{"id":1030,"date":"2015-02-16T06:35:25","date_gmt":"2015-02-16T06:35:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=1030"},"modified":"2020-04-25T08:39:35","modified_gmt":"2020-04-25T08:39:35","slug":"biochemical-changes-in-vector-control-workers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol2no2\/biochemical-changes-in-vector-control-workers\/","title":{"rendered":"Biochemical Changes in Vector Control Workers"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

The vectors of malaria in India. are Anopheles culcifacies, Anopheles Stephensi, Anopheles fluviatilis, Anopheles sundaicus, Anopheles philippinensis, Anopheles minimus and Anopheles balabacensis.\u00a0 Anopheles culcifacies\u00a0 is widely distributed throughout the plains of \u00a0India which is responsible for spreading the malaria..\u00a0 Malarial parasites are transmitted from infected people to susceptible people by the bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes.\u00a0 Vector mosquitoes become infected by feeding on the blood of infected people and the parasite undergo another phase of reproduction in the infected mosquito. India is endemic to vector-borne diseases requiring spraying insecticides (Sharma, 1985).\u00a0 The spraying of organic poisonous pesticides would be effective\u00a0 in the control of vectors. DDT was used in large quantities. Total DDT residue in blood in exposed workers is reported to be 10 times higher than the same in unexposed control (Chand et al., 1991). Serum organochlorine residues are reported at a higher concentration in the workers engaged in spraying DDT, HCH, and lindane for vector control in Sao Jose de Riopreto, Brazil (Minelli and Riberiro,1996).\u00a0 A.culcifacies the vector responsible for the spread of malaria developed resistance to DDT hence control of vector and malaria was not effective.\u00a0 This was confirmed by the susceptibility tests for insecticides. As replacement insecticides, dieldrin and BHC\u00a0 were considered. All the chemicals used in various concentrations, all these years, nearly for a centaury are ineffective to eradicate or even control the vectors to a considerable degree till today.\u00a0 Thus the continuous spraying of these poisonous chemicals caused irreversible damage to living creatures, plants and animals from micro-organism to man causing irreversible damage to the environment, ecology, atmosphere, soil, subsoil, water and all the precious gift of nature.<\/p>\n

Materials And Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

Experimental Design<\/strong><\/p>\n

The subjects were spray men recruited in various zones of the Corporation of Chennai. Employees of the Corporation of Chennai with similar Socio-economic conditions who were not involved at any time in spraying operations formed the control group.<\/p>\n

Haematological indices \u00a0and Biochemical Picture<\/strong><\/p>\n

Haemoglobin, Packed cell volume (PCV), RBC (Red blood corpuscles ) count or erythrocyte count, Mean corpuscuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), Osmotic fragility, and the biochemical parameters like blood glucose, serum cholesterol, urea and creatinine were estimated by the following methods.<\/p>\n

Haemoglobin was estimated by the cyanmethhaemoglobin method of Drabkin and Austin (1932), as the standard method by the International Committee for standardization in Hematology (1965) and British Standards Institution (1966).\u00a0 Haematocrit [Packed Cell Volume (PCV)]\u00a0 was estimated by the Wintrobe macromethod (Wintrobe, 1933).\u00a0 Haematocrit is defined as the volume of erythrocytes expressed as a percentage of the volume of the whole blood. Erythrocyte count was estimated by the haemocytometer method (John 1972).\u00a0 The erythrocyte count is expressed as cells per cubic millimeter of blood.\u00a0 Erythrocytes indices were arrived at from the method described by Wolf et al<\/em> (1973).\u00a0\u00a0 Osmotic fragility of erythrocytes was done by the method of\u00a0 Wolf et al<\/em> (1973).\u00a0 Blood glucose was estimated by the method of\u00a0 Dubowski (1962) modified by Sasaki and Matsui (1972). Cholesterol was determined by ferricchloride colour reaction by the method of Parekh and Jung (1970). Urea was estimated by the method of Natelson (1957).\u00a0 Plasma creatinine was measured by the method of Brod and Sirota (1948)<\/p>\n

Results and Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

The haematological and biochemical changes in the\u00a0 spraymen were represented in table \u2013 1. Haemoglobin and packed cell volume decreased in the spraymen when compared with the controls.\u00a0 Similarly the levels of RBC showed a significant change (P<0.05) when compared with the controls.\u00a0 The values of MCV and MCH also showed reduction in the spraymen.\u00a0 The osmotic fragility of RBC increased in the\u00a0 spraymen\u00a0 (P<0.05)\u00a0 which is shown in Figure – 1<\/p>\n

