Chaturvedi R, Bhargava S. C, Sonkar N, Jha C. B. Rajata in Ayurvedic Therapeutics. Biomed Pharmacol J 2009;2(2)
Manuscript received on :October 22, 2009
Manuscript accepted on :November 30, 2009
Published online on: 18-11-2015
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Rekha chaturvedi, Subhash Chandra Bhargava, Niranjan Sonkar and C. B. Jha

Department of Rashastra, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Science, Banasra Hindu University, Varanasi India

Abstract

Metals and minerals are known to human beings since pre-vaidic period. Earliar they were used for domestic purposes as to make household things like knife, utensils, hunting tools e.t.c. Later on their use was started to procure health. After that therapeutic properties of metals were also recognized and their use was started to treat the diseases. Rajata is also well known metal used in ayurvedic therapeutics since samhita kala. With the development of Ras Shastra processing technologies of metals developed. Various methods of shodhan and marana were introduced and use of Rajata bhasma in many formulations was started to treat severe diseases. In this paper effort have been made to compile ayurvedic formulations indicated in many acute and chronic diseases in which Rajata is an important ingredient.

Keywords

Rajata; Ayurveda

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Introduction

Ayurveda is most ancient medical system of India known to human being since time immemorial. It is as old as Indian civilization. It is science of life. In ayurvedic literature, diseased condition is defined as imbalance or loss of equilibrium of natural harmony of body, mind and spirit. Ayurveda not only guide to maintain this harmony but also recommend the various ways to normalize the deranged harmony among body mind and spirit.

Medicines of Ayurveda can be divided into two groups: Kasthaushdhies and Rasaaushdhies. Rasaushdhies are mainly prepared from metlas and minerals. These are more famous among the vaidyas because of their certain qualities like quick action, low doses, tastelessness, long shelf life e.t.c. Ras Shastra is an important branch of Ayurveda in which materials obtained from earth are processed and changed into therapeutically useful medicaments. These medicines are known as Rasaushdhies. Development of Ras Shastra was started in 600 B.C. Materials of Ras Shastra were divided in different groups like Maharasa, Uparasa, Sadharan Ras, Dhatu, Updhatu, Ratna, Upratna, Visha, Upvisha, Sudha and Sikta varga e.t.c. Samanya shodhan , vishesh shodhana, Marana,Jarana, Murchchna,  Amritikaran, Lohitikaran like specialized mineral processing techniques. These are used in various dosage forms like shuddha dravya, bhasma, druti, satva, parpati and pottali.

Rajata is a metal kept in Dhatu Varga. Since vaidic period people were known to its properties of increasing immunity power, body strength, mind and satva. To achieve long life people used silver pot to drink water and eat food. In samhita kala metals were being used in churna form in different formulations. Later  processing technology of Rajata developed and Rajata Bhasms was being prepared with the help of different drugs. Thus use of Rajata bhasma started in pure bhasma form and in formulations too.

Brief descripion of Rajata

Mythological origin1

Rajata is generated from the tears of third eye of lord shiva.

When Tin is processed with the help of mercury then it changes into silver.

Varieties2

1  3 typesSahaja, Khanija, Kratrim

2 Types- Tarshukla and Tarkrisna.

3 Types– Khanija, Vangaja & Vedhaja

Properties of grahya and agrahya Rajata3

Rajata which is heavy, smooth, soft, white in colour like Shankha or moon, unaffected from intense heat is said to be taken for preparation of Rajata bhasma and which is thick, becomes yellowish red, rough and light on heating, breaks with cracks, looks hard on hammering should not be taken for pharmaceutical work.

Shodhan drugs4

Agastya patra Swarasa, Malkangni Taila, Nimbu Swarasa, Changeri Swarasa, Naga, Kshara, Amla, tankana

Marana drugs5

Parad, Hartal, Gandhak, , Swarnamakshik, and Hingula.

