Miana (Coleus scutellariodes) Inhibits Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-kB) Activity and its Antibacterial and Anti-inflammatory Benefits in Infectious Diseases: Review Article

Ade Rifka Junita^1,2, Firdaus Hamid³, Budu Budu⁴, Rosdiana Natzir⁵, Yusmina Hala⁶, Gemini Alam⁷, Rosana Agus⁷, Burhanuddin Bahar⁸, Ahmad Syukri^1,2, Muhammad Reza Primaguna⁹, Ressy Dwiyanti^10,11, Andini Febrianti¹¹, Azhar Azhar¹² and Mochammad Hatta^2*

¹Postgraduate School, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

²Molecular Biology and Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

³Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

⁴Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

⁵Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

⁶Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Makassar University, Makassar, Indonesia

⁷Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

⁸Department of Biostatistic, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.

⁹Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.

¹⁰Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tadulako University, Palu, Indonesia

¹¹Department of Forensic and Medicolegal, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.

¹²Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.

Corresponding Author E-mail: hattaram@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Miana, also known as Coleus scutellariodes, is a supplement agent frequently used to treat infectious disorders. Its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory mechanisms are not well understood. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), which acts as a major regulator in these infectious processes, strongly induces proinflammatory cytokines via I-kB through its connection with the NF-kB receptor, which affects cytokine production, and angiogenesis via the role of VEGF and HIF-1. VEGF is an angiogenic factor that can trigger cellular responses on the surface of endothelial cells via the NF-kB pathway. HIF-1 has a critical role in the cellular response to systemic oxygen levels of cells. This article's objective is to provide a thorough analysis of molecular mechanisms of NF-kB in relation to infectious diseases treated by Miana. Methods: To obtain the data for this study, relevant reference lists were manually searched in the PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus databases using the keywords "Miana", "Coleus scutellariodes", "NF-kB", "antibacterial", "anti-inflammation" and "Infectious diseases." as significant reference lists. This review article included and narratively covered each appropriate article from the database above. Results: It was found in several articles that NF-kB and molecular mechanisms of Miana in infectious diseases are strongly related, and that these mechanisms may be used to cure and prevent infectious diseases. The molecular mechanism of Miana containing the active component of flavonoids is broad and complex, in which the induced NF-kB has two main pathways, namely canonical and non-canonical initially from the upstream and downstream of NF-kB activities and there is intricate crosstalk of NF-kB. Conclusions: Miana treats infectious diseases through NF-kB, which functions mainly through a variety of mechanisms. Miana's treatment of infectious diseases with NF-kB leads to the conclusion that NF-kB is a stimulator of several proinflammatory cytokines. Additionally, Miana can reduce HIF-1 expression, and HIF-1 is also in function of upregulating some angiogenic factors in infectious diseases, therefore Miana may suppress NF-kB activities both in vitro and in vivo. Miana contains an active component of flavonoid, which has broad capabilities in both inflammatory and non-inflammatory processes, thus research is urgently needed that links from upstream to downstream of its molecular mechanisms. Besides that, a more detailed study is needed on the intricate crosstalk in the inflammatory process due to microorganism infection through NF-kB activity in Miana interventions containing flavonoid active substances.

Keywords: Antibacterial; Anti-inflammation; Miana (Coleus scutellariodes); Infectious Diseases; Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-kB)

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