Table 1: \u00a0Heamatological indices in control and spraymen.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Particulars<\/strong><\/td>\nControl<\/strong><\/td>\nSpraymen<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Haemoglobin (g\/dl)<\/td>\n10.20\u00b10.57<\/td>\n8.05\u00b14.08*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Packed cell volume (%)<\/td>\n33.62\u00b14.78<\/td>\n27.15\u00b111.72*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
RBCCount(x10 cells\/cu.mm of blood)<\/td>\n4.20\u00b10.25<\/td>\n4.05\u00b11.08*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
MCV (\u00b5\u00b5m)<\/td>\n80\u00b121.38<\/td>\n67.03\u00b128.02*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
MCH (\u00b5\u00b5g)<\/td>\n24.28\u00b17.1<\/td>\n19.87\u00b16.83*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
MCHC(%)<\/td>\n30.35\u00b10.78<\/td>\n29.65\u00b10.78<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Osmotic Fragility<\/td>\n0.40\u00b10.01<\/td>\n0.46\u00b10.006*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Glucose (mg\/dl)<\/td>\n99.29\u00b119.32<\/td>\n76.16\u00b115.35*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cholesterol (mg\/dl)<\/td>\n188.76\u00b123.77<\/td>\n162.41\u00b127.58*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Urea (mg\/dl)<\/td>\n32.09\u00b18.33<\/td>\n22.98\u00b114.82<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Creatinine (mg\/dl)<\/td>\n1.14\u00b10.47<\/td>\n\n

1.32\u00b10.55<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Values are expressed as mean \u00b1<\/p>\n

Represents significance at the range of p<0.05<\/p>\n

Osmotic fragility curves of Control and Spraymen<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 1:<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

The levels of glucose and cholesterol were decreased significantly in spraymen (P<0.05) when compared with the controls. Creatinine and urea were within the range suggesting normal function of kidney. A sublethal dose of karate was administered rabbits have shown significant increase in the total erythrocyte count and\u00a0 PCV along with SGOT and SGPT after 15 days of administration\u00a0 (Shakoori et al<\/em> 1992).\u00a0 The low levels of glucose suggests hypoglycemia in these spraymen.\u00a0 .\u00a0 Feeding dietary pirimiphos- methyl, an insecticide to rats for 28 days has produced hypoglycemia with increased blood urea and and increased the excretion of urea, protein, glucorinic ucid, and ethereal sulphate in urine (Rajini and Krishnakumari, 1988).\u00a0 Joshi et al <\/em>\u00a0(1996) observed low cholesterol level (150 mg %) in 38 % of spraymen.\u00a0 A significant association is observed\u00a0 between their length of exposure, their levels of cholesterol and the HCH isomers in the blood of spraymen.<\/p>\n

The spraymen with longer duration of spraying generally had one or more of the following clinical symptoms .\u00a0 The early symptoms observed were the headache, giddiness, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, sweating, constriction of pupils, excessive lacrimation and salivation.\u00a0 They also showed weakness, tightness in chest, non -reactive pin point pupils, diarrhea,\u00a0 abdominal cramps, bleeding from gums, nose or skin, fatigue, dizziness and chest pain.\u00a0 More than 95 % of the spraymen were alcoholics and smokers.\u00a0 Chronic toxicity is present, where the effects are produced by long term intake of\u00a0 lower or intermittent doses (Sharp 1986)<\/p>\n

Reference<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Sharma V.P., Malaria\u00a0 problems of pollution and prospects of integrated disease vector control in India.\u00a0 Regional meeting of the national MAS.\u00a0 Committees of Central and South Asian Coutries, New Delhi, India. (1985).<\/li>\n
  2. Chand B., Sankaranarayanan T., Yadava R.L., Narasimham M.V.,\u00a0 J.Commun.Dis. 23 (4) : 245 \u2013 247 (1991).<\/li>\n
  3. Minelli E.V., Reberiro M.L., Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of\u00a0 Chemistry, UNESP C.P.355\u00a0 : 14800 -900 (1996).<\/li>\n
  4. Drabkin, D.L.R. and\u00a0 Austin, J.H. J. Biol. Chem.,98:719 \u2013 733. (1932).<\/li>\n
  5. Wintrobe. Am.J. Med. Sci., 135:58 (1933).<\/li>\n
  6. John, M.B. In : Laboratory Medicine Haematology, Fourth Edition, C.V.Mosby Co., St. Louis pp.1198 \u2013 1204. (1972).<\/li>\n
  7. Wolf,\u00a0 P.F., Ferguson, P.,\u00a0 Mills. I.T.,\u00a0 Von Der\u00a0 Muehll,\u00a0 E, and\u00a0 Thompson, M, (ed), John Wiely and Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 250 \u2013 252. (1973).<\/li>\n
  8. Dubowski, K.M.Clin.Chem., 8 : 215 \u2013 235 (1962).<\/li>\n
  9. Sasaki, T. and Matsui, S. rinsho Kagaku, 1: 346 \u2013 358 (1972).<\/li>\n
  10. Parekh, A.C.and Jung, D.H. Anal. Chem., 42 : 1423 \u2013 1427 (1970).<\/l \n
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    Introduction The vectors of malaria in India. are Anopheles culcifacies, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1030","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol2no2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1030","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1030"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1030\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33039,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1030\/revisions\/33039"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1030"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1030"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1030"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}