{"id":13820,"date":"2017-03-25T11:28:22","date_gmt":"2017-03-25T11:28:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=13820"},"modified":"2020-04-23T09:31:55","modified_gmt":"2020-04-23T09:31:55","slug":"diagnostical-appreciation-of-physiological-reaction-of-intravascular-thrombocytes-activity-of-two-years-old-mice-to-regular-physical-loads","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol10no1\/diagnostical-appreciation-of-physiological-reaction-of-intravascular-thrombocytes-activity-of-two-years-old-mice-to-regular-physical-loads\/","title":{"rendered":"Diagnostical Appreciation of Physiological Reaction of intravascular Thrombocytes’ Activity of two-Years-old Mice to Regular Physical Loads"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Age-specific changes can be met in the whole wildlife. They are mostly genetically conditioned mechanism (Amelina et al., 2009; Dontcov et al., 2010 ) of gradual weakening of organism\u2019s functions leading finally to its inevitable death and to natural change of generations (Kiskun, 2008; Medvedev et al., 2012a). It was noted that different diseases (Medvedev et al., 2010d; Mitrokhina et al., 2014; Karar et al., 2015) and ontogenetic changes negatively influence functional features of thrombocyte hemostasis of mammals and men (Medvedev et al., 2005a; Kutafina et al., 2015b) often promoting thrombophilia formation in their organisms (Medvedev et al., 2004a; Vatnikov et al., 2015). Given phenomena have rather great significance in the process of different diseases\u2019 progressing even in young years (Medvedev et al., 2010b; Sizov et al., 2015). Thrombocytes\u2019 hyper functioning is especially evident traced at cardiovascular pathology (Simonenko et al., 2011c; Medvedev et al., 2013) met among men more often with ageing (Cary, 2012; Medvedev et al., 2012b). Because of the fact that the surface of activated thrombocytes is the basis for all hemostasis processes (Medvedev et al., 2004b) it becomes clear that at increasing of their ability to aggregation invivo risk of different vessels\u2019 thrombosis sharply increases (Simonenko et al., 2010b; Medvedev et al., 2010). That\u2019s why experimental search of available variants of blood platelets activity optimization in conditions of age-specific pathology (Medevedev et al., 2005c) and especially on the background of its appearance risk (Medvedev et al., 2016b; Zavalishina et al., 2016) is of great practical interest. As a variant of impact we thought to be perspective application of nonmedicinal means including very effective and popular ones \u2013 adequate physical practices (Medvedev et al., 2015a). They don\u2019t have negative side effects and have already shown the ability to decrease to some extent thrombocyte activity at cardiovascular diseases (Gromnatskii et al., 2003; Medvedev et al., 2006). Their application decreased the danger of thrombosis coming what is one of leading factors of lifetime limitation at cardial pathology (Simonenko et al., 2007a; Purushothaman et al., 2014). At the same time some abilities of physical practices aren\u2019t cleared up enough. We mean limitation field of age-specific thrombocyte activity strengthening in a mature healthy organism without any pathology signs. It\u2019s rather convenient to solve the given problem in model conditions with the help of laboratory animals. That\u2019s why the aim of the research was formulated as follows \u2013 to appreciate physical loads\u2019 impact on rising intravascular thrombocyte activity of healthy mice during the second year of their life.<\/p>\n

Materials \u00a0and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fulfilled work was made in strict accordance with ethical principles established by the European convention about the defense of vertebral animals used for experimental and other scientific aims (adopted in Strasbourg on 18. 03. 1986 and confirmed in Strasbourg on 15. 06. 2006).<\/p>\n

There were taken 93 healthy mice-males of 12-months\u2019 age into the investigation. 45 of them composed experimental group and 48 composed control group.<\/p>\n

The formation of experimental and control animal groups was made by casual getting mice out of the cages, where animals of the same age lived, after their darkening for the removal of the researcher\u2019s subjective factor. Both experimental and control animals were healthy during the whole period of time preceded taking into investigation, were kept in similar conditions and haven\u2019t taken part in any experiments before.<\/p>\n