Pharmacological properties6 

Rasa-  Madhur, Kasaya, Amla

 Guna- Snigdha, Guru, Sara

 Virya- Sheta

 Vipaka-Madhur

Effect on doshas- Vata Kapha nashak

Dose7

1/4-1 Ratti (31-125mg)

Chemical properties8

Chemical name -silver

Symbol-Ag

Atomic number-47

Atomic weight-107.868

Melting point-961.93 Œc

Boiling point-2212.6 Œc

Specific heat-0.056 cal/gm/c at 20 c

Thermal conductivity-1.00(C.G.S.units)

Valency-1

Density-10.5

Hardness-2.3

Therapeutic uses of Rajata9

Since Vaidic period Rajata was used as an agent which maintains health of healthy individuals and increases life. Acharya  charak has described Indrokta rasayan which increases bal, buddhi, satwa and agni. Rajata is one important ingredient of this. He has also narrated that if a pregnant lady takes milk kept in silver pot then child born will have qualities like strong mind and vigour. Sushruta has told that silver acts as preventive agent against water born infections. When silver pot filled with hot water is kept over affected part, it relieves abdominal colic. A silver containing collyrium is mentioned for the treatement of Shukti

Acharya vagbhatta has said that a silver retard aging process and it has qualities of lekhan and trsidosa shaman. It is an ingredient of churnanjana.

Kashyap has told use of rajata in making varanabandha which prevents abortions. Besides these silver was also being used in making surgical instruments, vastinetra, pots for cotaining dfferent things.

After development of Ras Shastra use of Rajata Bhasma started in Ayurvedic compounds. Different Acharyas used silver bhasma in formulations of different diseases. Some of these formulations are summarized below-

