{"id":1391,"date":"2015-03-25T07:20:32","date_gmt":"2015-03-25T07:20:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=1391"},"modified":"2020-04-25T11:02:25","modified_gmt":"2020-04-25T11:02:25","slug":"evaluation-of-antibacterial-and-antioxidant-activity-from-fruit-extract-of-cassia-fistula-l","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol3no1\/evaluation-of-antibacterial-and-antioxidant-activity-from-fruit-extract-of-cassia-fistula-l\/","title":{"rendered":"Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity from Fruit Extract of Cassia Fistula L."},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cassia fistula Linn<\/em> \u00a0is known as Amaltas, in Hindi which is \u00a0a\u00a0 medium \u00a0size tree belongs to family Caesalpiniodeae and is widely cultivated throughout India, It is widely used for its medicinal properties. The main property which is reported are \u00a0mild laxative1<\/sup>, cure of \u00a0skin disease2<\/sup>, wound healing3<\/sup>, Hypoglycemic4<\/sup>, antibacterial5<\/sup>, antifungal6<\/sup>, hypocholestremic7 <\/sup>hepatoprotective 8,9<\/sup>, antitumour 10<\/sup>, antioxidant11.12<\/sup>, antifertility 13<\/sup>. This plant is widely used in traditional medicine, in the present we are reporting \u00a0antibacterial and antioxidant potential \u00a0of 50% methanolic extract of the fruit from Cassia fistula.<\/em><\/p>\n

Material and\u00a0Method<\/strong><\/p>\n

Plant Material<\/strong><\/p>\n

The fresh fruit of Cassia fistula<\/em> linn was collected from shops of Bhopal, India and identified by N.K.Pandey of \u00a0Central Research Institute , Gwalior, India. A voucher specimen (field book No. 10630) has kept in our laboratory for future reference. The fruit were dried under shed and \u00a0dried powdered was \u00a0kept in a well closed container for further experiment.<\/p>\n

Preparation of extract<\/strong><\/p>\n

Powder of Cassia fistula<\/em> was treated with petroleum ether for defatiation for 30 minutes then extracted with 50% methanol until the colourless solution was obtained using separating funnel. The upper layer was collected and then extract was kept at water bath for\u00a0 drying thus the powder obtained which was used for the further experiment.<\/p>\n

Test organism<\/strong><\/p>\n

The following gram negative and gram positive bacteria i.e.\u00a0 Pseudomonas aeroginosae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Shigella flexineri, Bacillus subtilis & Escherichia coli <\/em>were used for antibacterial activity which were received from stock culture of our laboratory<\/p>\n

Methodology<\/strong><\/p>\n

Antibacterial activity<\/strong><\/p>\n

Antibacterial activity of 50% methanolic, extract from fruit of Cassia fistula<\/em> were investigated using \u00a0disk diffusion method 14<\/sup>. 20 ml of sterile Nutrient agar was added in \u00a0the test tube after that Petri plate were prepared and\u00a0 cultures were swabbed on the top of the solidified media and allow to dry . The test were conducted at four different concentration of the crude extract 25%, 50%, 75% & 100% (100 \u03bcl per disk ), the disk which was soaked with extract were placed on the surface of the medium the plate and were incubated for 12-18 h at 370<\/sup>c and the zone \u00a0> 8mm were considered not active against microorganism as \u00a0reported in the literature15<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Antioxidant Protocol<\/strong><\/p>\n

The hydroxyl radical attacked \u00a0deoxyribose and initiated a series of reaction that eventually resulted \u00a0in the formation of Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). The measurement of TBARS thus given an index of free radical scavenging activity. The reaction mixture consisted \u00a0of a deoxyribose (3mM, 100\u03bcl) Ferric chloride (Fe3+ <\/sup>0.2 mM\u00a0 50\u03bcl) EDTA (0.1mM, 50 \u03bcl) ascorbic acid (0.1 mM 100\u03bcl) and H2<\/sub>O2<\/sub>\u00a0 (1mM, 100\u03bcl) stock solution of Cassia fistula<\/em> extract\u00a0 2mg\/ml were prepared from which 200-2000 \u03bcl were added in Reaction mixture . The final volume was made up to 1 ml by adding adequate quantity of phosphate buffer saline (pH<\/sup> 7.4) and incubated for 1h at 370<\/sup>c. The Reaction was stopped by adding 0.5ml of\u00a0 5% TCA\u00a0 and 0.5ml of 1% TBA the mixture was than incubated \u00a0for 20 min in a boiling water bath. The absorbance was measured at 532 nm. Ascorbic acid was used as the positive control.\u00a0 The results are expressed as the percentage inhibition of TBARS as reported.16<\/sup>.<\/sub><\/p>\n

Result and\u00a0Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Antibacterial activity<\/strong><\/p>\n