Animals of both groups were kept in vivarium in spacious cages (the area of cage\u2019s floor for one animal was 299cm2<\/sup>). In one cage there were kept not more than 8 individuals. Cages were changed twice a week, Animals were removed into clean disinfected cages. The floor of cages was covered with litter of 5-10mm width (sawdust, wood chippings or felt turf) which was autoclaved before application at the temperature of 150-1800<\/sup>C. The litter was changed every day. Natural light was used; the temperature was kept at the level of 18-220<\/sup>C and relative humidity of 50-65%. Maximum allowed concentration of ammonia in vivarium\u00a0 was considered to be 0,01mg\/l, of carbonic acid in the whole volume \u2013 0,15%, at ventilation rate (volumes in an hour) \u2013 drawing out \u2013 8, inflow \u2013 10. Mice got fully rationed combined feed for laboratory animals\u00a0 PK-120 produced by the firm \u201cLaboratorkorm\u201d (Moscow, Russia). Water was in free access.<\/p>\n

For the fulfillment of biochemical and hematological investigations animals\u2019 blood was taken through a thick needle from caudal vein. The activity of plasma\u2019s lipid peroxidation processes was appreciated according to the quantity of thiobarbituric acid-active products in it with the help of reagents\u2019 set produced by the firm \u201cAgat-Med\u201d (Russia) and to the level of acylhydroperoxides (Chevari et al., 1991) taking into account plasma antioxidant activity (Volchegorskiy et al., 2000). The number of thrombocytes in blood was defined in Gorjaev\u2019s cell. Intravascular thrombocyte activity was appreciated with the help of phase-contrast microscopy (Medvedev et al., 2009).<\/p>\n

Experimental animals during a year experienced daily physical loads on horizontal treadmill TORNEO by the firm KETLER moving with the speed 5m\/min. Animals were placed in one of the sections of a rectangular wooden framework placed on the treadmill and divided by wooden partitions into 3 parts for individual placement of an animal. On the first day the duration of loading was equal to 1min, then each day it became longer on 1min, till it reached 25minutes a day at its follow-up invariable duration during a day to the end of investigation (Pyabysheva, 2012). The appreciation of the common mice\u2019 state in experimental and control groups was fulfilled daily at thrice-repeated registration of all the considered indices: at the beginning of investigation (at the age of 12 months), at the age of 18 months and at the age of 24 months. Statistical processing of the results was fulfilled by Student\u2019s t-criteria.<\/p>\n

Table 1: Biochemical and hematological indices of 2nd<\/sup> year old mice on the background of regular physical loads<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Indicators<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\nExperimental group, M\u00b1m(n=45)<\/strong><\/td>\nControl group, M\u00b1m (n=48)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n12 months<\/strong><\/td>\n18 months<\/strong><\/td>\n24 months<\/strong><\/td>\n12 months<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
of plasma, D233<\/sub>\/l ml<\/td>\n1,53\u00b10,015<\/td>\n1,56\u00b10,014<\/td>\n1,59\u00b10,019<\/td>\n1,52\u00b10,018<\/td>\n1,60\u00b10,024*<\/td>\n1,95\u00b10,033**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Thiobarbituric<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
acid-products of<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
plasma, mkmol\/l<\/td>\n3,59\u00b10,012<\/td>\n3,62\u00b10,016<\/td>\n3,66\u00b10,021<\/td>\n3,61\u00b10,022<\/td>\n3,80\u00b10,016*<\/td>\n4,22\u00b10,042**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Antioxidant activity<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
of plasma, %<\/td>\n<\/td>\n32,8\u00b10,33<\/td>\n32,4\u00b10,29<\/td>\n32,2\u00b10,37<\/td>\n32,6\u00b10,24<\/td>\n30,7\u00b10,32*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Thrombocytes-<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
discocytes, %<\/td>\n<\/td>\n78,9\u00b10,22<\/td>\n78,2\u00b10,14<\/td>\n77,9\u00b10,19<\/td>\n79,4\u00b10,18<\/td>\n77,2\u00b10,15*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sum of thrombocytes\u2019<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
active forms, %<\/td>\n21,1\u00b10,18<\/td>\n21,8\u00b10,15<\/td>\n22,1\u00b10,16<\/td>\n20,6\u00b10,14<\/td>\n22,8\u00b10,19*<\/td>\n29,6\u00b10,17**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Thrombocytes\u2019<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
number in<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
aggregates, %<\/td>\n<\/td>\n4,9\u00b10,08<\/td>\n4,9\u00b10,07<\/td>\n5,1\u00b10,09<\/td>\n<\/td>\n4,8\u00b10,12<\/td>\n4,9\u00b10,05*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Number of little<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
aggregates<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(in 100 free<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
thrombocytes)<\/td>\n<\/td>\n3,6\u00b10,10<\/td>\n3,7\u00b10,09<\/td>\n3,8\u00b10,12<\/td>\n<\/td>\n3,5\u00b10,07<\/td>\n3,6\u00b10,09*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Number of medium<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
and large aggregates<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(in 100 free<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0thrombocytes)<\/td>\n0,14\u00b10,006<\/td>\n0,15\u00b10,005<\/td>\n0,14\u00b10,006<\/td>\n0,13\u00b10,008<\/td>\n0,17\u00b10,004*<\/td>\n0,38\u00b10,003**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Results<\/strong><\/p>\n