S. Formulation Ingredient Ingredient Processed in Indication
N.   Metals/Minerals Herbal/Others    
1. Jwarankush Rasa B.R.- Shuddha Parad, Shuddha   Jambiri nimbu All type of jwar
  5/949-955 Gandhak, Tamra Bhasma,   swarasa, tulsi  
    Hingula, Hartala, Lauha   swarasa, chitrak  
    Bhasma, Vanga Bhasma,   kwath, vijaya  
    Swarnamakshik Bhasma,   swarasa,  
  kharpara, Manahshila, Swarna   titindeeka  
    bhasma, Abhraka Bhasma,   swarasa  
    Swarnagairika, Suhaga, Rajata      
    Bhasma,      
2. Shri  Jai mangal Rasa Hingulotth Parad, Shuddha Marich Churna, Dhattura patra All types of jwara,
  B.R.-5/1061-1067 Gandhak, Suhaga, Tamra   swarasa, sarvarog nashaka
    Bhasma, Vanga Bhasma   Shephalika patra  
    Swarnamakshik, Saindhava,   swarasa,  
    Swarna bhasma, Kantlauha   Dhasmula kwath,  
  bhasma, Rajata bhasma,   Chiraiyata kwath,  
3. Visham Jwarantaka Shuddha Parada and   Nirgundi, Pana, All types of jwara
  lauha B.R.-5/1155- Gandhaka, Mrita Parada,   Makoya,  
    Swarna Bhasma, Rajata   Pittapapada,  
  1161 Bhasma, Lauha Bhasma,   Triphala, Karela,  
    Abhraka Bhasma, Tamra   Dashmula,  
    Bhasma, Vanga Bhasma,   Punarnava,  
    Mukta, Pravala,   Giloya, Adusha  
    Swarnamakshika, Hartala   Bhangara,  
    satwa,      
4. Apoorvamalini vasant Vaikranta Bhasma, Abhraka Kasturi, Kapoora Shankha, Dhatu jwar,
  rasa B.R.-5/1208-1210 Bhasma, Tamra Bhasma,   Shatawar and prameha,
  Swarnamakshika Bhasma,   Haridra kwath mutrakrichcha,
    Rajata Bhasma, Vanga     ashmari
    Bhasma, Munga, Parada,      
    Lauha, Tankada, Shankha      
    Bhasma,      
5. Piyushvalli rasa B.R.- Shuddha Parada, Shuddha Lavanga, Swetachandana, Bhringaraja Atisar, Jwar,
8/334-335 Gandhaka, Abhraka Bhasma, Patha, Swetajeeraka, swarasa (blue) Raktatisar,
    Rajata Bhasma, Lauha Varahakranta, Ateesh,   Sangrahni,
    Bhasma, Tankada, , Lodhra,       Kutaja,   Pichchasrava,
      Indrayava, Jaiphala,   Trishna, Sarvanga
    Swarnamakshik, Sunthi Bilva, Dhattura,   Daha, Hrillasa,
      Dadima, Manjistha,   Aruchi, Vamana,
      Dhataki, Kustha,   Gudabhrinsa,
         Rasanjana   Pleehavriddhi, Prameha,
          Raktapradar, Kamala, Pandu, 
6. Vijaya parpati B.R.- Awalasar Gandhak, Shudda     Amadosha yukta
  8/461-484 Parada, Rajata, Swarna,     Atisar, Arsha,
    Vajra, Mukta,     Rajyakshma,
          Shotha, Kamala, Pandu,
          Pleehavriddhi,
          Kustha, Prameha,
          Daruna jwar,
7. Mahamraganka rasa Swarna Bhasma, Parada   Binjaura Nimbu Rajyakshma, Jwar,
  B.R.-14/162-169 Bhasma., Ras Sindura, Mukta   swarasa Gulma, Vidradhi,
    Bhasma, Shuddha Gandhaka,     Mandagni,
    Rajata Bhasma, Pravala     Swarbheda, Kasa,
    Bhasma, Heeraka bhasma     Aruchi, Vaman e.t.c.
8. Laxmivilas rasa B.R.- Swarna Bhasma, Rajata Shuddha Vatsanabha Madhu, chitrak Kshaya, Tridoshaja
  14/222-225 Bhasma, Abhraka Bhasma,   kwath Pandu, Kamla,
Tamra Bhasma, Vanga     Vataja rog Shopha,
Bhasma, Lauha bhasama,     Pratishyaya, Arsha,
    Naga bhasma, Mukta bhasma,     Shoola, Swasha,
  Parada bhasma     Kasa,
9. Kinnarkanth rasa B.R.- Shuddha Parada, Shuddha   Swarasa of  Vasa, Swarbheda, Kasa,
  17/15-20 Gandhaka, Abhraka bhasma,   Bhringaraj, Swasa, Shleshmic