50% methanolic extract of Cassia fistula<\/em> at the different concentration i.e. \u00a025%, 50%, 75%, 100% exhibited antibacterial against Bacillus subtilis<\/em> (9-13 mm), Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/em> (10-12mm), Staphylococcus aureus<\/em> (9-12mm) but the lower activity was observed against Shigella flexineri<\/em> (9 mm at 100%) E. coli<\/em> (9 mm at 100%) and Pseudomonas aeroginosae<\/em> (9 mm at 100%) the Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Cassia fistula<\/em> against gram positive bacteria i.e. Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus<\/em> was 25% but against gram negative bacteria Zone of inhibition was observed only in 100% \u00a0extract . Other concentration i.e. 25%,50 % and 75 % has not shown any zone of inhibition (table No.-1.)\u00a0 Result showed Cassia fistula<\/em> was effective against gram positive bacteria but it was very less effective against gram negative bacteria. Cassia fistula was also reported significant antibacterial activity against the some bacteria.5<\/sup> Our findings confirm the traditional therapeutic claims of \u00a0this herb.<\/p>\n

Table 1:\u00a0Antibacterial activity of Cassia fistula<\/em> against different bacterial strains<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Name of Bacteria \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Zone of Inhibition (mm)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Concentration of drug<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 25%\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 50%\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 75%\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 100%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(+ve)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bacillus subtilis \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 11\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Staphylococcus epidermidis \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 11\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Staphylococcs aureus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 12\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0(-ve)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Shigella flexineri\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Escherichia Coli\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pseudomonas aeroginosae\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 –<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Antioxidant activity<\/strong><\/p>\n

The extract of Casia fistula<\/em> showed\u00a0 \u00a0good antioxidant property in Fenton reaction model. The test drug was compared with a low concentration of ascorbic acid. Table-2 showed the % TBARS inhibition of methanolic extract of Cassia fistula<\/em> and ascorbic acid. Crude 50% methanolic extract of Cassia fistula<\/em> showed IC50<\/sub> at 1200 \u03bcg and the ascorbic acid showed \u00a0IC50<\/sub> at 200 \u03bcg. Aqueous extract of Cassia fistula (Linn.)<\/em> flowers (ACF) was reported\u00a0 for its antioxidant effect in alloxan induced diabetic rats 12<\/sup> but there are no report about the\u00a0 antioxidant activity of fruit extract of Cassia fistula<\/em> using Fenton reaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Graph<\/td>\n\n

Graph 1:\u00a0\u00a0% inhibition of TBARS by different concentration of Cassia fistulaextract<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0Click here to View\u00a0graph<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Table 2: In vitro antioxidant activity of 50% methanolic fruit extract from Cassia fistula<\/em> extract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Sr. No.<\/strong><\/td>\nConcentration of ascorbic acid (\u03bcg)<\/strong><\/td>\n% TBARS inhibition \u00a0SEM<\/strong><\/td>\nConcentration of cassia fistula<\/em> (\u03bcg)<\/strong><\/td>\n% TBARS inhibition \u00a0SEM<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\n50<\/td>\n43.420.63<\/td>\n200<\/td>\n28.800.21<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\n100<\/td>\n44.172.11<\/td>\n400<\/td>\n30.290.42<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\n150<\/td>\n40.880.00<\/td>\n600<\/td>\n35..40.42<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\n200<\/td>\n500.84<\/td>\n800<\/td>\n44.160.21<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\n25<\/td>\n54.011.26<\/td>\n1000<\/td>\n48.171.48<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\n300<\/td>\n58.031.26<\/td>\n1200<\/td>\n5000*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\n350<\/td>\n75.701.83<\/td>\n1400<\/td>\n55.470.84<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\n400<\/td>\n54.750.64<\/td>\n1600<\/td>\n32.972.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\n450<\/td>\n62.782.11<\/td>\n1800<\/td>\n32.110.21<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\n500<\/td>\n80.773.16<\/td>\n2000<\/td>\n36.132.11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

* denoted IC50 <\/sub>value of cassia extract<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

From the above result it may \u00a0be concluded that 50% methanolic fruit extract of Cassia fistula<\/em> has antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria but less activity in \u00a0gram negative bacteria. The antioxidant activity of this extract was also observed. These results are important because this plant is widely used for medicinal and ornamental purposes.<\/p>\n

Acknowledgment<\/strong><\/p>\n

The authors are thankful to Shri Madan Mohan Joshi, Chairmain and K.V.Pandya, Director of the Jawaharlal Nehru Cancer Hospital & Research Center, Bhopal for providing facilities to carry out the present work and also thankful to Ms. Nirmala Gupta ,Ms. Tripti Beohar, Ms. Silky Vishnoi and Ms. Deepika Mathur for help during standardization of the above techniques. Harish Gupta \u00a0would like to express his thank to Dr. Neeraj Upmanyu for giving him \u00a0permission to do work in JNCH&RC, Bhopal<\/p>\n

