7\u00b2=4.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
respiratory distress syndrom:<\/p>\n

1 type<\/td>\n

–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n16.7\u00b12.1<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
intrauterine infection<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n3.3<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n13.3\u00b11.9\u066d\u066d<\/td>\n\u03c7\u00b2=7.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
small-for-gestational-age fetus<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n3.3<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n20.0\u00b12.2\u066d\u066d<\/td>\n\u03c7\u00b2=14.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u066d \u2013 p<0.05<\/p>\n

\u066d\u066d \u2013 p <0.001<\/p>\n

Thus, the obtained data allow supposing that r-HuEPO is an effective mean for prevention of obstetric and perinatal complications at chronic pyelonephritis. Application of r-HuEPO allowed significantly improving the values of peripheral blood (Hb, erythrocytes, hemato\u0441rit), normalizing the level of erythropoetin, decreasing the frequency of obstetric and perinatal complications. At this, in the group of females treated with r-HuEPO the frequency of recrudescence of chronic pyelonephritis decreased almost by 2.5 times, threatened miscarriages \u2013 by 1.7 times, frequency of immature delivery \u2013 by 4 times. Positive effect of r-HuEPO also influenced the state of the newborn infants, at this mass and height values as well as state estimation according to Apgar scale were reliably higher, while frequency of perinatal complications was reliably higher in the female group treated with r-HuEPO (p<0.05, \u0440<0.001).<\/p>\n

We have found that it is efficient and reasonable to prescribe r-HuEPO, with the purpose of prevention of obstetric and perinatal complications progression among the patients suffering from chronic pyelonephritis, beginning with the 3rd<\/sup> trimester of pregnancy.<\/p>\n

At studying biochemical values at treatment of chronic pyelonephritis in the phase of recrudescence using traditional way, we noted the tendency towards decrease in the erythropoetin (table 5). In the 2nd<\/sup> trimester decrease of its level was equal to 85% (50.3\u00b12.5 ng\/ml) from the values before the treatment \u2013 58.8\u00b11.8 ng\/ml and in the 3rd<\/sup> trimester we found the biggest decrease \u2013 by 23% (60.0\u00b13.0 ng\/ml).<\/p>\n

Table 5: Erythropoetin in blood (ng\/ml) at chronic pyelonephritis before and after the traditional \u00a0treatment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Groups<\/strong><\/td>\n2nd<\/sup> trimester<\/strong><\/td>\n3rd<\/sup> trimester<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Before treatment<\/td>\n58.8\u00b11.8<\/td>\n77.2\u00b12.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
After traditional treatment<\/td>\n50.3\u00b12.5*<\/td>\n60.0\u00b13.0**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
% to the values before treatment<\/td>\n85%<\/td>\n77%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

After traditional treatment we noted the changes at the level of C cystatin in the 2nd<\/sup> and 3rd<\/sup> trimesters of pregnancy (table 6). In the 2nd<\/sup> trimester the level of C cystatin decreased by 12% (59.4\u00b11.9 ng\/ml), while in the 3rd <\/sup>trimester \u2013 by 21% (70.0\u00b14.0 ng\/ml).<\/p>\n

Table 6: C cystatin in blood (ng\/ml) at chronic pyelonephritis before and after traditional treatment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Group<\/strong><\/td>\n2nd<\/sup> trimester<\/strong><\/td>\n3rd<\/sup> trimester<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Before treatment<\/td>\n67.3\u00b1 2.3<\/td>\n88.4\u00b15.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
After traditional treatment<\/td>\n59.4\u00b11.9*<\/td>\n70.0\u00b14.0**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
% to the values before treatment<\/td>\n88%<\/td>\n79%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

At this, the value of glomerular filtration after treatment increased by 11% (78.8\u00b12.0 mL\/min) in the 2nd<\/sup> trimester and to a greater extent in the 3rd<\/sup> trimester of pregnancy \u2013 by 19% (71.1\u00b13.6 mL\/min) (table 8).<\/p>\n