    Swarnamakshika Bhasma,   Vrahti, Adraka  
  Lauha Bhasma, Vaikranta   and Brahmi rog,
    Bhasma, Swarna Bhasma,      
    Rajata Bhasma,      
10. Unmade bhanjan rasa Vanga bhasma, Rajata Sunthi, Maricha, Pipali,   Unmade,
  B.R.-24/41-45 Bhasma, Abhraka Bhasma, Amla, Harada, Baheda,   Apasmara,
  Pravala Bhasma, Lauha Gajapipali, Devdaru,   Raktapitta
      Vaividanga, ChiraIyta,    
    Bhasma Kutki, Kantakari, Mulethi,    
      Indrayava, Chitrak, Bala,    
      Pippalamula, Sahjan,    
      Trivrata, Indravaruni    
11 Injdrabrahma vati Rasasindura, Abhraka bhasma, Shuddha  visha, Snuhidugddha, Apasmara
  B.R.-25/19-20 Lauha bhasma, Rajata bhasma, Padmakeshar, Chitraka, Bhanga,  
    Swanamakshika, Shuddha   Eranda, Vacha,  
    Gandhaka   Sema, Suran, Sambhalu,  
        Malkangni swarasa,  
        Sarshapa taila  
12. Yogaraj guggulu Vanga Bhasma, Rajata Sunthi, Pipalli,   Vata-vyadhi, kustha, Arsha,
  rasayan B.R.-26/102- Bhasma, Naga Bhasma, Lauha Pipalamule,   Grahni, Prameha,
  115 Bhasma, Rajata Bhasma, Chavya,Chitraka, Hingu, Ajmoda, Sarshapa,   Vatrakta, Nabhishoola,
    Mandura Rassindura Jeerakadwaya, Renuka,   Bhagandar
      Indrayava, Patha,   Udavarta, Kshaya,
      Vaividanga, Gajapippali,   Apasmar, Gulma,
      Kutki, Atisha, Bharangi,   Medovriddhi,
      Vacha,Murva, Triphala, Guggulu   Sukradosha,
13. Ttrilokya chintamani Vajra bhasma , Swarna   Gritakumari Bala, Varna, Agni
  B.R.-26/198-203rasa bhasma, Rajata bhasma,   swarasa vardhaka, Ayu-
    Teekshna Lauha bhasma,     vardhaka,
    Abhraka bhasma, Rasa sindura,     Sarvarognashaka
14. Rasaraj  B.R.- 26/204- Shuddha parada, Abhraka Aswagandha, Lavanga, Gritkumari, Pakshagata, Ardita,
  208 bhasma,  Swarna bhasma, Javitri, Ksheerkakoli, Kakamachi Hanustambha, All
    Lauha bhasma, Rajata bhasma,   swarasa types of vata vyadhi
    Vanga bhasma,      
15. Sarveshwar rasa B.R.- Parada, gandhaka, abhraka, Shuddha visha Jambiri Nimbu, Vata-rakta
  27/77-82 tamra, lauha, hingula, swarna   Dhattur, Vasa,  
  bhasma, rajata bhasma, vajra   Snuhi, Arka,  
    bhasma,  hartala   Kuchla, Kanera  
16. Kalyan sundar rasa Ras sindura, Abhraka bhasma,   Chitraka, Hradaya Rog, Vat
  B.R.-33/57-59 Rajata bhasma, Tamra   Hastisundi kwath vikara,
    bhasma, Swarna bhasma,     Phuphushgata
    Hingula,     vikara
17. Vasantakushumakar Swarna bhasma, Rajata   Godugdha, Ikshu Vali, Palita,
  rasa B.R.-37/121-126 bhasma, Vanga bhasma, Naga   swarasa, Vasa Medhya, Kamada,
    bhasma, Kantalauha bhasma,   kwath, Laksha Prameha, Kshaya,
    Abhraka bhasma, Praval,   swarasa, Kasa, Swasa,
    Mukta,   Sugandhabala kwath, Unmada, Raktavikara,
        Kadalikanda swarasa, Malti Vishadosha
        swarasa  
18. Mehantak rasa B.R.- Parada, Gandhaka, Lauha Talamuli churna   Vata pitta janya rog, kanti pusti
  37/152-153 bhasma, Rajata bhasma,     vardhaka
    Vanga bhasma, Abhraka      
    bhasma, Swarna bhasma,      
19. Pleehantak rasa B.R.- Tamra bhasma, Rajata Puskarmule churna,   Udarrog, Pandu,
  41/67-71 bhasma, Abhraka bhasma, Guggalu. Sunthi,   Anaha, Vishama
  Lauha bhasma, Mukta, Maricha, Pippali, Rasna,   jwar, Amajeerna,