Both experimental and control mice before the beginning of investigation showed no differences in all the considered indices. While ageing control animals were noted to have gradual increase of acylhydroperoxides\u2019 and thiobarbituric acid-products\u2019 quantity in plasma at the decrease of its antioxidant activity. At the same time experimental mice during investigation used to show stable level of plasma lipid peroxidation and its antioxidant protectability. So, at the age of 24 months they had acylhydroperoxides at the level 1,59\u00b10,019 D233<\/sub>\/1ml , thiobarbituric acid-active products \u2013 3,66\u00b10,021mkmol\/l and at the value of plasma antioxidant activity \u2013 32,2\u00b10,37%. Control mice of 24months\u2019 age had the following considered indices \u2013 1,95\u00b10,033 D233<\/sub>\/1 ml, 4,22\u00b10,042 mkmol\/l and 26,2\u00b10,27% correspondingly.<\/p>\n

Compared at the start of investigation levels of thrombocytes-discocytes in the blood of mice from both groups began while ageing to differ evidently \u2013 in control group they decreased on 12,8% at the increase of thrombocytes\u2019 active forms sum to 29,6\u00b10,17%. The quantity of small and large thrombocyte aggregates in control mice\u2019 blood during investigation period increased on 38,6% and 65,8% correspondingly. And the number of thrombocytes included into aggregates increased on 18,6% in case of control animals during the second year of life.<\/p>\n

Conducted regular physical loads were accompanied in experimental group of mice by stability of not high intravascular thrombocyte activity (table). Discocytes\u2019 quantity in bloodstream of these animals at the age of 24 months was equal to 77,9\u00b10,19% at not large total quantity of blood platelets\u2019 active forms (22,1\u00b10,16%) (Figure). It provided invariably not high level of freely circulating aggregates of different sizes in their blood at not large thrombocytes\u2019 involvement into them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 1: Intravascular platelet activity in rats of the second year of life, experiencing regular exercise.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

In previous investigations it was noted that regular physical loads are able in pathology conditions to influence positively many organism\u2019s parameters including thrombocyte hemostasis (Gromnatskii et al., 2003; Medvedev et al., 2013). At the same time, potential of their impact in conditions of full health\u00a0 on coming with age changes of thrombocytes\u2019 activity are still examined rather poorly (Shitikova, 2010; Kutafina et al., 2015a). In order to fill this gap in our scientific knowledge we fulfilled in experimental conditions the appreciation of regular moderate physical loads\u2019 impact on the state of intravascular thrombocyte activity. The work was fulfilled with the help of mice of the 2nd<\/sup> year of life. This age was chosen because at this stage of mice\u2019 ontogenesis many age-specific changes gradually appear and increase (Medvedev et al., 2016b).<\/p>\n