Table 8: Value of glomerular filtration in blood (mL\/min) at chronic pyelonephritis before and after traditional treatment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Groups<\/strong><\/td>\n2nd<\/sup> trimester<\/strong><\/td>\n3rd<\/sup> \u00a0trimester<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Before treatment<\/td>\n71.7\u00b11.8<\/td>\n59.8\u00b12.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
After traditional treatment<\/td>\n78.8\u00b12.0*<\/td>\n71.1\u00b13.6*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
% to the values before treatment<\/td>\n111%<\/td>\n119%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Growth in concentration of uric acid, observed before treatment, was not found after traditional treatment. In the 2nd<\/sup> trimester of pregnancy concentration of uric acid after traditional treatment was equal to 250.5\u00b115.0 umol\/l and there was a tendency towards decreasing, in the 3rd<\/sup> trimester reliable decrease by 12% (390.0\u00b112.4 umol\/l) was stated (table 9).<\/p>\n

Table 9: Concentration of uric acid in blood (umol\/l) at chronic pyelonephritis before and after traditional treatment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Groups<\/strong><\/td>\n2nd<\/sup> trimester<\/strong><\/td>\n3rd<\/sup> \u00a0trimester<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Before treatment<\/td>\n279.5\u00b121.2<\/td>\n439.0\u00b120.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
After traditional treatment<\/td>\n250.5\u00b115.0<\/td>\n390.0\u00b112.4*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
% to the values before treatment<\/td>\n90%<\/td>\n88%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Traditional treatment led to reliable decease in the value of endogenous intoxication in the 3rd<\/sup> trimester of pregnancy \u2013 0.290\u00b10.02 umol\/l, in the 2nd<\/sup> trimester there is a tendency towards decreasing \u2013 0.235\u00b10.02 umol\/l (table 10).<\/p>\n

Table 10: Concentration of average weight molecules in blood (umol\/l) at chronic pyelonephritis before and after traditional treatment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Groups<\/strong><\/td>\n2nd<\/sup> trimester<\/strong><\/td>\n3rd<\/sup> \u00a0trimester<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Before treatment<\/td>\n0.271\u00b10.03<\/td>\n0.352\u00b10.03<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
After traditional treatment<\/td>\n0.235\u00b10.02<\/td>\n0.290\u00b10.02*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
% to the values before treatment<\/td>\n87%<\/td>\n82%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Thus, the conducted researches showed positive effect of the traditional treatment, therewith these changes are mostly seen by the end of the gestational period. Subsequently, the direction of the treatment measures towards pregnant at chronic pyelonephritis in the phase of recrudescence should include the medications not only normalizing at the end of pregnancy, but also beginning with the 2nd<\/sup> trimester of pregnancy, which will possibly exclude the complication of this phenomena from the fetus.<\/p>\n

We stated that erythropoetin in the blood of pregnant in the 2nd<\/sup> trimester decreased and was equal to 37.0\u00b13.4 ng\/ml against the data before the treatment \u2013 58.8\u00b11.8 ng\/ml. In the third trimester of pregnancy it decreased by 34%.<\/p>\n

Introduction of r-HuEPO alongside with the traditional treatment contributed to the decrease in C cystatin beginning with the 2nd<\/sup> trimester of pregnancy (table 11). At this, decrease in the trimesters was equal to \u2013 79% (53.4\u00b12.3 ng\/ml) in the 2nd<\/sup> trimester, and 66% (58.0\u00b13.6 ng\/ml) in the 3rd<\/sup> trimester respectively.<\/p>\n

Table 11: C cystatin in blood (ng\/ml) at chronic pyelonephritis before and after traditional treatment + r-HuEPO<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Groups<\/strong><\/td>\n2nd<\/sup> trimester<\/strong><\/td>\n3rd<\/sup> \u00a0trimester<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Before treatment<\/td>\n67.3\u00b12.3<\/td>\n88.4\u00b15.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
After traditional treatment + r-HuEPO<\/td>\n53.4\u00b12.3*<\/td>\n58.0\u00b13.6**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
% to the values before treatment<\/td>\n79%<\/td>\n66%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