    Hingula, Parada, Gandhaka, Jaipala, Haritaki,   Kaphavikara,
      Vibhitaki, Amla, Kutki,   Kshaya, Yakrit-
      Danti, Devdali,   pleeha rog, Kasa,
      Saindhava, Nishotha,   Swasa, Shotha
      Yavakshar    
20. Pradarantak rasa B.R.- Parade, gandhkaa, vanga,   Gritakumari swarasa Pradar rog
  66/49-51 rajata, kharpara, varatika,      
    lauha bhasma      
21. Sutika vallabh rasa Parade, gandhaka, Shuddha apheema, javitri, mustaka, bala, Sutikarog, grahni,
  B.R.-69/102-105 swarnamakshika, abhraka, jaiphala, shalmali swarasa ati sara,
    karpoora, swarna, hartala,     agnimandya,
    rajata,     durbalata
22. Makardhwaj rasayan Swarna mukta pisti, vanga, Javitri, jaiphala,   Rasayana
  B.R.-73/75-77 kanta lauha,rajata bhasma, karpoora, kasturi,    
    kansya bhasma, rasa sindura,      
  pravala, abhraka      
23. Sukravallabh rasa Parade, gandhka, lauha, Shuddha bhanga, Vijaya kwatha Sukra-stambhana
  B.R.-75/15—18 abhraka, rajata, swarna, vanshalochana    
    swarnamakshika,      
24. Maha rajata vati B.R.- Rajata, mukta, swarnagairic,   Chitraka kwtha, Snayu-rog
  82/13-15 lauha, pravala, shilajeeta,   makoya swarasa  
    vaikranta, abhraka, rasa      
    sindura,      
25. Jai mangal rasa R.S.S. Ras sindure, abhraka bhasma, Chitrak mule churna, Patha, nirgundi, Sannipata jwar
  2/2/88-90 rajata bhasma, munda lauha trikatu churna madhuyasti  
    bhasma, teekshna lauha   kwath, bilva mule  
    bhasma, shuddha hartala,   kwath  
    swarna makshik bhasma,      
    shudda tankana      
26. Vrahat sarva jwarhar Parada, Gandhaka, Tamra,   Karvellaka All types of jwar
  lauha R.S.S. 2/2/241- Abhraka , Swarnamakshika   swarasa,  
  253 bhasma, Swarna bhasma,   Dashmoola  
  Rajata bhasma, Shodhita   kwatha, Parpati  
  Hartala, Kantalauha bhasma   kwath, Triphala  
    kwatha, Guduchi  
      kwath, Nagavalli  
      swarasa,  
    Kakamachi swarasa Nirgundi  
      swarasa  
27. Chudamani rasa- Rasa sindura, Pravala bhasma,     Jwar, Sarvanga
R.S.S.  2/2/352-357 Swarna bhasma, Rajata     shoola, Kasa,
    bhasma, Vanga bhasma,     Swasha, Vata
    Tamra bhasma, Mukta,     pittaja, grahni,
    Teekshna lauha bhasma,     Arsha, Kamla,
    Abhraka bhasma, Tamra     Prameha,
    bhasma     Mutrakrichcha
28. Raj vallabh rasa- Tankana, Lauha bhasma, Jatiphala churna, Dhatri swarasa Shoola, Anaha,
    Abhraka bhasma, Tamra Lavanga churna, Mustaka   Krami, Kushtha,
  R.S.S.  2/5/136-140 bhasma, Parada, Gandhaka, churna, Twaka,   Dadru, Vata rakta,
    Rajata bhasma Vrahadaela, Hingu,   Bhagandar,
      Jeeraka, Tejpatra,   Updansh, Atisar,
      Yavani, Shunthi,   Grahni, Arsha,
      Saindhava   Pravahika
29. Raj mriganka rasa – Rasa Sindura,Swarna bhasma,   Ajadugdha Yakshama
  R.S.S. 2/11/3-7 Rajata bhasma, Manahashila,      
    Gandhaka, Hartala, Varatika,      
    Tankana      
30. Ratna garbha pottali Rasa-sindura, Vajra bhasma, Maricha, Vidruma, Chitraka kwatha, Maharog, Kasa,
rasa R.S.S. 2/11/14-19 Swarna bhasma, Rajata   Arkadugdha, Swash, Kshaya ,
  bhasma, Naga bhasma, Lauha   Nirgundi swarasa, Atisara
  bhasma, Tamra bhasma,   Ardraka swarasa  
  Mukta, Swarnamakshika,      
Shankha bhasma, Shuddha      
  Tuttha, Kaparda, Tankana      
         