Reference<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Akanmu, M A., Iwalewa, E.O., Elujoba, A.A., Adelusola, K.A. \u201c Toxicity potential of Cassia fistula<\/em> fruits as laxative with reference to Senna<\/em>\u201d. African J. of Biomedical Research 7 (1); 23-26 (2004).<\/li>\n
  2. Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., Chopra I.C. \u201cGlossary of Indian Medicinal Plant\u201d Directorate of CSIR, New-Delhi 54 (1992).<\/li>\n
  3. \u00a0Bhakta, T., Mukharjee, P.K., Saha, K., Pal, K., Saha, B.P. Hypoglycemic activity of\u00a0 Cassia fistula linn<\/em> leaf methanolic\u00a0 extract in alloxon induce diabetic rat . \u00a0J. of Ethanobotany 9:35-38 (1997(b)).<\/li>\n
  4. Bhakta, T., Mukharjee, P.K., Pal, K., Saha, B.P. \u201cStudies on In-Vivo wound healing activity of Cassia fistula Linn<\/em> leaves in rat\u201d Natural product science 4 (2): 84-87 (1997(a)).<\/li>\n
  5. Samy, PR., lgnacimutha, S., Seh, A. \u201cScreening of 34 Indian medicinal plant for antibacterial properties\u201d. J. of Ethanopharmacology 62: 176-182 (1998).<\/li>\n
  6. Souwalak, P., Nongyao, P., vatcharin, R., \u201c Antifungal activity from leaf extract of Cassia alata L., Cassia fistula L., Cassia tora L<\/em>.\u201c Songkalahkarin J. of Science and Technology 26 (5): 741-748 (2004).<\/li>\n
  7. Saadany- EI-, S.S., EI-massry, R.A., Labib, S.M., Sitohy, M.Z., \u201cBiochemical role and Hypocholestrolemic potential of the legume Cassia fistula<\/em> in Hypocholestrolemic rat\u201d Nenrung\u00a0 35:807-815 (1991).<\/li>\n
  8. Pradeep, K., Chandraskaran, V.R.M., Gobianand, K., Karthikeyan, S., \u201cEffect of\u00a0 Cassia fistula linn. <\/em>Leaf extract on diethylnitrosamine induced hepatic injury in Rat\u201d Chemico- Biological intraction 167: 12-18 (2007).<\/li>\n
  9. Bhakta, T., Pulok, K., Mukharjee, P.K. Banerjee, S., Subhash, C.M., Maity, T.K., Pal, M., saha, B.P. Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of Cassia fistula<\/em> leaf extract J. of Ethanopharmacology 66: 277-282 (1999).<\/li>\n
  10. Gupta, M., Mazumdar, U.K., Rath, N., Mukhopandhyay, D.K. \u201cAntitumour activity of methanolic extract of Cassia\u00a0 fistula L<\/em>., Seeds against Erich ascites carcinoma \u00a0J. of Etharnopharmacology 72. 151-156 (2000).<\/li>\n
  11. Siddhuraja, P., Mohan, P.S., Becker, k., Studies on Antioxidant activity of Indian laburnum (Cassia fistula L<\/em>.): a Preliminary assessment of and extract from stem bark, leaves, flowers and fruit pulp \u00a0J. of food chemistry 79:61-67 (2002).<\/li>\n
  12. Manomani, G., Bhavpriya, V., Kalpana,S., Govindsamy., S., Apparaanatham, T. Antioxidant activity of Cassia fistula (Linn)<\/em> flower in alloxon induced. Diabetic rats J. of Ethanopharmacology 97: 39-42 (2005).<\/li>\n
  13. Yadav, R., Jain, G.C.\u00a0 Antifertility effect and hormonal profile of petroleum ether extract of seeds of Cassia fistula<\/em> in female Rats \u00a0International J. of \u00a0Pharma Tech Research 1 (3): 438-444 (2009).<\/li>\n
  14. Bauer, A.W., Kirby WMM, Sherries, J.C., Turck, M.,\u00a0 Antibiotic susceptibility testing by standardized single disc method \u00a0American J. of clinical pathology 36: 493-96 (1966).<\/li>\n
  15. Nehru, S.S., Zuraini, Z., Sasidharan, S., Suryani, S.,\u00a0 Antimicrobial activities of Cassia surattensis and Cassia fistul<\/em>a \u00a0J. of molecular Biology and Biotechnology1:1-4 (2008).<\/li>\n
  16. Uma Devi, P., Vrinda, B., \u201cradiation protection of human Limphocyte chromosomes in vitra by Orientin and Vicenin\u201d\u00a0 Mutation research 498:39-46 (2001).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Introduction Cassia fistula Linn \u00a0is known as Amaltas, in Hindi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1391","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol3no1"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1391","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1391"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1391\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33093,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1391\/revisions\/33093"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1391"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1391"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1391"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}