We found decrease in creatinine by 27% in the 2nd<\/sup> trimester \u2013 89.6\u00b15.2 umol\/l and by 37% in the 3rd<\/sup> trimester of pregnancy \u2013 98.5\u00b16.0 umol\/l (table 11).<\/p>\n

Table 11b: Creatinine in blood (umol\/l) at chronic pyelonephritis before and after traditional treatment + r-HuEPO<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Groups<\/strong><\/td>\n2nd<\/sup> trimester<\/strong><\/td>\n3rd<\/sup> \u00a0trimester<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Before treatment<\/td>\n122.5\u00b14.3<\/td>\n151.6\u00b17.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
After traditional treatment + r-HuEPO<\/td>\n89.6\u00b15.2*<\/td>\n98.5\u00b16.0*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
% to the values before treatment<\/td>\n73%<\/td>\n63%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

At that, value of \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c value of glomerular filtration after treatment with r-HuEPO reliably increased by 21% in the 2nd<\/sup> trimester \u2013 86.5\u00b13.1 mL\/min and by 37% in the 3rd<\/sup> trimester of pregnancy \u2013 82,0\u00b13,3 mL\/min (table 12).<\/p>\n

Table 12: Value of glomerular filtration in blood (mL\/min) at chronic pyelonephritis before and after traditional treatment + r-HuEPO<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Groups<\/strong><\/td>\n2nd<\/sup> trimester<\/strong><\/td>\n3rd<\/sup> \u00a0trimester<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Before treatment<\/td>\n71.7\u00b11.8<\/td>\n59.8\u00b12.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
After traditional treatment + r-HuEPO<\/td>\n86.5\u00b13.1*<\/td>\n82.0\u00b13.3*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
% to the values before treatment<\/td>\n21%<\/td>\n37%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Concentration of uric acid decreased in the 2nd<\/sup> trimester by 23% (215.0\u00b111.0 umol\/l) and by 17% in the 3rd<\/sup> trimester of pregnancy \u2013 365.0\u00b110.8 umol\/l (table 13).<\/p>\n

Table 13: Concentration of uric acid in blood (umol\/l) at chronic pyelonephritis before and after traditional treatment + r-HuEPO<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Groups<\/strong><\/td>\n2nd<\/sup> trimester<\/strong><\/td>\n3rd<\/sup> \u00a0trimester<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Before treatment<\/td>\n279.5\u00b121.2<\/td>\n439.0\u00b120.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
After traditional treatment + r-HuEPO<\/td>\n215.0\u00b111.0<\/td>\n365.0\u00b110.8*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
% to the values before treatment<\/td>\n77%<\/td>\n83%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Concentration of average weight molecules in the 2nd<\/sup> trimester after treatment was equal to\u00a0 0.208\u00b10.02 c.u., which is by 24% less than the data before the treatment; in the 3rd<\/sup> trimester of pregnancy it was equal to 0.262\u00b10.02 c.u., which is by 26% less of the data before treatment (table 14).<\/p>\n

Table 14: Concentration of average weight molecules of blood (c.u.) at chronic pyelonephritis before and after traditional treatment + r-HuEPO<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Groups<\/strong><\/td>\n2nd<\/sup> trimester<\/strong><\/td>\n3rd<\/sup> \u00a0trimester<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Before treatment<\/td>\n0.271\u00b10.03<\/td>\n0.352\u00b10.03<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
After traditional treatment + r-HuEPO<\/td>\n0.208\u00b10.02<\/td>\n0.262\u00b10.02*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
% to the values before treatment<\/td>\n76%<\/td>\n74%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Thus, the conducted researches showed positive effect of the complex treatment, therewith the changes are observed beginning with the 2nd<\/sup> trimester of pregnancy. Thus, the represented data shows that the treatment of chronic pyelonephritis manifestations is the most effective if the therapeutic intervention is carried out with consideration of pathogenesis of this disease.<\/p>\n

Acknowledgement<\/strong><\/p>\n

The authors are grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their assessment of the study.<\/p>\n

Conflict of Interest Statement<\/strong><\/p>\n

The authors declare that they do not have any potential conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
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