31. Sarvanga sunder ras Parada, Tamra bhasma, Shunthi churna, Pancha Shunthi, Jayanti, Kapharog, Vataroga, Shoola
  R.S.S. 2/29/42-46 Shuddha Manahshila, lavana, Vijaya,  
    Swarnmakshika, Shuddha   Maharastrika,  
    Hartala, Rajata bhasma,   Dhattura  
  Swarna bhasma, Vanga       
    Bhasma, Lauha bhasma,      
    Abhraka bhasma, shuddha      
    Gandhaka      
           
32. Vrahat poorna Parada, Gandhaka, Lauha Jatiphala, Lavanga, Ela, Ghritkumari Kasa, Swasa
  Chandra rasa- R.S.S.  bhasama, Abhraka bhasama, Bhrangaraj, Jeeraka, swarasa, Triphala Vriddhirog, Aruchi,
5/52-66 Rajata bhasama, Vanga Karpoor, Priyangu, kwath, Amadosha, Shoola,
  bhasama, Swarna bhasama,  Mustaka Erandamula Katisloola,
  Tamra bhasama, Kansya   kwath Hhritashoola,
  bhasama,     Kamla, Pandu, Prameha,
33. Sarveshwar rasa Shuddha parada, Shuddha Vatsanabha visha churna, Nimbu swarasa, Asadhya kustha,
R.P.S.8/150-151 Ganthaka, Abhraka bhasama, badi pippali Vasa swarasa, Switra, Mandala
    Tamra bhasama, Lauha   Dhattura, kustha
    bhasama, Hingula, Swarna   Vatsanabha  
  bhasama, Swarnamakshika   kwath,  
  bhasama, Rajata bhasama,   Arkakshere,  
    Vajra bhasama, Hartala,   Jambiri nimbu  
        swarasa, Snuhi  
        ksheer, Kanera dugdha  
34. Agni kumar rasa Shuddha Parada, Shuddha   Mundi, Sariva, Kakamachi, Kasa, Swasa,  Mutrakrichcha,
  R.P.S.-8/182-188 Gandhaka, Abhraka bhasama,   Aswagandha, Grahni, Arsha,
    Tamra bhasama, Lauha   Nirgundi, Shotha, Ashmari,
    bhasama,  Swarna bhasama,   Bhringraj, Badi Vatavikara, Shoola,
  Raupyamakshika, Rajata   Pippali, Ardraka, Apasmara,
    bhasama, Vajra bhasama,   Surmukhi, Chitraka,  
35. Kandarpa sundar rasa Rasa sindura, Vajra bhasama, Choti Ela, Tejpatra, Aswagandha, Napunshakata,
    Naga bhasama, Mukta pisti, Dalchini, Lavanga, Dhatki, Draksha, Vajikarana
  R.P.S.-8/243-247 Rajata bhasama, Swarna, Agaru, Vanshlochana, Gorochana,  
    Abhraka, Teekshnalauha, Nagaramotha, Danti, Yastimadhu,  
    Vanga bhasama, Kasturi, Karpoora Nagabala,  
        Mahabala,  
      Kaseru,  
        Gangeruki  
36. Vrahat gagan sunder Shuddha parada, Shuddha Ativisha churna, Dhanya kwath, Shunthi kwatha, Atisar, Darun jwar,
    Gandhak, Lauha bhasma,     Grahni, Aruchi,
rasaR.S.S.2/4/8-12 Varatica bhasma, Rajata     Shoola, Raktatisar,
    bhasma,     Bhrama
         

 

B.R.

Bhaishjya Ratnawali, R.S.S.

Rasendra Sar Samgraha, R.P.S.

Ras Prakash Sudhakar

Discussion

Metals are known to us since long back. They were used in routine life in many ways. In Ayurvedic therapeutics they are being used since the period of Charaka Samhita. From 6th century onwards their use has been started in bhasma form along with different Anupanas. In combination with other drugs of Ras Shastra and Bhaishjya Kalpana, Rajata is being used in diseases of all the body system. Mainly it affects the nervous system. It increases the memory power and gives strength to neurons. Thus it affects every system of our body and works in many acute and chronic diseases.

Conclusion

Rajata is very important metal of Ras Shastra, which is being used for therapeutic purposes since samhita kala.

It increases strength of body and mind along with immunity power. Thus it has potent Rasayan

Rajata acts as disinfectant, so it was used to protect water born infections. In the modern era it was successfully used for wound dressing.

Along with different herbal and mineral drugs it is used to treat many severe diseases.

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