The animals of the control group were noted to have gradual increase of lipid peroxidation activity in plasma. It is known that it, with the help of some mechanisms, is able to strengthen intravascular thrombocyte aggregation. One of these mechanisms is, without any doubt, stimulation of \u00a0Willybrand\u2019s \u00a0factor\u00a0 production in vessels which is rather often met with age and is sometimes the leading cause of thrombophilia formation. Besides, on the background of age-specific peroxidation strengthening in plasma we had obligate depression increase of vascular antiaggregants\u2019 synthesis \u2013 prostacyclin and nitric oxide (Simonenko et al., 2010a; Medvedev et al., 2016a). Judging by the increase of thrombocytes aggregants\u2019 quantity in control mice\u2019 blood on the surface of their thrombocytes there was age-specific gradual increase of thrombocyte receptors\u2019 number and activity towards constantly present in blood physiological aggregation inductors \u2013 collagen, thrombone, ADF and participant of the given process \u2013 fibrinogen (Simonenko et al., 2007b). This, in its turn, inevitably led in case of control animals to strengthening in thrombocytes of their aggregation realization mechanisms activated under the impact of strong and weak inductors.In this context it will be correct to connect the growth of control animals\u2019 thrombocyte aggregation in response to strong inductors with activity rise of thrombocyte phospholipase C, synthesis strengthening in thrombocytes of diacylglicerol and protein kinase C , rise of proteins\u2019 phospholirirovation and their contractile system (Medvedev et al., 2005b). These changes in mice\u2019 thrombocytes during the 2nd<\/sup> year of life inevitably led to strengthening of \u00a0Ca2+<\/sup> supply into them contributing to more evident actomyosin reduction in the process of thrombocytes\u2019 activation by strong inductors (Simonenko et al., 2011b). There is no doubt that strengthening of thrombocyte reaction of control animals on weak inductors is mostly connected with activity rise of thrombocyte phospholipase\u00a0 A2<\/sub> actively evolving arachidonic\u00a0 acid out of thrombocytes\u2019 phospholipids (Medvedev et al., 2010c; Simonenko et al., 2011a), what leads to the intensification of the synthesis in them of a mighty aggregation stimulator \u2013 thromboxane A2<\/sub> (Medvedev et al., 2015b). Summarizing literature data we can say that increase of thrombocyte aggregates\u2019 number in control mice\u2019 blood while ageing and decrease of discoid thrombocytes points not only at progressive increase of thrombocyte readiness to participation in hemostasis (Burnier et al., 2009; Safdar et al., 2015), but also at the stimulation from their side of all the rest hemostatical mechanisms (Medvedev et al., 2008; Garg et al., 2015; Jadhav et al., 2015).<\/p>\n

Experimental mice experiencing during the 2nd<\/sup> year of life regular daily physical loads were noted to keep optimal thrombocyte activity. Reached effect was evidently possible as the result of \u00a0maintaining on the optimal level of factors stimulating thrombocytes\u2019 aggregation and mechanisms realizing it in case of experimental mice (in plasma, in thrombocytes\u2019 membranes and thrombocyte cytoplasm). So, experimental mice during investigation were noted to keep rather high activity of plasma antioxidant system effectively suppressing lipids\u2019 peroxidation processes in it. This minimized its negative impact on surface thrombocytes\u2019 structures and vascular endothelium. Because of that having regular physical loads mice kept stable not large plasma level of Willybrand\u2019s factor and functionally enough production of vascular antiaggregants \u2013 prostacyclin and nitric oxide (Dontcov et al., 2010). Low level of thrombocyte aggregates in experimental mice\u2019 blood pointed at maintaining of the optimal state of their receptor and postreceptor mechanisms of thrombocytes\u2019 functioning (Kutafina et al., 2015a). So, on experimental animals\u2019 thrombocytes, without any doubt, was kept not high density and not large activity of thrombocyte receptors to ADF, collagen, thrombin and fibrinogen (Simonenko et al., 2007b). At the same time stabilization of not high thrombocyte activity was provided in case of experimental animals by keeping at the level near to the initial one of the activity of impact mechanisms on thrombocytes of strong and weak aggregation inductors. In this connection we can speak about experimental mice\u2019 keeping not high activity of phospholipase C and proteinkinase C and not large intensity of proteins\u2019 phospholirirovation of contractile thrombocytes\u2019 system (Medvedev et al., 2005b). It led in these mice\u2019 thrombocytes to supporting of stable not high production of diacylglicerol and inositolthreephosphat. It provided minimum necessary supply of Ca2+<\/sup> from the depot into their cytoplasm suppressing in such a way the evidence of actomyosin reduction (Simonenko et al., 2011b). It became clear that experimental mice\u2019 thrombocytes also kept not high phospholipase A2<\/sub> activity. It provided evolving of physiologically minimum quantity of arachidonic acid out of their membranes\u2019 phospholipids providing optimal level of thromboxane A2<\/sub> synthesis (Medvedev et al., 2013; Medvedev et al., 2015b).<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Healthy mice at the age of more than 12 months are noted to have gradual strengthening of thrombocytes\u2019 aggregation ability in vivo. Regular daily physical loads of mice between 12 and 24 months of their life keep intravascular thrombocytes\u2019 activity at the level near to the initial one suppressing its age-specific strengthening.<\/p>\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n

No Conflict of interest to declare.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

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